INTRODUCTION

The transformer is considered to be the most widely distributed electrical element in

its forms, sizes and functions. The electrical network has dozens of generators, but
contains tens of thousands of transformers, and of course not compete in this wide
spread within the system of electric power only cables and air lines, but the diversity
in the size and shape and function of transformers makes the study of transformers
The most important electrical components of the electrical system.

It is interesting that many of Rima's students are confused by the function of the
transformer and the function of the generator, to the extent that it is heard that the
feeding of the flint building comes from one transformer or another, so that some
think that the transformer is the source of electrical energy. A product, the generator
is the only product of energy.

History of Transformers
In 1831, Varday was the first to discover the (mutual induction) phenomenon
between two separate files located on a magnetic heart. He measured the electrical
motive force in one of the two files as a result of the change of current in the other
file. Then, for the first time in 1882, transformers were made from one primary file
and several secondary files in order to obtain different values for secondary efforts.

The advent of the magnetic core in 1884 was the beginning of the use of
transformers to transform electrical energy into high-voltage, long-distance
transmission. The first step was made by the brothers John and Edward Hopkinson,
who made a simple transformer made of isolated steel sheets, one of which was low
voltage and the other high voltage.

Then came the Hungarian world "Wiry", who first named the Transformer on these
devices, and later invented the idea of connecting transformers in parallel. As for the
triple transformers, the Russian scientist (Boliv Dubrovolski) was the first to invent the
three phase transformer in 1889.

Why is this wide spread of transformers in electrical networks?

To answer this question, we first have to remember the fundamental role of power
transformers, which is to reduce the value of the current transmitted through lines
and cables, thereby reducing the loss of energy, and facilitating the practical transfer
of electrical power from the generating areas to the consumption areas.

To illustrate this, we assume that an electric power plant has 8 generators each
generation of MVA 300, and that the generating voltage is 20 kV. We want to transfer
this energy from the generating station across three lines to the consumption areas,
in which case the grid will be as in Figure -1. The value of the current across each of
the three lines - assuming they are identical - is equal to 23 kA according to the
equation:
 Figure-1: network transmission without transformers

If you know that the 300 mm copper conductor can withstand a current of
approximately 400 amperes, we need about 60 cables from this section to connect in
parallel to transfer this amount of electrical current through each of the three lines
(180 cables for transmission All energy), and of course this number is impractical,
and must solve this problem.

And the solution in the use of the converter, if we assume that we added to the
network - immediately after the generator - a step up voltage 20/500 kV to raise the
voltage on the transmission network to become the network as in Figure -2

Form-2: Network transport after adding transformers

Now that the transfer voltage is equal to 500 KV instead of 20 KV, the current to be
transferred from the station across each of the three lines will be only 900 amps
instead of 23 KA as in equation :
This means that we need only 3 cables per line instead of 60 cables per line.

Other advantages of transformers

It can be said that the most important advantage and the basis of transformers in the
system of electric power is to reduce the value of current transmitted through lines
and cables, but this feature entails other advantages, including:

1 - Reduce the power lost during the transfer of electricity :

In the previous example, if we hypothesized that the power generated without the
use of the Step-Up converters we mentioned above could be transferred across the
three lines, each of which is resistant to 0.001ohm/ km in each phase, The
transmission distance is up to 100 km. This means that in the absence of the
transformer, the lost capacity in the three lines is equal to 476 MW according to the
equation:

That is, we lost about 20% of the generated energy in the transmission lines,
whereas if the transformer is used, the lost capacity across the three lines is equal to
less than 1 MW. This gives another indication of the importance of using
transformers in the electrical grid.

2 - Reduce the value of the voltage drop :

The second advantage of reducing the current value across transmission lines is to
reduce the value of the voltage drop at Receiving point is equal voltaqe at Sending-
voltaqe drop which equal (I * X) - by neglecting the value of the resistance R - so the
more the current passing through the line the greater the proportion of voltaqe drop.

3- Reducing the cost of transmission lines and towers of electric

power .
The third advantage of reducing the value of the current is the use of fewer
conductors, which means lower cost in the price of the conductors and in the sizes of
the towers carrying these conductors.
Does the same transformer fit to raise or lower any voltage?
The transformer, as we have mentioned, is a device whose primary function is to
raise or lower the value of the voltage inside it, and then the current will drop or rise.
If we assume that the losses in the transformer are negligible (Efficient transformer
usually revolves around 99%) it almost means that:

Power = Vin X lin = Vout X lout

Does this mean that if we have a 100 kVA transformer example, it

is possible to reach any voltage that gives you any current as long
as a combined hit would equal 100 KVA?
Of course, this is theoretically correct only. In practice, you have to comply with the
Vrated values and the Irated value is because if you put a voltage in the primary of
100 V you theoretically get a current of 1 kA. This requires that the conductor
segment used in the primary file industry is able to withstand this current and that is
impossible, Theoretical concepts do not apply here in practice in an ideal or
exemplary manner.

Quick overview of construction .

The electric transformer in its simplest form, as shown in Fig. 3, is an iron core
wrapped on two sides (Primary Winding), which is connected to the power source,
consists of a number of the NpTurns, while the second connection to the load to
transfer power is called the secondary Winding, and consists of a number of other Ns
Turns, and contact pregnancy can be directly on the outskirts of secondary , Or
through transmission lines .
 Figure-3: Transformer in the simplest image.

Hence we can say that the two main components in the constrution of the
transformer are Iron Core, Windings .

1- Iron Core :

The first element (Core) is made of iron material with good magnetic
properties. There are two methods in the manufacture of the core, the Core
type, and the other method is the Shell type, as in Figure - 4. Note that each
type can be used with single phase transformers, or three phase transformer.

Type of core in single phase transformers

 Core type and shell type transformers
The iron heart is generally made up of two vertical parts called the leg, Legs, or
Limbs or columns, as well as a horizontal part that connects these vertical parts
together and is called Yoke or the jaw, the part that does not wrap around any
windings as in Figure .
 The names of iron core parts

The two methods can also be used in three phase transformers :

Three phase core type transformers

 Three phase shell type transformers
In both cases, the iron core consists of 3 columns, winding the primary and
secondary windings of each phase of the three phases are on a separate column,
where the low voltage coil is attached to the core, and then the high voltage coil is
placed above it.

Differences between manufacturing methods :

1-In the case of the Core type we have two Limbs while we have three in the case of
Shell type .

2- In the case of the Core type, the average length of the iron core is longer than that
of the Shell type while the average length of the copper file is shorter than the case of
Shell type.

3. The above type of shell has a greater area of iron core and fewer number of turns
than the core type .

4. The Shell method has a greater ability to withstand the short circuit but its
maintenance is more difficult.

2- Transformer windings :
The second component of the electric transformer is Windings which made of
conductive conductors (often copper) with cross section area that will withstand high
voltage currents , and around the iron core in various forms. These windings are
isolated from each other and also isolated from the iron core and the different layers
in the same Winding they are also isolated from each other .
Transformer classifications :

The transformers have multiple types in terms of size, function, shape and more.
Electrical transformers can be divided into multiple classifications, for example,
classification by area of use.

This is a list of some of the most common uses:

1-Classification by field of use :

Power Tr. for Transmission networks .

Distribution Tr. For distribution networks .
Power supply .
Impedance matching .
Circuit isolation .
Rectifier .
Arc furnace .

2-Classification by number of Phases :

Single-phase .

3-phase transformers .

3-Classification by cooling method :

Self-air-cooled (dry type) .

Air-blast-cooled (dry type) .
Liquid-immersed, self-cooled .
Oil-immersed, combination self-cooled and air-blast .
Oil-immersed, water- cooled .
Oil-immersed, forced-oil-cooled .
Oil-immersed, combination self-cooled and water-cooled .

4-Classification by transformation rate :

Step-up .
 Step-down .

5-Classification by frequency :

Very low frequency Transformer "Power and Distribution Tr." .

High frequency Transformer.
Intermitted frequency Transformer .
Very High frequency Transformer .

Is there a difference between Distribution Transformer and Power

Transformer ?
The main difference is that the distribution transformer works on different loads, it can
work for a long time at the load, and the power transformer works at full load on a
continuous basis and rarely works at loads below 60% of the full load. The load in the
distribution adapter shall be as low as possible.

It can be said that the most significant difference between them is in the size and
capacity transmitted through either of them, but only the internal structure is one. The
IEC specifications, for example, do not differentiate between them. The two names
are considered synonymous. Therefore, when talking about construction, cooling,
testing and maintenance, speech applies to both types without distinction.

However, some references consider that transformers with a capacity of less than
KVA 500 are distribution transformers, and higher power transformers are powerful
transformers. In the American classification, everyone is called power transformers.
Power transformers are then classified into three groups according to the rated
power: