Hukm

Ahkam (Arabic: " provisions", plural of Hukm ) is an Arabic and Islamic term with
several meanings. In the Quran, the word hukm is variously used to mean arbitration,
judgement, authority, or God's will.[1] In the early Islamic period, the Kharijitesgave it
political connotations by declaring that they accept only the hukm of God (Arabic:

[ 1] The word acquired new meanings in the course of Islamic history, being used to
).
refer to worldly executive power or to a court decision.[1] In the plural, ahkam, it commonly
refers to specific Quranic rules, or to the legal rulings derived using the methodology
of fiqh.[1] Sharia rulings fall into one of five categories known as "the five decisions" (al-
akm al-
khamsa): mandatory (far or wjib), recommended(mandb or mustaabb), neutral (mub
), reprehensible (makrh), and forbidden (arm).[2]

Five ruling types[edit]

Sharia rulings fall into one of five categories known as the five decisions (
, al-akm al-khamsa):[2]

1. / ( far/wjib) - compulsory, obligatory

2. ( mustaabb/mandb) - recommended
3. ( mub) - neutral, not involving God's judgment
4. ( makrh) - disliked, reprehensible
5. ( arm) - forbidden
It is a sin or a crime to perform a forbidden action or not to perform a mandatory
action.[2] Reprehensible acts should be avoided, but they are not considered to be sinful
or punishable in court.[2][3] Avoiding reprehensible acts and performing recommended acts
is held to be subject of reward in the afterlife, while allowed actions entail no judgement
from God.[2][3] Jurists disagree on whether the term all covers the first three or the first
four categories.[2] The legal and moral verdict depends on whether the action is
committed out of necessity (arra).[2]

General considerations
The ukm shar (Akm) in its literal sense carries the meaning of a rule of Islamic law.
Thus akm (rules) is the plural form of ukm (rule), which means rule, command, the
absolute, order, judgment, injunction, prescription, and decree. This rule could be a rule
of any kind; it is to command one to delegate an order to another whether approval or
disapproval. You could say that the moon is rising or the moon is not rising, or that fire
burns.[4] Technically, it is considered a rule of Islamic law. mid (d. 631/1234) defines
adillah as the science of the proofs of fiqh and the indications that they provide with
regard to the akm of the sharah.[4] The ukm shar consists of four fundamental
elements. These elements are: the kim (Lawgiver), the makm alayh (the subject),
the makm fh (the act of the mukallaf), and the ukm (ruling).[4]

Emergency conditions[edit]
Religious precepts may be relaxed under certain extraordinary conditions. For example,
although Muslims are required to fast during Ramadan, it is not only acceptable but
recommended for an ill man to break his fast if fasting will worsen his illness.