Momentum

Linear momentum of an object

Chapter 6
„
r r
„
p = mv
„ Vector quantity, the direction of the
Momentum and Collisions momentum is the same as the velocity’s

y
r
p
Part 2
p y = mv y

1
p x = mvx x
2

Impulse-Momentum
Impulse Theorem
„ Impulse delivered to the object „ Impulse acting on the object is
r r equal to the change in momentum
„
I = F∆t
of the object
Vector quantity, the direction is the r r r r r
I = F∆t = ∆p = mv f − mv i
„ „

same as the direction of the force

„ In order to change the momentum „ an alternative statement of Newton’s
second law
of an object, a force must be r r r
applied ∆p m( v f − v i ) r
= =F
∆t ∆t
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Conservation of Momentum Quick Quiz 6.2 (p.168)

„ An isolated system is defined as a „ Initial: vbs=0, vrs=0
system which does not have „ Final: vbr ∫ 0, vrs - ?
external forces „ Use conservation of momentum
„ Momentum in an isolated system
is conserved
r
Fext = 0
r r r
∆p = mv f −mv i = 0
shore
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1
Collisions Inelastic Collisions
„ Momentum is conserved in any collision „ Momentum is conserved
„ Elastic collision „ Kinetic energy is not conserved
„ both momentum and kinetic energy are „ Some of the kinetic energy is converted into
conserved
other types of energy such as heat, sound,
„ Inelastic collisions work to permanently deform an object
„ Kinetic energy is not conserved
„ Actual collisions „ Perfectly inelastic collisions occur when the
objects stick together
„ Most collisions fall between elastic and
perfectly inelastic collisions „ Not all of the KE is necessarily lost

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Perfectly Inelastic
Collisions Elastic Collisions
„ When two objects „ Both momentum and kinetic
stick together energy are conserved
after the collision,
they have m1v1i + m2 v2i = m1v1 f + m2 v2 f
undergone a
perfectly inelastic 1 1 1 1
m1v12i + m2 v22i = m1v12f + m2 v22 f
collision 2 2 2 2
„ Conservation of
momentum „ Typically have two unknowns -
becomes solve the equations simultaneously
m1v 1i + m2 v 2i = (m1 + m2 )v f
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Some General Notes

Elastic Collisions, cont. About Collisions
„ Momentum is a vector quantity
„ A simpler equation can be used in
Direction is important
place of the KE equation
„

„ Be sure to have the correct signs

v1i − v2i = −(v1 f − v2 f ) or
Example: collision of a ball with a wall
v1i + v1 f = v2i + v2 f r r
p i = mv i = mv
r
r r r r r
„ For head-on collisions only vi vf p f = mv f = −mv
r r r r
∆p = p f − p i = −2mv
x Momentum delivered to the wall
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2
Summary of Types of Sketches for Collision
Collisions Problems
„ In an elastic collision, both momentum „ Draw “before”
and kinetic energy are conserved and “after”
„ In an inelastic collision, momentum is sketches
conserved but kinetic energy is not „ Label each object
„ In a perfectly inelastic collision, „ include the
momentum is conserved, kinetic energy direction of
velocity
is not, and the two objects stick
keep track of
together after the collision, so their final „

subscripts
velocities are the same
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Sketches for Perfectly

Inelastic Collisions Example: Problem #27
„ The objects stick „ m = 2x104 kg
together „ vi1 =3.0 m/s
„ Include all the „ vi2 =1.2 m/s
velocity directions
„ The “after” „ a) vf-?; b) EKlost-?
collision combines
the masses vi1 vi2 vf

Before After
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Example: Problem #36 Glancing Collisions

Before
„ m1=10.0 g „ The conservation of momentum
m1, v1i m2, v2i principle implies that the total
„ v1i=20.0 cm/s
momentum of the system in each
„ m2=15.0 g direction is conserved
„ v2i=30.0 cm/s 1 1ix + m2 v2 ix = m1v1 fx + m2 v2 fx and
„ m v

After m1v1iy + m2 v2iy = m1v1 fy + m2 v2 fy

v1f - ? m1, v1f m2, v2f
„ „ Use subscripts for identifying the object,
„ v2f - ? initial and final velocities, and components

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3
 Problem Solving for
Glancing Collisions Glancing Collisions
„ Two-dimensional problem
„ Conservation of Energy: If the
collision is elastic, write an
expression for the total energy
„ The “after” velocities have x and y
before and after the collision
components „ Have to solve the quadratic equations
„ Momentum is conserved in the x direction and „ Can’t be simplified
in the y direction
„ Apply conservation of momentum separately
to each direction
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Problem Solving for Two-

Dimensional Collisions Example: Problem #43
„ There will be two equations for „ m1=2000 kg
inelastic collisions „ v1i=10.0 m/s
„ There will be three equations for „ m2=3000 kg
elastic collisions „ vf=5.22 m/s v1i
„ q=40±
„ Solve the equations simultaneously

„ v2i -? v2i
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Example: Problem #44 Rocket Propulsion

„ m1=m2=m „ The operation of a rocket depends on
the law of conservation of momentum
„ v1i=13.0 m/s as applied to a system, where the
„ q=55± system is the rocket plus its ejected
fuel
„ vlimit=35mi/h v1i „ This is different than propulsion on the
earth where two objects exert forces on
each other
„ v2i -? „ road on car
„ train on track
v2i
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4
Rocket Propulsion, 2 Rocket Propulsion, 3
„ The rocket is accelerated as a
result of the thrust of the exhaust
gases
„ This represents the inverse of an
inelastic collision
„ The initial mass of the rocket is M + ∆m
„ Momentum is conserved
„ M is the mass of the rocket
„ Kinetic Energy is increased (at the
m is the mass of the fuel
expense of the stored energy of the „
r
rocket fuel) „ The initial velocity of the rocket is v

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Rocket Propulsion Rocket Propulsion, final

„ The basic equation for rocket propulsion
is:
M 
v f − v i = v e ln i 
 Mf 
„ Mi is the initial mass of the rocket plus fuel
„ The rocket’s mass is M
„ Mf is the final mass of the rocket plus any
„ The mass of the fuel, ∆m, has been remaining fuel
ejected „ The speed of the rocket is proportional to
„ The rocket’s speed has increased to the exhaust speed
r r
v + ∆v
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Thrust of a Rocket
„ The thrust is the force exerted on the
rocket by the ejected exhaust gases
„ The instantaneous thrust is given by
∆v ∆M
Ma = M = ve
∆t ∆t
„ The thrust increases as the exhaust speed
increases and as the burn rate (∆M/∆t)
increases

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