SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

OBJECTIVES

To define solid waste

To understand and explain different methods
and elements of waste management
To understand and explain the role of engineers
in solid waste management
To suggest ways to reduce the amount of solid
waste going to a landfill.
MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
 Higher standard of living and increasing population
lead to increase in quantity and variety of waste
generated
Recognize that if waste generation continues
indiscriminately, it would be beyond rectification

Manila Bay, August 2012 Tacloban, November 2013

MAJOR MILESTONES OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN METRO MANILA

Pre-2000 1995 2000 2012 -

5
BEFORE 1980S

Smokey Mountain
Tondo, Manila

6
CLOSURE OF
SMOKEY
MOUNTAIN IN
1995

AFTER
CLOSURE,
WASTES WERE
DUMPED IN
PAYATAS
(QUEZON CITY)
7
2000
PAYATAS
WASTE SLIDE 8
WHAT IS SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT?
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
control,transfer and transport, processing
and disposal of solid wastes in accordance
with the best principles of public health,
economics, engineering, conservation,
aesthetic and other environmental
considerations.
Its scope includes all administrative,
financial, legal, planning and engineering
functions.
7 GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SWM

1. Waste is a resource.

2. Waste prevention is better than waste control.

3. There is no single management and

technological approach to solid waste. An
integrated solid waste management system
will best achieve SWM goals.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SWM

4. All elements of society are fundamentally

responsible for solid waste management.

5. Those who generate waste must bear the

cost of its management and disposal.

6. SWM should be approached within the

context of resource conservation,
environmental protection and health, and
sustainable development.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SWM

7. Solid waste management programs should

take into consideration the physical and socio-
economic conditions of the concerned
communities and be designed according to
their specific needs.
 Elements of a SWM System

Handling Transfer to
Solid Waste and central Processing Product
Collection Disposal
Generation Storage (On storage facility Utilization
Site) facility
WASTE GENERATION RATE

Theamount of waste generated per person

per day, usually expressed in kgs/cap/day is
a good indicator for waste reduction
strategies
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WASTE GENERATION

State of the Economy (national and individual)

Lifestyle
Demographic profile
Size and type of dwellings
Age
Religion
Presence of Domestic Animals
Presence of laws on SWM, and extent to which the
three Rs are carried out.
OVERVIEW OF SWM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Solid Waste Generation (tons/day) (DENR)

Average Waste Generation rate (2011):

Metro Manila: 0.69 kg/cap/day
Philippines: 0.4 kg/cap/day
 WASTE CHARACTERIZATION

National Science Foundation

 R.A. 9003 - ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
Establishment of a National Solid Waste Management
Commission (NSMWC)
Mandatory at-source segregation for households,
institutions, commercial establishments and agricultural
sources.
Establishment of Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in
every barangay or cluster of barangays
Closure/upgrading of open dumpsites into controlled dumps
within 3 years (2004); no dumpsites after 2006
The promotion of research on SWM and environmental
education in the formal and non-formal sectors
Provides for administrative sanctions against government
officials who do not implement RA 9003
Provided bins for waste segregation are not utilized
Collection of mixed wastes.
Dumping of mixed wastes.

Uncontrolled leachate
From dumpsites

Dumping at rivers
Washing of solid waste into waterways
QUEZON CITY PLASTIC BAG REDUCTION ORDINANCE
Effective September 2012
SP-2140 Plastic Bag Reduction
Ordinance
Regulates the use of plastic bags
and establishing an
environmental fee for its use
SP-2130
Mandates all business
establishments to display a notice
that encourages customers to
bring their own reusable bags
Principles of Sound Solid Waste Management

Sound
Waste Disposal

Recovery / Recycling

Waste Avoidance - Minimization

 Elements of a SWM System

Handling Transfer to
Solid Waste and central Processing Product
Collection Disposal
Generation Storage (On storage facility Utilization
Site) facility
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

Source Reduction
Segregation at Source

Composting

Recycling, Reuse, Resource Recovery

Incineration / Pyrolysis

Land Disposal
SWM TRENDS THROUGH THE YEARS
SOURCE REDUCTION

WasteMinimization
The best way to solve a problem is by preventing
it from happening
THE FOUR RS

REFUSE what you dont need

REDUCE what you do need

REUSE what you cant reduce

RECYCLE what you cant reuse

REUSE OF PRODUCTS

Better than recycling

SOME WAYS THAT ITEMS CAN BE REUSED:
Donating old magazines and books to charity.
Reusing boxes for other purposes.
Using plastic containers for storage Turning empty jars into
rather than using disposable plastic containers for leftover food or
bags. other items.

Purchasing refillable pens and pencils.

RECYCLING

Primary recycling is the use of recycled

products to make the same or similar products.
RECYCLING

Secondary recycling, is the use of recycled

materials to make new products with different
characteristics than the originals. Ex. Milk jugs
SOME RECYCLING TERMS

Tertiary recycling, recovery of chemicals or energy

from postconsumer waste materials.
PLASTIC CRATES
TEACUP BANGLES
TIRE AND LEATHER STOOL
FLOOR TILES FROM OLD BELTS
USED CAR HEADLIGHTS
SEGREGATION AT SOURCE

Improper segregation lessens the value of

recyclable materials.
 Elements of a SWM System

Handling Transfer to
Solid Waste and central Processing Product
Collection Disposal
Generation Storage (On storage facility Utilization
Site) facility
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN ONSITE STORAGE

Eects of storage on the waste components

Microbiological decomposiWon

AbsorpWon of uids

ContaminaWon of waste components

Type of container to be used

The container locaWon

Public health and aestheWcs

Co[onwood, AZ, USA

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Co[onwood, AZ, USA
Bakerseld, CA, USA
SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL
COLLECTION
COLLECTION OF WASTE

Who collects?
municipal/provincial government
contract collector
private collectors (private firms directly
dealing with private citizens)
HOW OFTEN IS THE COLLECTION?

The normal time for the accumulation of the amount

that can be placed in containers of reasonable size
The time it takes for fresh garbage to decay and
emit foul odors under average storage conditions
The length of the fly-breeding cycle (less than 7
days in hot weather)
METHODS OF COLLECTING RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

Curbside collection

Drop-off center

Tagaytay Highlands
No trash in public, easier
disposal, fewer trucks on the
streets, and lower vehicle
emissions.

62
MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY (MRF)

Facility wherein
recyclables are sorted
according to the materials
the recycling market
demands
Recovery rate: % of
recyclables recovered
from original waste
stream
Sorting, recycling,
composting
INTER-ROUTE TRANSFERS
In some cases, solid waste are not hauled directly to the
disposal site

To landfill

Collection from residents

ROUTING BASED ON LOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
Rule-of-thumb:
Routes should not be fragmented or
overlapped
Heavily traveled streets should not be
collected during rush hours
Higher elevations should be at the start of
the route
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Waste Utilization in the Philippines (not recycling)

1
Innovative/creative recycling Methods in the Philippines (bring
samples if needed)
2,3
1 Section in RA 9003 and its implementation today
4,7
E-waste generation, recycling, collection, disposal
5
2 Recent news about solid waste/SWM in the Philippines
6
 SOURCES:
Mr. Mulingbayans lectures
Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, Davis
http://www.epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/
http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/s_officials/02_02/11.pdf
www.icpenviro.org/upload/seg.doc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling
http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/s_officials/02_02/11.pdf
http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/how_to_A5_brochure_low-
res1.18d50520.2781.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost_windrow_turner
http://hautenature.blogspot.com/search/label/repurposed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_recycling