CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAYLIFE

CONTENT
THIS PROJECT CONTAINS SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 16 CHEMISTRY CLASS 12 HAVING GOOD
EXPLANATION AND SOME HARMFUL EFFECTS OF DRUGS WITH PICTURES.

ANKIT MISHRA
XII A1
 Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the Principal, Mrs. PROMILA GUPTA, Principal GAGAN
BHARTI PUBLIC SCHOOL, for his encouragement and for
all the facilities that he provided for this project work. I
sincerely appreciate his magnanimity by taking me into his
fold for which I shall remain indebted to. I extend my hearty
thanks to Mr. AMIT JAISWAL, Chemistry teacher, who
guided me to the successful completion of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
for her invaluable guidance, constant encouragement,
immense motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all
the stages of this Project work.
I cant forget to offer my sincere thanks to parents and also
to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project
work successfully and for their valuable advice and support,
which I received from them time to time.
 GAGAN BHARTI PUBLIC SCHOOL
OM VIHAR, UTTAM NAGAR NEW DELHI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANKIT MISHRA, a student of class
XII-A1 has successfully completed the research on the
below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. AMIT
JAISWAL (Subject Teacher) and Mrs. TANU during the
year 201415 in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical
examination conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.

Signature of principal Signature of chemistry teacher

CHEMISTRY IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
DRUGS AND ALCOHOLS
WHATIS DRUG??
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention,
diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a
drug. A drug may also be defined as a chemical which, when
taken in some way alter the body function. Drug is also
known as a medicine. Generally, the term drug is applied to
any stimulating or depressing substance that can be
habituating or addictive.

MEANING OF ADDICTION
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological
dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a
substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called
an addict.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
TYPE OF DRUGS EXAMPLES EFFECTS
1. Sedatives and Barbiturates, Depress CNS
Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines activity give
feeling of
calmness,
relaxation,
drowsiness.

2. Opiate Opium, morphine, Suppress brain

Narcotics codeine, heroin activity,
Relaxed pain.

3.Stimulants Amphetamines, Make a person

Caffeine, cocaine more wakeful,
alert and active,
cause excitement.

4.Hallucinogens LSQ, Mescaline, Alter thoughts,

psilocybin, Ganja, feeling and
chares, Hashish perceptions.
STRUCTURES OF SOME MENTIONED
DRUGS

Sedatives and Tranquillizers

Barbiturates Benzodiazepines

Chlorpromazine
Opiate Narcotics

MORPHINE CODEINE

HEROIN
 Stimulants

CAFFEINE COCAINE

Hallucinogens

MESCALIN
PSILOCYBIN
 COMBINATION OF DRUGS AND
ALCOHOLS

Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate kick

or charge. Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may
produce dangerous effects, including death. When
barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each doubles
the effect of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin
called speed ball, gives spontaneous kick of cocaine and
prolonged pleasure of heroin.

Combination Effect

1. Alcohol + Barbiturates. Markedly increased

depressant effect.
2. Alcohol + Antihistamines. Marked drowsiness.

3. Alcohol + Valium. Dramatically increases

sedative effect.
 4. Alcohol + Marijuana or Decreased coordination
Hashish. increased reaction time
impaired judgment.
5. Alcohol + Aspirin. Increased changes of
damage to gastric mucosa.

SOCIAL DISEASE - SMOKING,

DRINKING AND USE OF DRUGS
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or
regularly are social diseases. They adversely affect the
health of the addicts and the society. Young people take to
these habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an adventure
or feeling of freedom, or as a gesture of defiance against
the elders who themselves indulge in these activities but
check the youngsters. Other factors that make people take
to these vices are inability to face problems of life
indifference shown by members of the family, and
encouragement or pressure by friends. Temporary escape
from the life problems and mental relaxation felt on taking
the drugs in the beginning increase persons interest in
them. Soon they become habitual and find it difficult to
leave. The daily dose to get the desired effect increases with
time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is
spreading in India also. A large number of our young men
and women have taken to intoxicants. About 87.6% drug
addicts are between the ages of 14 and 25 years.

TOBACCO

Sources
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indians first
started smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the
world over. It has large, quote to lanceolate leaves and
terminal clusters of tubular, white or pink flowers.

Effect of Nicotine
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and
pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the
risk of heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetus growth in expecting mothers.
(vi) High concentration of nicotine paralyses nerve cells.

ALCOHOL

Sources
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having
a penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of the
products of the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices
and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It is the
principal constituent and the intoxicating principle of wines.

Modes of Use
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and
wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy,
whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.

Addiction
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are
found in all sections of society. Alcohol causes intoxication
and thus, acts as a poison. The drinkers begin with small
doses, but many of them soon start consuming large doses
and become addicts. By the time they realize that drinking
is adversely affecting them; it is too late to give it up.

What Happens when Alcohol gets in stomach

Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and upper part
of small intestine and reaches all the tissues in minutes. Its
oxidation starts at once and a large amount of heat is
produced. Since heat is not needed in the body, it is taken
up by the blood and carried to the skin for dissipation. Since
the receptors of heat are located in the skin, the rush of
blood to the skin gives a false impression of warmth in the
body. The blood supply of internal organs is greatly reduced
resulting in fall of temperature in them. Energy released by
alcohol is not used in any life process. Rather the energy
derived from food is used up in ridding the body of excess
heat.
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
SOAPS
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of the long
chain carboxylic acid. A soap molecule consists of a
long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and
hydrogen) with a carboxylic acid on one end which is
ionic bonded to metal ion usually a sodium or
potassium.
A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon group and an
ionic group COO-Na+.

EXAMPLES OF SOAPS
Sodium stearate (Chemical formula:
C17H35COONa+)

Sodium palmitate (Chemical formula:

C15H31COONa+)

Sodium oleate (Chemical formula: C17H33COONa+)

 Saponification
The process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and
oils with alkalis is called saponification.
Soap is made by heating animal fats or vegetable oil with
concentrated sodium hydroxide (NAOH).
Fat or Oil + NaOH Soap + Glycerol

MICELLES SOAP MOLECULES

Micelle
A soap molecule has two ends with different properties.
(i) A long hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic (i.e. it
dissolves in hydrocarbon).
(ii) A short ionic part containing COO-Na+ which is
hydrophilic (i.e. it dissolves in water).

WORKING OF MICELLES

MECHANISM OF SOAPS
When a dirty cloth is put in water containing soap then
the hydrocarbon ends of the soap molecule in the
micelle attach to the oil or grease particles present on
the surface of dirty cloth. In this way the soap micelles
entrap the oily particles by using the hydrocarbon ends.
The ionic ends of the soap molecules remain attached
to the water when the dirty cloth is agitated in soap
solution. The oily particles present on its surface gets
dispersed in the water due to which the cloth gets
clean.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages
Soaps are eco-friendly and bio degradable.

Disadvantages
Soaps are not suitable in the hard water.
They have weak cleansing properties than
detergents.

DETERGENTS
Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain benzene
sulphuric acids.
Detergents are primarily surfactants, which could be
produced easily from petrochemicals. Surfactants lower
the surface tension of water, essentially making it
 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more
likely to interact with oil and grease.
The ionic group is in a detergent is so3- Na+

EXAMPLES OF DETERGENTS
Two basic examples of well-known detergents of the
sulphonate group or the sulphate group are:

CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENTS

Synthetic detergents have the same type of molecular
structure as soaps i.e. a tadpole like molecule having
two parts at each end i.e., one large non-polar
hydrocarbon group that is water repelling
(hydrophobic) and one short ionic group usually
containing the or group that is water attracting
(hydrophilic). Thus the cleansing action is exactly
similar to that of soaps whereby the formation of
micelles followed by emulsification occurs. However,
synthetic detergents can lather well even in hard water.
This is because they are soluble sodium or potassium
salts of sulphonic acid or alkyl hydrogen sulphate and
similarly form soluble calcium or magnesium salts on
reacting with the calcium ions or magnesium ions
present in water. This is a major advantage of the
cleansing property of detergents over soap.

ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Since detergents are the salts of strong acids they
do not decompose in acidic medium. Thus
detergents can effectively clean fabric even if the
water is acidic.
Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water
than soaps.
They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
As detergents are derived from petroleum they
save on natural vegetable oils, which are
important as essential cooking medium
 DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Many detergents are resistant to the action of
biological agents and thus are not biodegradable.
Their elimination from municipal wastewaters by
the usual treatments is a problem.
They have a tendency to produce stable foams in
rivers that extend over several hundred meters of
the river water. This is due to the effects of
surfactants used in their preparation. Thus they
pose a danger to aquatic life.
They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic
substances present in wastewaters because they
form a sort of envelope around them.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAPS AND

DETERGENTS

SOAPS
They are metal salts of long chain higher fatty
acids.
These are prepared from vegetable oils and animal
fats.
 They cannot be used effectively in hard water as
they produce scum i.e., insoluble precipitates of
Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ etc.

DETERGENTS
These are sodium salts of long chain hydrocarbons
like alkyl sulphates or alkyl benzene sulphonates.
They are prepared from hydrocarbons of
petroleum or coal.
These do not produce insoluble precipitates in
hard water. They are effective in soft, hard or salt
water.
CLASSIFICATION OF
DRUGS
Hallucinogens

Narcotics Tranquillizers

DRUGS
Sedatives
Opiate

Stimulants
DEADLIEST DRUGS CHART CAUSES DEATH

OVERDOSE DRUGS CHART EFFECT OF DANGEROUS DRUGS