SERIES-I

1)When instruments shall be inspected?

Instruments shall be inspected prior to installation to ensure that

(a) The instruments are approved for the type aircraft;

(b) The range of the dial marking is adequate to reflect correct operation of the aircraft, power
plant or equipment and to precisely indicate the appropriate operating limitations;

(c) The range of any coloured sectors marked on instrument dials corresponds with the ranges
specified in the aircraft flight manual or aircraft/engine manufacturer's manuals as applicable.

2)What is on condition maintenance?

"on-condition" maintenance means specifying intervals or inspecting/testing the concerned

units of aircraft to determine reduction in failure resistance before the failure occurs of
becomes critical.

3)When magnetic compass shall be ispected?

Magnetic compasses shall be inspected at the time of installation to ensure that

(a) there are no signs of leakage of the liquid;

(b) bubbles, excessive sediment and discolouration are not present in the liquid;

(c) the pivot friction does not exceed the manufacturer's tolerances. Where such tolerances are
unknown the pivot friction shall be determined by deflecting the compass needle 10 degrees
and allowing it to return to the magnetic meridian. The change in indication from the original
heading shall not exceed two degrees ;

(d) the compass is swung and correction card is in place in the aircraft ; and (e) the compass
mounting is satisfactory.

4)When does calibration and compensation of magnetic compass is

performed?

magnetic compasses, as installed in aircraft, shall be calibrated and compensated :

(a) At the time of initial installation of a compass;

(b) At periods as specified by the manufacturer;

(c) After major repair of the aircraft, replacement of an engine mounted in the forward fuselage,
or on installation/ removal/ replacement of any magnetic material in the vicinity of the
compasses;

(d) After installation of a new electrical system or major modification of the existing electrical
system in the vicinity of compass, in which case the calibration shall be made with the electrical
and radio service operating in straight and level

(e) After installation of geophysical survey equipment or other equipment likely to have a
strong external magnetic field;

(f) Whenever a direct reading compass or a magnetic sensing element is changed or relocated;

(g) Whenever the correct functioning of a compass is in doubt, or excessive deviations have
been found in flight observations;

(h) after an aircraft has passed through an electrical storm;

(i) Whenever a physical damage, discoloration of fluid or presence of bubbles in the fluid is
observed;

(j) After an aircraft is subjected to a serve shock as in the case of a heavy landing.

5)Explain the overhaul periods of different instruments?

1. Gyrohorizon indicators Directional gyro (whichever is earlier.) indicators, Automatic pilots

(gyro units only)-2 years/1000 hrs

2. Automatic pilot (which (except gyro units) ever is earlier). Airspeed indicators and pitot static
system. Turn & bank indicators.- 3 years/2000 hrs.

3.Vertical speed indicators. (which (Rate of Climb ever is earlier). indicators), Tachometers
(RPM indicators). Fuel contents gauges and fuel flow gauge. Manifold pressure gauges in piston
engine and such pressure gauges of jet engines utilised for engine power output indication,
Engine Oil pressure gauges, Magnetic compasses, Watches.- 3 years/2000 hrs

4. Altimeters 2 years.

5.Thermometers, pressure and vacuum gauges (except the pressure operator. gauges
mentioned in the preceding column), Ammeter and voltmeters and position indicators.-bench
check every 2 years

6. time pieces (clocks, watches) installed on aircraft having all up weight below 3000 Kgs. can be
overhauled/repaired by any of the reputed commercial watch makers/watch repairing agencies
6)Explain shelf/service life of instruments?

The instruments must be stored in accordance with the accepted practices under controlled
temperature (5 deg. C.-25 deg. C.) and humidity (not exceeding 70%) conditions.

in the absence of any specific guidance from the manufacturers/overhauling agency, the shelf
life of instruments (other than gyro instruments) should not exceed 2 years

The shelf life of gyro instruments must not exceed two years but at the end of first year in shelf,
such instruments should be exercised as per approved test schedules and bearing lubricated as
per makers recommendations.

The shelf life for each type of instrument must be reflected in the operators approved Quality
Control Manual/Maintenance System Manual.

The shelf life must be also be indicated on the serviceable tag, issued by the Overhauling
Agency, accompanying the instrument/equipment.

Instruments installed on aircraft which has not been operated for a continuous period of six
months, shall be subjected to bench check before use.

PART 2 SUBJECT: AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS FOR FLYING TRAINING

ORGANIZATIONS AND AERIAL WORK OPERATIONS

1)What does section 8 series O state?

Civil Aviation Requirements Section 8 Series O provide the minimum instruments and
equipment including Communication and Navigation equipment, which are to be installed on
aircraft depending on their operation.

2)What all instruments should be fitted in aircraft flying in accordance

with visual flight rules?

An aircraft when operated in accordance with VFR flight shall be equipped with:

(a) Air Speed Indicator

(b) Pressure Altimeter

(c) Magnetic Compass

(d) RPM indicator for each engine

(e) Out side air temperature indicator on aircraft on

(f) Oil pressure indicator for each engine

(g) Oil quantity indicator for each tank

(h) CHT indicator for each air cooled engine having rated BHP above 250.

(i) Temperature Gauge.

(k)Manifold Pressure Gauge for each engine

(m) Landing gear position indicator for the aircraft fitted with retractable landing gear.

(n) An accurate time piece, indicating time in hours, minutes and seconds.

3)What all instruments should be fitted in aircraft operated at night?

An aircraft operated during night shall have the following instruments/ equipment installed:

(a) Instrument / equipment as required for VFR flight.

(b) Position lights.

(c) One landing light

(d) Adequate source of electrical energy for all installed electrical equipment.

(e) Hand torches for each crew station.

(f) Instrument for knowing fore and aft as well as the lateral attitude of the aircraft.

(g) All the flight instruments and equipment necessary for night flying shall be properly
illuminated.

(h) Light in all passenger compartments and in cockpit.

(i) An anti-collision light intended to attract attention to the aircraft

4)What all instruments should be fitted in aircraft operating in

accordance with instrumental flight rules?

a) A magnetic compass;

b) An accurate timepiece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds;

c) A sensitive pressure altimeter;

d) Airspeed indicator

e) A turn and slip indicator

f) An attitude indicator (artificial horizon);

g) A heading indicator (directional gyroscope)

h) a rate-of-climb and descent indicator

5)Explain what type emergency locater shall be fitted

An aircraft shall be fitted with an ELT meeting the requirements as laid down in FAA TSO C-91a
operating on frequency of 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz for a minimum period of 48 hours which
should be of the type as given below:

(i) For an aircraft flying over land the ELT should be capable of being activated due to impact of
'G' load as specified in FAA TSO C-91a.

However ELT to TSO C91 may also continue to be used if already installed on the aircraft.

(ii) For an aircraft flying over water the ELT should be of water activated type.

(iii) An aircraft operating over water beyond a distance of 100 NM from the sea shore shall be
equipped with at least two water activated ELT.

6)What instruments should be fitted in gliders?

Gliders not certified for cloud flying, shall at least be provided with the following instruments
and equipment:

a. Approved first aid kit;

b. Safety Harness for each occupant;

c. Air speed indicator;

d. Altimeter;

e. Variometer;

f. Turn and bank indicator.

Gliders intended to be certificated for cloud flying shall have the following instrument and
equipment in addition to those mentioned

(a) Artificial horizon

(b) Parachute for each occupant

The aircraft used for cloud seeding operation shall be fitted with 'G' meter as per DGCA /New
Misc./04.

Note The aircraft engaged in agro- operation are to be painted with day glow paint at the
wing tips.

Sufficient oxygen for each occupant shall be provided when the glider is flown at altitude of
10,000 ft and above
7)What instruments shall be fitted in motor powered gliders?

(a) Tachometer

(b) Fuel quantity indicator

(c) Oil pressure indicator

(d) Cylinder Head temperature indicator

(e) Outside air temperature indicator

PART5 SUBJECT:-RECORDERS, AIRBORNE IMAGE RECORDERS, AIRBORNE IMAGE RECORDING

SYSTEM AND AIRCRAFT DATA RECORDING SYSTEM

1) table for FDR

FDR Type Parameters Hours Of Recordings

1 78 25
1A 32 25
2 15(Gen A) and 16(Comm A) 25
4 30 10
4A 48 10
5 15 10

2) table for aeroplanes-commercial air transport and general aviation

(t-turbine,p-piston)

C of A issued after AUW of aircraft Type of FDR fitted

1st jan,1987 Above 27000kg(t) Type 2
1st jan,1989 Above 27000kg(t) Type 1
1st jan,1989 5700-27000kg(t) Type 2
1st jan,2005 Above 5700kg(t&p) Type 1A
1st jan,1990 5700kg and below(t) Type 2
1st jan,2016 5700kg-below(t) Type 2

3) table for helicopters-commercial and general aviation

(t-turbine,p-piston)

C of A issued after AUW of aircraft Type of FDR fitted

1st jan,1989 Above 7000kg(t&p) Type 4
1st jan,1989 3180-7000kg(t&p) Type 5
1st jan,2005 Above 3180kg(t&p) Type 4A
1st jan,1990 3180kg-below(t) Type 5
1st jan ,2018 2250kg-3180kg(t) Type 4A
1)With in how many seconds parameters are recorded by FDR?

All aeroplanes which are required to record normal acceleration, lateral acceleration and
longitudinal acceleration for which the application for type certification is submitted on or after
1 January 2016 and which are required to be fitted with an FDR shall record those parameters
at a maximum sampling and recording interval of 0.0625 seconds.

All aeroplanes which are required to record pilot input and/or control surface position of
primary controls (pitch, roll, yaw) for which the application for type certification is submitted on
or after 1 January 2016 and which are required to be fitted with an FDR shall record those
parameters at a maximum sampling and recording interval of 0.125 seconds

PART 6SUBJECT: COCKPIT VOICE RECORDERS & COCKPIT AUDIO RECORDING SYSTEM

1)Explain about CVR?

All CVRs shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the last 30
minutes of their operation.

From 1 January 2016, all CVRs shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at
least the last two hours of their operation

The use of magnetic tape and wire CVRs is discontinued. from 1st January, 2016.

The CVR shall record on four separate channels, or more, at least the following:

a) voice communication transmitted from or received in the aircraft aero plane by radio;

b) aural environment on the flight deck;

c) voice communication of flight crew members on the flight deck using the aero planes
interphone system, if installed;

d) voice or audio signals identifying navigation or approach aids introduced in the headset or
speaker; and

e) voice communication of flight crew members using the passenger address system, if installed

CVR systems or CARS shall have recording system inspection intervals of one year; subject to
the approval from the appropriate regulatory authority, this period may be extended to two
years

DLRS shall have recording system inspection intervals of two years; subject to the approval
from the appropriate regulatory authority, this period may be extended to four years

Shall be painted in orange or yellow colour

there are two types of CVR

1)Automatically deployable

2)non-deployable

PART 7 SUBJECT : GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM (GPWS).

1)Explain about GPWS.

ICAO introduced Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) carriage requirements in 1978 to
alleviate the Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) problem.

The GPWS should provide automatically, as a minimum, warnings under the following
circumstances :

a) excessive descent rate ;

b) excessive terrain closure rate ;

c) excessive altitude loss after take off or go-around ;

d) unsafe terrain clearance while not in landing configuration ;

i) gear not locked down

ii) flap not in landing position

e) excessive descent below the instrument glide path.

Deactivation of GPWS can only be in accordance with the procedures contained in the
aeroplane flight manual.

Whenever GPWS is de-activated, an entry shall be made in the aeroplane maintenance record
that includes the date and time of the de-activation and the deactivation properly placarded in
the cockpit

A forward-looking wind shear warning system should be capable of providing the pilot with a
timely aural and visual warning of wind shear ahead of the aircraft, and the information
required to permit the pilot to safely commence and continue a missed approach or go-around
or to execute an escape maneuver, if necessary.

sor any other specifications acceptable to DGCA. In case of EGPWS & GCAS they should meet
the specifications given in the FAA TSO-C151a or JAA JTSO C151a or any other specifications
acceptable to DGCA. The Forward looking Wind shear Warning Systems should meet the
requirements given in FAA TSO-C117a or any specifications acceptable to DGCA
PART 8 Subject: Installation of Airborne Collision Avoidance System.

1)Explain about ACAS.

there are two types of ACAS-ACAS1,ACAS2

Small aircraft below 5700kg shall be fitted with ACAS 1

Heavy aircraft above 5700kg shall be fitted with ACAS 2

ACAS I shall perform the following functions:

a) surveillance of nearby SSR transponder equipped aeroplanes; and

b) provide indications to the flight crew identifying the approximate position of nearby
aeroplanes as an aid to the visual acquisition. 4.2

ACAS II shall perform the following functions:

a) surveillance;

b) generation of TAs;

c) threat detection;

d) generation of RAs;

e) co-ordination; and

f) communication with ground stations.

The Operations Manual and the Training Manual of the operator shall respectively include the
operational procedures and the training required for the flight crew on the ACAS.

The ACAS system shall be kept 'ON' while operating in the Indian airspace.

in no case the ACAS shall be unserviceable for more than ten days