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NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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Nomenclature Alkanes
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Nomenclature of Alkenes connected with IITian
Nomencalture of Alkyne
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Nomencalture of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The most important feature of this system is that any given molecular structure has
only one IUPAC name which denotes only one molecular structure.
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5. This is simple, systematic and scientific method of nomenclature of organic Question 1: Arrange the
compounds. following in the...
Primary suffix are added to the root words to show saturation or unsaturation in a
carbon chain. NEET Exam preparation? Avoid
these 6 mistakes
Nature of carbon chain Primary suffix Generic name
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Saturated (C C) -ane Alkane
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Suffixes added after the primary suffix to indicate the presence of a particular
functional group in the carbon chain are known as secondary suffixes.
Note:
The terminal e of the primary suffix is removed when initial letter of secondary suffix
is vowel. To illustrate the application of above basic rule, the generic names of few
classes of organic compounds are given below:
Prefix:
It should always be kept in mind that alkyl groups forming branches of the parent
chain are considered as side chains. Atoms of groups of atoms such as fluoro (-F),
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For Example:
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4 Methyl pent 2 en 1 ol
The names of simple aliphatic organic compounds containing only straight chains
atoms of various homologous series are described in table as to explain the basic
rules of IUPAC system. In case of compounds. Other than hydrocarbons, only the
saturated compounds have been considered.
Nomenclature Alkanes
The IUPAC system of alkane nomenclature is based on the simple fundamental
principle of considering all compounds to be derivatives of the longest single carbon
chain present in the compound. The chain is then numbered from one end to the
other, the end chosen as number 1 is that which gives the smaller number at the first
point of difference.
When there are two or more identical appendages - the modifying prefixes di-, tri-,
tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and so on are used, but every appendage group still gets its own
number.
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When two or more appendage locants are employed, the longest chain is numbered
from the end which produces the lowest series of locants. When comparing one
series of locants with another, that series is lower which contains thelower number at
the first point of difference.
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Several common groups have special names that must be memorized by the student.
When two or more appendages of different nature are present, they are cited as
prefixes in alphabetical order. Prefixes specifying the number of identical appendages
(di, tri, tetra and so on) and hyphenated prefixes (tert-or t, sec-) are ignored in
alphabetizing except when part of a complex substituent. The prefixes cyclo-, iso-, and
neo-count as a part of the group name for the purposes of alphabetizing.
When chains of equal length compete for selection as the main chain for purposes of
numbering, that chain is selected which has the greatest number of appendage
attached to it.
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When two or more appendages are in equivalent positions, the lower number is
assigned to the one that is cited first in the name (that is one that comes first in the
alphabetic listing).
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Nomenclature of Alkenes
and have the general formula CnH2n. These unsaturated hydrocarbons are isomeric
with the saturated cycloalkanes. The IUPAC rules for naming alkenes are similar in
many respects to those for naming alkanes.
1. Determine the root word by selecting the longest chain that contains the
double bond and change the ending of the name of the alkane of identical
length fromanetoene.
2. Number the chain so to include both carbon atoms of the double bond, and
begin numbering at the end of the chain nearer the double bond. Designate the
location of the double bond by using the number of the first atom of the
double bond as prefix :Indicate the locations of this substituent groups by the
numbers of the carbon atoms to which they are attached.
3. Two frequently encountered alkenyl groups are the vinyl group and the allyl
group.
CH2= CH CH2= CH CH2
The vinyl group The allyl group (are not included in IUPAC
system)
Nomencalture of Alkyne
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In the IUPAC system the compounds are named as alkynes in which the final ane of
the parent alkane is replaced by the suffix yne. The position of the triple bond is
indicated by a number when necessary.
When both a double and triple bond are present, the hydrocarbon is named
analkenynewith numbers as low as possible given to the multiple bonds. In case of a
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choice, the double bond gets the lower number.
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Nomenclature of Alcohols
General formula [CnH2n+1.OH], IUPAC name is alkanol.
For the simpler alcohols the common names, are most often used. These consist
simply of the name of the alkyl group followed by the word alcohol. For example:
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We should notice that similar names do not always mean the same classification;for
example, isopropyl alcohol is a secondary alcohol, whereas isobutyl alcohol is a primary
alcohol.
Finally, there is the most versatile system, the IUPAC. The rules are:
. Select as the parent structure the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the -
OH group; then consider the compound to have been derived from this structureby
replacement of hydrogen by various groups. The parent structure is known as
ethanol, propanol, butanol, etc., depending upon the number of carbon atoms; each
name is derived by replacing the terminal-eof the corresponding alkane name by-ol.
. Indicate by a number the position of the -OH group in the parent chain, generally
using the lowest possible number for this purpose.
. ndicate by numbers the positions of other groups attached to the parent chain.
Alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups are called glycols. They have both
common names andIUPACnames.
Note:
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Nomenclature of Ether (R-O-R)
Ethers are compounds in which two C atoms are connected to a single O atom. In
IUPAC nomenclature, name one of the alkyl group plus the O atom (RO-) as an alkoxy
and comes as a prefix to the parent hydrocarbon. (Oxygen is to be counted with least
number of carbon atom)
1 isopropoxy 2 methaoxy cyclohexane
Methoxy ethane
Nomenclature of Aldehydes
IUPAC names the longest continuos chain including the C of CH = O and replaces e
of the alkane name by the suffix al i.e. alkanal. The C of CHO is number 1. For
compounds with two CHO groups, the suffix dial is added to the alkane name.
When other functional groups have naming priority, CHO is called formyl.
Common names replace the suffix ic (oic or oxylic) and the word acid of the
corresponding carboxylic acids by aldehyde. Locations of substituents on chains are
designated by Greek letters e.g.
The IUPAC names of aldehydes follow the usual pattern. The longest chain containing
the CHO group is considered the parent structure and named by replacing e of the
corresponding alkane by al. The position of the substituent is indicated by a number,
the carbonyl carbon always being considered C-1. Here, as with the carbonyl acids,
the C-2 of the IUPAC name corresponds to alpha of the common name.
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Nomenclature of Ketones
Common names use the names of R or Ar as separate words, along with the word
ketone. The IUPAC system replaces the e of the name of the longest chain by the
suffix one. In molecules with functional groups such as COOH, that have a higher
naming priority, the carbonyl group is indicated by the prefix keto or oxo. Thus,
CH3COCH2CH2COOH is 4-ketopentanoic acid.
The simplest aliphatic ketone has the common name acetone. For most other
aliphatic ketones we name the two groups that are attached to carbonyl carbon and
follow these names by the word ketone. A ketone in which the carbonyl group is
attached to a benzene ring is named as phenone, all illustrated below. The positions
of various groups are indicated by numbers.
The names of lower members are derived from the Latin or Greek word that indicate
the source of the particular acid.
(ii)Derived System:
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(iii)IUPAC System:
Acids are named as alkanoic acids. The name is derived by replacing e of the
corresponding alkane by oic acid.
In case of substituted acids, the longest chain including carboxyl group is selected and
numbering is done from the carbon of carboxylic group.7. Derivative of Carboxylic acid
(a)Acid Halide
(b)Acid anhydride
An acid anhydride is named by substituting anhydride for acid in the name of the acid
from which it is derived.
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Example:
Example:
The name of the cation (in the case of a salt) or the name of the organic group
attached to the oxygen of the carboxyl group (in the case of an ester) precedes the
name of the acid.
The names of amides are formed by replacing oic acid (or ic acid for common
names) by amide or carboxylic acid by carboxamide.
Example:
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If the nitrogen atom of the amide has any alkyl groups as substitutents, the name of
the amide is prefixed by the capital letter N; to indicate substitution on nitrogen,
followed by the name(s) of alkyl group(s).
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If the substituent on the nitrogen atom of an amide is a phenyl group, the ending for
the name of the carboxylic acid is changed to anilide
Nomenclature of Amines
Nomenclature of amines is quite simple. Aliphatic amines are named by naming the
alkyl group (or) groups attached to nitrogen , and following that by the word amine.
Salts of amines are generally named by replacing - amine by - ammonium (or - aniline
by - anilinium), and adding the name of the anion.
Nitro alkane
Example:
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R O N = O Alkyl nitrite
Example:
When a compound contains more than one functional group, the numbering and the
suffix in the name of multifunctional compound are determined by nomenclature
priority.
Preference Order
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Acyl halides -oyl halide Haloalkanoyl
Halides -X - Halo
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