International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences

2013 Available online at www.irjabs.com

ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 4 (4): 855-862
Science Explorer Publications

Effect of place attachment in creating sense of place

Case study: Tajrish old Bazaar and new commercial
center
Yazdanfar. Seyed Abbas1, Heidari. Ali Akbar2, Behdadfar. Nazgol3, Eskandari.
Mohammad4
1. Assistant Professor of Architecture, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, IRAN
2. PhD Candidate in Architectural Department, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, IRAN
3. Master Of Architecture, Asalooieh International Payamnoor university, Asalooieh, IRAN
4. PhD Candidate in urban planning, Isfahan university, Isfahan, IRAN

Corresponding author email: aliakbar_heidari@iust.ac.ir

ABSTRACT: Today, concepts such as Meaning of place, Sense of place, Place Attachment And
phrases such these, has been so discussed in the literature of architecture and urban design. Sense of
place is one of the main concepts in space and place identity studies. The lack of a sense of place in
existing spaces is lead to formation of identity crisis in Architecture and Urban design. Therefore, a deep
understanding of these issues will improve the quality of human-built environments. Sense of place is a
phenomenon which is made of confluence of the physical elements of space, function and meaning in
people's minds. There is so much discussion in urban design and place quality studies about the
importance of physical factors and activities as the main factors of place formation; while there is no
attention to the role of place attachment in creating the meaning of place. In this paper we try to evaluate
the concept of place attachment in two case studies of Tajrish old Bazzar (TOB) and Tandis commercial
center (TCC). Research tools of this qualitative study were open questionnaire and in-depth semi-
structured interview and participant observation. The questions focused on place attachment and it
impact on place identity is done of sellers and buyers of this shopping centers. Findings show that place
attachment in (TOB) is so stronger than (TCC).

Key words: Sense of place, place attachment, Tajrish old Bazzar, Tandis commercial center

INTRODUCTION

Study about place and circumstance of experience of it is the subject of many researches in recent
decades; researches to explain the interaction between environments and people and their quality of life. For the
first time Kurt Lewin (1936) considered the relationship between place and person in form of psychological
personality foundations and mentioned the role of physical place in shaping the people behaviors. In the 70s
decade, various science such as geography, sociology and landscaping design has tried to assess the relationship
between human and space and it results in their behavior. In this regard concepts such as place attachment (Low
& Altman, 1992; Manzo,2001), community attachment, Sense of place (Tuan, 1974), Social Affiliation, place
dependence (Williams & Roggenbuck, 1989), place identity (Proshansky, 1978), place bonding and rootedness has
been explained. Today, behavior- environment studies (EBS) is considered as one of the most important branches
of knowledge, analysis and evaluation of environmental impact on users' perceptions and behavior (Rapaport,
1990). Environmental designers can achieve better results in design with understanding the parameters influencing
human behavior and the circumstance of environment perception. This paper explains the concept of place
attachment in creating sense of place. As case study, different dimensions of place attachment in the Tajrish
historical Bazaar compared whit Tandis commercial. Place attachment is a contractual concept between people
and place and it is reflected in their identity. But today due to inappropriate development of architectural and urban
spaces, sense of place and place attachment is broken. Because meaning and attachment are place
characteristics, so lack of meaning in environment results in weakness of sense of place and place identity. This
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (4), 855-862, 2013

article also pointed to the role of place attachment in creating a different meaningful environment in socio-cultural
setting. In other words, to totally understand of factors shaping place attachment in this mall, all dimensions and
features of Tajrish neighborhood like its mall, cultural-religious setting around it like Imamzde Saleh and Tajrish
hosseinieh were analyzed.

Literature review
concept of place and sense of place
human made environments had two dimensions; One is physical dimension that is include form and
function of a setting and the other is meanings that people encode it due to their motivations.. Therefore, this sense
that formed after understanding and judgment of especial environment in people was known as sense of place.
sense of place means people emotional thinking about environment that make internal relationship to it so that
ones perception and feeling engaged with environment meaning setting. This sense is a factor that causes a
space become place with especial sensing and behavioral characteristics to especial ones (Falahat, 2007).
Nowadays, sense of place concept have been devoted many studies in architecture and urban design
literature. If we thought of space as an abstract concept, place is part of space that occupied by individuals or
things and consist of value and meaning. People and environment interaction is instant and this is differentiate of
them.(Madanipour, 2001). In fact, being human is living in world full of important places and make benefit of place
and understand this benefits. As Martin Heidegger suggest place is deep and complex aspect of world.
Sense of place release all from sameness and universal state of space and change it as especial point for
its audience. All people experienced being in a place, the respect it and concern about lack of such things.
Comprehensible and meaningful places are appropriate support that values, personal memories and feeling rely on
them. Place identity has close relation with personal identity, that I am here means I am existing (Madanipour,
2001). Places play an important role in forming peoples social and personal identity (davenport & Anderson, 2005).
Place identity is a factor to define people social and personal identity (proshansky & kaminoff, 1995) and also their
personality aspects (Relph, 1976). Place identity develops in direct experience of physical environments, therefore
its a reflection of place social and cultural aspects and play important role in growing personal
character(Walmesley ,1988).
In phenomenology point of view, sense of place is a connection to the place through symbols and daily
activities comprehension. This sense can emerge in one life and got deep over times (Falahat, 2007). In Canter
point of view, mass and individual values and sense of place interact with each other and people usually participate
in their social activities due to their sense of place. In phenomenology point of view, main concepts related to
expression of sense of place are words like loving place, place experience and place character. Sense of place is
an abstract features or place character that means spirit of place. Place experience is a mental and cognitive
process that most of people feel the same and. This sense of sameness is called place sense. (Altman & Low,
1992). Relph (1976) suggested that sense of place is not a recognized concept that could be defined as a clear
meaning. He pointed that main meaning of place is beyond performances that place supplies; it is beyond society
that it occupies.
Places consist of three dimensions with interdependent components that induce meaning to environment:
physical, its personal and social dimensions and finally functions take place in that (Canter, 1977; Relph, 1976;
Smaldone, Harris, & Sanyal, 2005; Stedman, 2003; Stokols & Shumaker, 1981). In people experience of
environment, three dimensions of form, function and meaning merge into each other to form sense of place
concept (Montgomery,1998). Although there are many discussions on physical and functional dimensions to
develop place identity, but meaning roles in creating an environment with robust sense of place needs further
discussion.
One of the main goals of urbanism and architecture is creating sense of place. This case affected by feeling
and perceptions that people gain during environmental experience (Relph, 1976; Tuan, 1977; Wlliams, Anderson,
Mc Donald & Patterson, 1995; Carmona, Tiesdell, Heath & Oc, 2003; Hay, 1998). Ralph (1976) interrelate this case
with peoples need to giving identity to environment and need to place differentiate. This case related to place
potential in stimulation of people feeling to make different places (Lynch, 1960). Sense of place researches focused
on three axis: place attachment, belong to place, and place identity (Jorgensen & Stedman, 2006). In this study,
place attachment introduced as measurable dimension of sense of place that results in meaning forming for
residents and place users.

Place attachment
Place attachment mentioned to the emotional impact of one place that people are attracted to it by emotional
and cultural bonds. In fact place attachment is a symbolic relationship with the place which is formed by giving the
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (4), 855-862, 2013

emotional meanings and common sense to a particular place or territory and that explain how people percept of
places and how they relate to their (Low & Altman, 1992). Place attachment is one dimension of total place
sensitivity and positive emotional attachment that develop between place and individual (Stedman, 2003) and
clarify ones sensitivity to especial geographical situation that bond individual to place sensitively. In fact a positive
experience of place is the consequence of positive beliefs and emotions that individual create in interaction with
place and giving meaning to it (Rubinstein & Parmelee, 1992). In this process, people develop their relationship
with others and place. There is direct relationship between place attachment rate and his interest to place that is
when somebody attaches a place, he care more about it (Mesch & Monar, 1992). This is raised from activities and
interaction between human-place and human-human in a special place. (Relph, 1976; Low & Altman, 1992) and
with bilateral interaction of feelings, knowledge, believes and behaviors with especial place (Proshansky et al,
1992).
Place attachment, at the same time is the emphasis on emotional communication with place based on itself
and when interaction took place during facing with place, it is based on attachment theory and belonging to society
setting than mere devotion to place (kyle et al, 2004), so that this word is equal with social attachment and place
sensitivity. Shumaker et al also express this word as positive emotional dependence between place and person in
neighborhood units that social groups, physical appropriateness, individual personality and perceived position of
place where people live play important role in it (Shumaker & Taylor, 1983).
Place attachment was build due to individuals interest, understanding and experience to place based on
various personal, group and cultural features and social communication among them (Low & Altman, 1992). In fact,
this affair formed based on behavioral, emotional and cognitive interactions among people, groups and social-
physical places consciously or unconsciously (Brown & Perkins, 1992), also, it was established between individuals
emotional relationship between people and place based on how people judge, prefer and understand or perceive a
place (Riley,1992). Benito also defined place attachment as emotional dependency to special place and convert
person to an element of place identity and claimed that this case emerged in psychological and social process
setting between person and place and its results in place sense and dependence (Bonatio, 1999). Jean Jacob in
this case, in addition to point about place attachment as a deep human characteristic, suggest that people when
face some of these places express that I belong to it. And so they give it home identity (Rivilin, 1987).

Place attachment affective factors

A review of literatures about place attachment might classify factors which influenced on creation or
promotion of place attachment that comes in follow:

Physical factors
Many researches performed in place attachment field that relied on physical place. These researches
attempt to answer these question; which place is more important to people? Why? Results show that both physical
and social features play the same roles in creation of place attachment. Stedman (2003b) studied physical place
role on place attachment and pointed to direct role of it on satisfaction and its indirect role on place attachment, at
the same time, it deviate from place symbolic meaning. Other features that have been indicated includes: place
setting and bed, facility and services, place status in urban setting, and its relationship to environment and other
features.

Social factors
Basically, environment psychology is not only related to physical place but also includes social dimensions
too. Positive relationship between physical place and personal satisfaction related to social communications, so
that in social experiments and interaction that took place facilitate meaningfulness that place given for individuals.
Therefore, two important features are: place attachment related to home, common diary and time. Physical
qualities which are formed just one dimension of it. Thus, social communication importance never must be ignored.
So that some researchers believe that place attachment based on people participation, social network engagement
and cultural interactions, there are equal or more importance than physical place. Place attachment develops with
people positive interaction and social compatibility in place and place attachment power has direct relationship with
these communication power and rate.

Cultural factors
Groups, families and society members and similar cultures are common in place attachment. Place
attachment related to those activities that people do in their cultural requirement setting. Newell (1997) studied
cultural role in place preference.
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (4), 855-862, 2013

Personal factors
Place attachment is different among people. People select and attach place due to their conscious
tendencies that result from personal characteristics and factors. Individualism is more important factor in social
orientation and how to develop intimacy of social communication that known as mental identities based on initial
tendencies. place reflect identities, differences and competitions in different groups based on gender, class, race,
ethnic, and culture and indicate individual political tendencies, power, liberty, interest and social system and
common interests in consumption motives.

Memories and experiences

Totally, place attachment took place when people experienced powerful, long period of time in that place and
in this process, place serve vast meaning. Tuan (1980) pointed to a factor like root in place that is correlation and
integrity of person and place. Piley (1992) in study of place attachment found that, place attachment deviated from
development period memories and communication took place in an areas not just a simple mere place. He believes
that we remember a place that we experience and favorite adventures and place is part of our experiences and
might be a symbol of that experience. Amongst, Marcus (1992) studied place memoires from students painting,
adult remember their childhood and elders from their residential memoires. Due to his view, people build sense of
identity within themselves based on social communication experience and place of events and based on them,
people form their dreams. Reflection of this feeling reflected in selected residence and memories about people and
places they remember because feeling took place within place and in such emotional communication with place
every one experienced differently. In fact, person-place relationship is an interaction process rather cause and
effect. Chawla (1997,) in his study of place attachment in children said place attachment might have permanent
effects on children life because it contributes in childes life quality. Also, he points in his studies that in place,
assessment, children never point body or physical needs but pointed to qualities like appropriate mental image of
place.

Place satisfaction
Emotional relationship person and place depends his place satisfaction and how it assess, and its rate
depends on person perceptions of place and place satisfaction and quality and security (physical, social,
emotional) that such a perception are conscious, unconscious, objective, subjective, personal or social and results
in security and conservation and development of place. Attachment theory showed that not only urgently but
probably it took place to meet people needs and expectations about place. Therefore, one most important
dimension must be explained was place satisfaction, as place need expectation met, development probability more
appropriate emotional relationship increase infect, place satisfaction is place attachment. So that in some students,
factors influenced on place attachment and place dependencies and satisfaction are equivalent, an example is
Benito et al work in 1999. place attachment theory indicate that people place attachment developed based on their
place expectation due to previous experience and their cognitive process and place satisfaction depends on the
cognition. Satisfaction factor depends on factors like facilities, place adaptation, with performance and setting
sustainability, visual characteristics and management, place economic values, residents image of similar unit and
place social setting and architecture and urban planning features, social communication, background features.

Interaction and activity features

One important factor of place that play important role in promotion of place attachment are activities and interaction
between human-place and human-human interactions. In fact, these cases rooted in individual interaction with
social and physical place in form of meaning, behavioral and emotional and cognitive interactions result in place
attachment, in turn, place activities results in place meaning and finally place meaning cause place attachment.
Studies showed that place attachment promoted even with periodical celebration and events or permanent
activities dominated on places, so that, in some intercultural studies, festivals, celebrations, story activity featured
as more important factors in different cultures attraction to people.

Time factor
As mentioned before, time factor or residency in long time increase place attachment and many researchers
supported this finding. Time factor is raised as deterministic features of place attachment among children and
individuals and it was studied in both process and attachment rate.

case study
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (4), 855-862, 2013

Trade is the most important kind of social exchange that considered as the main function of human being.
The function that result in establishment of especial space and place is known Bazaar that found in different
types. Bazaar is the most important communication channel and urban space in past Iranian cities. The main
bazaars in each city is usually established along urban routes and streets (Sultanzadeh, 2005)
In Old Iranian cities, bazaar and its main components, in addition of different economical and service
functions, play important role in promotion of socio-cultural values. Thus, often three functions addressed for
bazaar:
1. Stabilizing urban economy.
2. Developing urban public economy.
3. Breeding spirit of socio-cultural relationships (Falamaki, 1987)
Among Tehran different areas, because of rich sustainability setting, good climate, presence of imam zadeh
salih, and bazaar and historical centrality, Tajrish was an important place from old times to now. It is the center of
mixed religious, cultural and economic activities. One of the main factors of forming Tajrish kernel is old bazaar. In
cultural concept, Tajrish bazaar gain more importance. In Iranian ideology, specialized attention devoted to holly
places. Imamzedeh salih is a kind of holly place which is in old setting of Tajrish in western extreme of old bazaar.
This place make an special identity for Tajrish quarter.

figure1.Tajrish old bazaar figure2. Tajrish Imamzadeh figure3.upper Tajrish hosseinia (reference, city hall
(reference; city hall first Salih first volume,2010)
volume,2010)

RESEARCH METHOD

In this research, participants are including of sellers and buyers of the Tajrish old bazaar (TOB) and Tandis
commercial center (TCC). Research tools of this qualitative study were open questionnaire and in-depth semi-
structured interview and participant observation. The questions focused on place attachment and it impact on place
identity is done of sellers and buyers of this shopping centers. In questionnaire design it was used Canter (1997)
model to define sense of place in the bazaar. Based on this model, three parameters engaged; physical
environments, activities and mental images (Canter, 1997). Obtained results were analyzed in SPSS software.

Sampling and data collection.

Participant of this paper are include of sellers and customers of (TOB) and (TCC). In this survey, 60 people
were selected to accomplish designed questionnaire. Reliability of data collected tools represented in table 1 using
Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of questionnaires:

Table 1. different parts Cronbach's alpha coefficient In this section, to examine assumptions, it was used Spearman rank
correlation, one sample run test and Friedman variance analysis test.
Cronbach's alpha
Main components
coefficient
Physical factors & infrastructure 0.71
Correlational and social interaction 0.89
Social security 0.91
Readability and orientation 0.61
Place dependency 0.73
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (4), 855-862, 2013

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In order to study every score of customers and retailers views about main thesis of both old and new
bazaar, it was used T-test separately. Also, it was used Friedman variance analysis test equipment to determine
importance and variables partial priority. Meaningfulness in all main components is lower than 0.05. All 5 main
components verified by 95% confidence. Therefore, this concludes that physical factors and infrastructures,
correlation social interaction, social security, readability and orientation and place dependency which are
mentioned in table 1, are effective factors of place attachments.
Hypothesis1. There is not any meaningful relationship between place attachment components of (TOB)
and (TCC).
In order to interpret this thesis, Spearman rank correlation test might be useful. Spearman test results
showed that by 95% probability, there is positive, significant meaningful relationship between social interaction with
physical factors and infrastructures in (TOB). Also, there is positive relationship between social security variables
with readability and orientation variable by 0.051 meaningfulness level and with physical factor and infrastructure
variable by 0.42 meaningfulness level. There is meaningful relationship between place dependence variable with
physical factors and infrastructures in level of (0.01) equal with 0.015. All of this data show that there is a
correlation between these variables which mentioned above (table 1) and its confident rate is 95%.
(TCC) is against it, just there is meaningful relationship between social security variable with physical factor
and infrastructures variables in level of 0.001 and with readability and orientation variable in level of 0.29. this show
that in (TCC) there is no meaningful relation and correlation between other variables.
Hypothesis2. Main components of place attachments among customers and retailers in (TCC) are weaker
than (TOB).
Among indices related to place attachment measure in both old and new bazaar, five indices evaluated as
follow: Table2 showed meaningfulness of average place attachment components of new and old bazaar in Tajrish.
Descriptive statistics of one sample T-test in five main components, physical factors and infrastructures,
correlational and social interactions, social security, readability and orientation and finally place dependency
showed that among these factors just two components of physical factor and infrastructure and social security
are higher than average in new trade complexes, in other words, they play important roles in place attachment and
three other factors measured weak that is lower than average. In contrast, factors that play important role in
traditional bazaar are correlational and social interaction and place dependency. Also both readability and
orientation were same at both new and old bazaars. That is, readability of old and new bazaar measured at
medium level.

H1:x = (3) %60, H0:x (3) %60

CONCLUSION

As obtained from literature, place sense is some kind of people sense to especial place that form by place-
person interaction. Also in other related research, this point is significant, physical factors, activities and related
concepts with these places are complex factors that influence in place sense configuration together with place-
person interaction they combined and place sense created. In other words, other literature confirms emotional
place-person interaction. This case based on previous life experience, and personal, sensitive, cognitive, and
behavioral structures. Because people made social, sensitive, cognitive, behavioral plan and classified and
organized all their new experiences based on this plan and perceptions and also memorize all of them and
conducting aspirations person behavior perceive it due to this self-plan. During self-made process, people needs
and expectations were stabilized and when an entity or subject met these needs, people feel relieve and security
and continue met his needs subjectively or objectively and result in aspiration and attachment of living together.
This paper reviews the concept of sense of place and place attachment, offers five-dimensional model of the
factors influencing the attachment to the place that are include , physical factors and infrastructures, correlational
and social interactions, social security, readability and orientation and finally place dependency parameters. In
next stage, tow place have selected as case study; one is Tajrish old Bazaar (TOB) and other is Tandis commercial
center (TCC) which both of them are situated in same city area in Tehran. After testing and analysis of variance,
and evaluation of the data, these results were obtained that among these factors just two components of physical
factor and infrastructure and social security are play important roles in place attachment and three other factors
have a weaker importance. In contrast, factors that play important role in traditional bazaar are correlational and
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (4), 855-862, 2013

social interaction and place dependency. Also both readability and orientation were same at both new and old
bazaars. That is, readability of old and new bazaar measured at medium level.

Table2. one sample T-test P<0.001

Test Value = 3
95% Confidence Interval of
the Difference
Upper Lower Mean Difference Sig. (2-ailed) df t
Correlation and social
.9159 .2174 .56667 0.014 95 3.319
interaction
.4029 -.5363 -.06667 0.00 95 -.290 Social security
Physical factors and
.2844 -.6844 -.20000 0.005 95 -.844
infrastructures
Readability and
.7045 -.1711 .26667 0.023 95 1.246
orientation
-.0537 -.8796 -.46667 0.028 95 -2.311 Place dependancy

Now, using freedman test five factors priority were studied: social security, correlational and social
interaction, place dependency, readability and orientation, physical factors and infrastructures. The purpose of this
test was to determine partial importance and priority of above mentioned factors on bazaar place attachment.
Results of above mentioned test showed that average rate of five above mentioned factors in new bazaar (TCC)
have no significant differences. Therefore, it was concluded that priority and importance of all factors in new bazaar
have no difference in average rate and they share equal importance, but it shows significant difference in old
bazaar.

Table6.average calculated rank in new and old bazaar

factors New bazar Old bazaar
Social security 3.27 2.90
Correlation and social
2.65 3.65
interaction
Place dependency 2.37 2.70
Readability and orientation 3.30 3.27
Physical factors and
3.15 1,78
infrastructures

Table 7.freedman meaningfulness

statistic test
Old bazaar New bazaar statistics
30 30 N
13.838 4.926 Chi-Square
4 4 df
0.008 0.259 Asymp. Sig.

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