TOPIC 3 THEORY

HOLLAND THEORY
OF TYPES
A Typology
Approach
Typology
A selection of a certain number of
combination of groups of variables.
Hollands work on personality
focuses on study of types (typology).
Environments characterized by
people who occupy them.
Personality describe by attributes /
characteristics.
 Individual are attracted to a given
career by their particular
personalities and numerous
variables that constitute their
backgrounds.
Career choice is an expression of
personality into the world of work.
4 Basic Assumptions (Holland, 1985)
1. People express themselves, interest
and values, through work choices
and experience.
2. Holland (1966) intelligence is
considered less important than
personality and interest.
3. Stability of career choice depends
primarily on the dominance of
personal orientation.
4. Holland proposed six kind of
occupation environment and six
matching personal orientation.
R I

C A

E S
Hollands View
1. Typology Based On Six
Assumptions.
Most people can be categorized as
one of six personality types:
o Realistic (R)
o Investigative (I)
o Artistic (A)
o Social (S)
o Enterprising (E)
o Conventional (C)
 Cultural and personal forces-
parents, social class and physical
environment shape people in
different ways.
2. Six Kinds Of Environments:
o Realistic (R)
o Investigative (I)
o Artistic (A)
o Social (S)
o Enterprising (E)
o Conventional (C)
3. People search for environments that
will let them exercise their skills and
abilities, express their attitude and
values, and take on agreeable
problems and roles .

4. Persons behavior is determined by

an interaction between his
personality and characteristics of his
environment.
Realistic:
Environment:
o Tools, machines, animal
o Manipulation
o Technical competencies to fix
machines, repair electronic
equipment
o Outdoor, Construction sites,
factories, garage,
o Need physical strength.
Realistic:
Personality:
o Like realistic jobs, mechanic,
carpenter, electrician, farmer
o Likes to work with things more
than people
o Mechanical and athletic abilities
o Enjoy using tool, machines
o Problem solving manner
o Value power, money, status
o Less value on human
relationships
Realistic:
Behavior:
o Expect specific suggestions and
advice to solve career
o Problems practical solution
o Resistant to express feeling
o Masculine
Investigative:
Environment:
o Search for solution through
mathematical and scientific
interest and competencies
o Computer programmer, physician,
veterinarian
o Use logic
Investigative:
Personality:
o Like investigative jobs such as
laboratory assistant, medical
technician
o Likes to work on ideas more than
people or things
o Enjoy puzzles and challenges
o Solve problems
o Enjoy courses in math and
science
o Work independent (work alone)
Investigative:
Behavior:
o Work hard to find solution
o View counselor as fellow
investigator rather than expert
Artistic:
Environment:
o Free and open, encourage
creativity and personal expression
o Musician, fine artist
o If tools are used, use to express
herself (clarinet)
Artistic:
Personality:
o Like artistic job such as musician,
dancer, singer, actor/actress
o Has artistic skills, enjoys creating
original work, good imagination
o Express as free and unsystematic
way
o Likes to work on ideas more than
things
o Open, imaginative, independent,
expressive and original
Artistic:
Behavior:
o Prefer nonstructural counseling
approach
o Rely on emotion
o Like to show their uniqueness
Social:
Environment:
o Flexible and understanding each
other
o Emphasize human value , kind,
friendly, generous
o Education, social services, mental
health profession
o Teacher, counselor, counseling
psychologist
Social:
Personality:
o Like social job (teacher, counselor,
nurse).
o Interested in helping people.
o Avoid working with machines.
o Seek out environment where they
can use verbal and social skills.
o Responsible, warm, agreeable,
idealistic, friendly, kind, generous,
patient.
Social:
Behavior:
o Value informal activities
o Too verbal
o Express idealism, wanting to help
others
Enterprising:
Environment:
o Persuade others
o Self confident, sociable, assertive
o Power important
o Business management, politics,
stock market, insurance
Enterprising:
Personality:
o Enjoy enterprising job
salesperson, travel agent,
politician
o Enjoy being with others
o Verbal skills
o Assertive and popular
o Interested in money and politics
o Likes to influence people
o Outgoing, lively, sociable, self
confident, and ambitious.
Enterprising:
Behavior:
o Feel more confident than they
feel
o Overestimate abilities
o Impatient with entry level
positions
o conflict
Conventional:
Environment:
o Office
o Keep record, files, organize
reports
o Clerical skills and numerical
ability
o Ability to follow directions
Conventional:
Personality:
o Like conventional jobs
secretary, office clerk, bank teller.
o Has clerical and math abilities
o Work indoor and likes to organize
things
o Value money
o Likes to work with words and
numbers
o Practical, careful, thrifty, efficient,
orderly and persistent
Conventional:
Behavior:
o Dependent to others
o Like to work in financial
institutions
o Routine
o Appreciate opportunity to
organize and regulate
Combination of Types:
No real work environment is purely
of one type combination of type.
o Use a three letter code / two
letter code to describe
environments.
Why? People exposed large number
of situation.
o Experience in school
o With hobbies
o With parents
 These types can be measured.
o VPI - Vocational Preference
Inventory
o SDS - Self directed search
o SII - Strong Interest Inventory
Occupational classification system
three letter code.
Psychology Inventories:
Vocational Preference Inventory
(Holland 1985).
Self-Directed Search (Holland 1994)
Affected by age, gender, social
class, intelligence, and education.
Combination Of Three Types
Hexagonal Model Introduces Five
Key Concept (Holland, 1992)
1. Congruence (Keselarasan)
2. Consistency (Konsistensi)
3. Differentiation (Pembezaan)
4. Calculus (Kalkulus)
5. Identity (Identiti)
Consistency (C):
Refers to similarity or dissimilarity of
types.
Certain environment or personality
have more in common with some
types than with others.
S & A types are similar (close
together).
S & R types different from each
other.
A and S types have more common
than others.
 The closer the types, the more
consistent they are.
C not a goal of counseling,
(differentiation and congruence do)
 R I

C A

E S
 Degree of Consistency:
o High RI, RC, IA, IR, AI, AS, SA,
SE, ES, EC, CE, and CR
o Medium RA, RE, IS, IC, AR,
AE, SI, SC, ER, CS, and CI
o Low RS, IE, AC, SR, EI, and
CA
Differentiation (D):
Undifferentiated have many
interest and competencies across all
6 types.
Some people / environment are
very pure.
Some show relatively equal
resemblance to several types.
People/environment that show
equal resemblance to all types
undifferentiated/poor defined.
Implication:
Undifferentiated people may have
difficulty in making career decision.

Goal:
Help client to differentiate and
broaden knowledge of interest,
abilities and values within each of
six types.
Discussion:
Clients experiences with hobbies,
part time work, volunteer work,
extracurricular activities, leisure
time.
Differentiation Based on
Psychological Inventory:
VPI High Differentiation index
score more than min score 7 (max
score 14).
SDS High Differentiation index
score more than min score 16 (max
score 32).
How To Calculate Differentiation
Base On Psychological Inventory
(VPI & SDS) :
Highest score lowest score.
Mean VPI = 7.
Mean SDS = 16.

High Differentiation Score higher

than mean.
Low Differentiation Score lower
than mean.
 24 R I 22

16 C A 20

18 E S 26

VPI: 26 16 = 10 (Higher OR Lower

Differentiation?
SDS: 26 16 = 10 (Higher OR Lower
Differentiation?
Identity (I):
Refers to the clarity and stability of
persons current and future goals.
also
Refers to the stability of working
environment.
Important goal of career
counseling:
o Achievement of identity may
occur when goal of congruence
accomplished.
Congruence (C):
Relationship of the personality to
the environment. The more similar
the personality is to environment,
the more congruent the
relationship.
o R & I congruent adjacent
o R & A moderate congruent
o R & S not congruent / opposite
Implication:
Counselors Job:
o Assess client s personality and
assist in finding environment that
will fit.
o Discovery of congruent
occupations major purpose of
career counseling session.
Implication:
There is congruence when
individuals works or live in
environment whose types is
identical / similar to their own
types.
Calculus (C):
Relationship within personality and
environment that can be identify
through hexagonal model which
referring to distance within
personality and environment.
The more distance of each types,
more difference psychological traits
within them.
 R .49 I

.13
.38 .26 .19

.21 .18
C .05 A
.27
.04
.38 .15 .34
.02
E .40 S
 Perfect Closer:
o E & C are closer (r = .71), both
are similar.
o E & R moderate distance
(r=.48) moderate in similarity.
o E & I big distance (r=.39) no
difference and no similarity.
Other Influential Variables:
Intelligence.
Gender.
Social class.
o Affect development of
personality.
Role of Occupational Information:
Two (2) Purpose In Holland s
System.
Development of the theory:
o VPI and SDS.

Asses Individual Traits:

o SDS, VPI.
o Counselor can get an objectively
determined personality type for
client.
o Further insight of interest,
abilities and value of client.
Role of testing:
Useful.
Helps to integrates occupational
information into counseling process:
o Dividing all occupations
(environment) into six types.
Occupational Finder (Holland 1994).
Hollands theory emphasis on the
accuracy of self-knowledge and
career information for career
decision making.
Criticism of Theory:
Assumptions and contracts are clear
and easy understanding.
Integration of relationship between
personality and environment are
well explain.
Can be use in career selection,
identify satisfaction and placement
regarding occupations.
Applying Theory:
Research:
o Men have high score on R, I or E;
and
o Women S, A, C (Holland, 1997)
S & E college student preferred
counseling with unlimited sessions
(Boyd and Cramer, 1995).
R & C poor candidates for
traditional psychotherapy not
very open to feeling or new ideas.