Quiz 8 (Ch.

11)
„ Energy required to change the temperature of an object

Q = cm∆T Chapter 12
∆T = T f − Ti
c - specific heat
The Laws of Thermodynamics
„

„ Energy required during the phase change (Part 1)

Q = ± Lm
„ L - latent heat of vaporization or fusion

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Work in Thermodynamic
Outline Processes – Assumptions
„ Work in thermodynamic processes „ Dealing with an ideal gas
„ The first law of thermodynamics „ Assumed to be in thermodynamic
„ Four types of thermal processes, equilibrium
PV diagrams „ Every part of the gas is at the same
„ Specific heat and degrees of temperature
freedom „ Every part of the gas is at the same
„ Heat engines pressure
„ Second law of thermodynamics „ Ideal gas law applies (PV=nkBT)
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Work in a Gas Cylinder Work on a Gas

„ Gas volume V, pressure P „ When the gas is compressed
„ A force F is applied to
„ ∆V is negative
slowly compress the gas
„ Pressure P=F/A „ The work done on the gas is positive
„ The compression is slow „ When the gas is allowed to expand
enough for all the system to
remain essentially in „ ∆V is positive
thermal equilibrium „ The work done on the gas is negative
„ Work W=F∆y
„ When the volume remains constant
„ Work done on the gas
„ No work is done on the gas
W = - P ∆V
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Notes about the Work
Equation PV Diagrams
„ Used when the pressure
W = - P ∆V and volume are known at
each step of the process
„ The pressure remains constant during „ The magnitude of the
the expansion or compression work done on a gas that
„ This is called an isobaric process (P=const) takes it from initial state
to final state is equal to
„ If the pressure changes, the average the area under the curve
pressure may be used to estimate the on the PV diagram
work done „ This is true whether or not
the pressure stays constant

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Types of Thermal
PV Diagrams, cont. Processes
„ The curve on the diagram is called the path „ Isobaric (P=const)
taken between the initial and final states „ Pressure stays constant
„ The work done depends on the particular path „ Horizontal line on the PV diagram
„ Same initial and final states, but different amounts of „ Isovolumetric (V=const)
work are done
„ Volume stays constant, work W=0
„ Vertical line on the PV diagram
„ Isothermal (T=const)
„ Temperature stays the same
„ Adiabatic (Q=const)
„ No heat is exchanged with the surroundings
a b c d
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PV diagram: Isothermal
and Adiabatic processes Quick Quiz 12.2
„ Adiabatic Identify the paths A, B, C,
Q=const and D in Figure as
„ Isothermal
T=const isobaric,
isothermal,
„ Work can be isovolumetric,
found from PV or adiabatic.
diagram as an
area under the For path B, Q = 0.
graph

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First Law of
Thermodynamics First Law, cont.
„ Energy conservation law „ Energy transfers occur
„ The First Law of Thermodynamics tells „ By doing work
that the internal energy of a system can „ Requires a macroscopic displacement of
be increased by an object through the application of a
„ Adding energy Q to the system force
„ Doing work W on the system „ By heat
„ Applicable to all types of processes „ Occurs through the random molecular
collisions
„ Provides a connection between
microscopic and macroscopic worlds „ Both result in a change in the
internal energy, ∆U, of the system
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First Law, Equation First Law – Signs

„ If a system undergoes a change „ Signs of the terms in the equation
from an initial state to a final „ Q
Positive if energy is transferred to the system by
state, then „

heat
Negative if energy is transferred out of the system
∆U = Uf – Ui = Q + W
„

by heat
„ W
Positive if work is done on the system
„ Q is the energy transferred to the „

Negative if work is done by the system

system by heat
„

„ ∆U
„ W is the work done on the system „ Positive if the temperature increases
„ ∆U is the change in internal energy „ Negative if the temperature decreases

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Notes About Work Results of ∆U

„ Positive work increases the „ Internal energy is related to microscopic
internal energy of the system characteristics (KE, PE of atoms)
Changes in the internal energy result in
„ Negative work decreases the „
changes in the measurable macroscopic
internal energy of the system variables of the system
„ This is consistent with the „ These include
definition of mechanical work „ Pressure
„ Temperature
„ Volume

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∆U in Isovolumetric process
„ At V=const work W=0, therefore ∆U=Q
„ For ideal gas U=(3/2)nRT
„ Introduce molar specific heat at constant
volume for an ideal gas
„ Cv = 3/2 R
„ The change in internal energy can be
expressed as
∆U = nCv∆T
„ n is number of moles
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Molar Specific Heat
„ A gas with a large molar specific
heat requires more energy for a
given temperature change
„ The value depends on the
structure of the gas molecule
„ The value also depends on the
ways the molecule can store
energy
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Degrees of Freedom Isobaric process

„ Each way a gas can store energy is „ P = const
called a degree of freedom „ Thermal energy is transferred into
„ Each degree of freedom gas by the heat
contributes ½ R to the molar Q= nCp∆T
specific heat „ Cp - molar heat capacity at P=const
„ See table 12.1 for some Cv values „ Cp = 5/2 R
„ For ideal gas
Cp - Cv = R
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Example: Problem #9 Example: Problem #17

„ n = 1 mole P=const „ A = 0.15 m2 P=const

„ Ti = 0oC „ h =20.0 cm
„ P = 1 atm „ P = 6000 Pa h
„ Vf=4Vi „ ∆U = - 8.0 J

„ Tf - ? „ Wby gas -?
„ Won gas -? „ Q -?
„ R=8.31 J/mole K PV = nRT „ R=8.31 J/mole K W = P∆V
W = − P∆V ∆U = Qinput + Won gas
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 Isolated System
„ An isolated system does not
interact with its surroundings
„ No energy transfer takes place and
no work is done
„ Therefore, the internal energy of
the isolated system remains
constant (∆U=const)
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Cyclic Processes
„ A cyclic process is one in which the
process originates and ends at the
same state
„ Uf = Ui and Q = -W
„ The net work done per cycle by
the gas is equal to the area
enclosed by the path representing
the process on a PV diagram
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Heat Engine Heat Engine, cont.

„ A heat engine takes in energy by „ Energy is
transferred from
heat and partially converts it to a source at a high
other forms temperature (Qh)
„ In general, a heat engine carries „ Work is done by
some working substance through a the engine (Weng)
cyclic process „ Energy is expelled
to a source at a
lower
temperature (Qc)
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Second Law of
Heat Engine, cont. Thermodynamics
Since it is a cyclical
„
process, ∆U = 0
„ Constrains the First Law
„ Its initial and final internal
energies are the same
„ Establishes which processes
„ Therefore, Qnet = Weng actually occur
„ The work done by the „ Heat engines are an important
engine equals the net
energy absorbed by the application
engine
„ The work is equal to the
area enclosed by the
curve of the PV diagram

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5
 Second Law of Summary of the First and
Thermodynamics Second Laws
„ No heat engine operating in a „ First Law
cycle can absorb energy from a „ We cannot get a greater amount of
reservoir and use it entirely for the energy out of a cyclic process than
performance of an equal amount we put in
of work
„ Second Law
„ Kelvin – Planck statement
„ Means that Qc cannot equal 0 „ We can’t break even
„ Some Qc must be expelled to the
environment
„ Means that e must be less than 100%
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Thermal Efficiency of a
Heat Engine Example: Problem #25
„ Thermal efficiency is defined as the „ Qh = 3Weng
ratio of the work done by the engine to
the energy absorbed at the higher
temperature „ a) e -?
e≡
Weng
=
Qh − Qc
=1−
Qc „ b) Qc/Qh -?
Qh Qh Qh
„ e = 1 (100% efficiency) only if Qc = 0 Weng Qc
„ No energy expelled to cold reservoir e= = 1−
Qh Qh
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Heat Pumps and

Refrigerators Heat Pump, cont
„ Heat engines can run in reverse „ The work is what
„ Energy is injected you pay for
„ Energy is extracted from the cold reservoir „ The Qc is the desired
benefit
„ Energy is transferred to the hot reservoir
„ The coefficient of
„ This process means the heat engine is performance (COP)
running as a heat pump measures the
„ A refrigerator is a common type of heat performance of the
pump heat pump running
„ An air conditioner is another example of a in cooling mode
heat pump
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6
Heat Pump, COP
Qc
„ In cooling mode, COP =
W W
„ The higher the number, the better
„ A good refrigerator or air
conditioner typically has a COP of
5 or 6
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Heat Pump, COP
QH
„ In heating mode, COP =
„ The heat pump warms the inside
of the house by extracting heat
from the colder outside air
„ Typical values are greater than
one
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