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Refractory Heart failure
80 Devices and Surgery
S. Ramakrishnan, S. Seth, V. K. Bahl
Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome that can with heart failure. Although medical therapy
result from any structural or functional cardiac can improve the quality of life and the longevity
disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to of patients across the spectrum of heart failure
function as a pump to support a physiological symptoms, such therapy alone is insufficient in
circulation.1 Medical therapy remains the patients with advanced heart failure.13 Advanced
mainstay of treatment for majority of patients heart failure may be defined as stage of heart
failure, characterized by advanced structural
Table 1 : Approaches in Refractor y Heart
Failure heart disease and marked symptoms of heart
Approach Modalities
failure at rest despite dietary modification,
salt restriction and maximal medical therapy
Optimize Compromised Optimal medical therapy,
Heart Function Cardiac Resynchronization including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor
therapy, ICD blockers, digitalis, diuretics and beta blockers.
Reverse remodeling Drugs, CRT, Surgical or These patients require frequent hospitalizations
interventional mitral valve and the overall prognosis is poor.13
repair / annuloplasty, acorn
device Various devices have been used in heart failure
Regenerate the Myocytes Stem cells, myoblasts, patients who remain severely symptomatic despite
stimulation of endogenous adequate medical therapy including cardiac
stem cells, gene therapy
resynchronisation therapy (CRT), implantable
Replace the Heart Assist devices as destination
therapy, Cardiac cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), Combo device,
transplantation ultrafiltration and continuous positive airway
Treatment of co- Antidepressants, pressure (CPAP) ventilation (Table 1). Cardiac
morbidities Erythropoietin, support or replacement with left ventricular assist
antianorectic agents, CPAP
devices (LVAD) and/or cardiac transplantation
Treatment of Pulmonary hypertension
Consequences with sildenafil, Volume
are often the only therapeutic alternatives in
overload with ultra filtration, patients with advanced/end-stage heart failure.
Cachexia This review focuses on the recent advances in
Better delivery of care Te l e m e d i c i n e efforts, device and surgical therapy for advanced heart
Individualized patient care
failure (Table 2).
Advanced Therapy for Refractory Heart failure Devices and Surgery 597
Table 2 : Devices and Surgery for Heart Failure results in mechanical dysfunction leading on to an
Implantable Devices increase in the left ventricular volume, reduction of
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) contractility, and worsening of mitral regurgitation.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Resynchronizaion of the myocardial contraction
Combination of CRT and ICD (Combo devices) can be done by pacing the right ventricle and left
Percutaneous Therapy ventricle (thro a lead in the coronary sinus) with
Coronary Intervention in revascularizable anatomy
the implantation of biventricular pacemakers.
Many studies have shown the favorable effects of
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation
such cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on
Implantable assist devices
symptoms, the quality of life, ventricular function,
Impella Recover system
and blood pressure.5,7
Tandem heart system
CRT not only improves the symptoms, but also
Percutaneous valve repair
significantly improves the prognosis in selected
Percutaneous reshaping devices
patients with heart failure. The use of CRT in the
Percutaneous stem cell delivery
Care HF study8 showed a dramatic reduction of the
Surgical Therapy combined endpoint of mortality and cardiovascular
Coronary artery bypass surgery in selected patients hospitalization by 37%. Significantly, there was
Mitral valve repair or replacement a 36% improvement in overall survival. CRT
LV reshaping surgeries (Batista or DOR procedures) minimizes regional left ventricular delay caused
Stem cells by prolonged ventricular conduction, reduces
LV assist devices mitral regurgitation and left ventricular reverse
Cardiac Transplantation remodeling, and normalizes neurohormonal factors.
Others
The observed benefits persist or even increase
with longer follow-up. Interestingly, with better
Ultrafiltration
synchronization of the cardiac contraction there
CPAP
was a significant reduction in arrhythmias and
Implantable Devices sudden cardiac death.8
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy The Care HF study consisted of patients in class
III or IV symptoms despite standard pharmacologic
Patients with systolic heart failure due to ischemia
therapy, with LVEF < 35% and a QRS interval
or dilated cardiomyopathy often show significant
of at least 120 msec. Patients with a QRS interval
dyssynchrony between various walls of the
of 120 to 149 msec were required to meet two of
left ventricle (intra-ventricular dyssynchrony),
three additional echocardiographic criteria for
between right and left ventricle (inter-ventricular
dyssynchrony: an aortic preejection delay of more
dyssynchrony) or between atria and ventricle (AV than 140 msec, an interventricular mechanical
dyssynchrony).4,5 Most patients with intraventricular delay of more than 40 msec, or delayed activation
dyssynchrony display a left bundle branch block of the posterolateral left ventricular wall.8 Several
pattern on the surface ECG. This occurs in up small studies have suggested that CRT may be
to 25% of all heart failure patients and confers beneficial even in patients with narrow QRS and
a higher risk of worsening heart failure and echocardiographic evidence of dyssynchrony. 5,7
sudden cardiac death.6 In these patients, the left Recently, the effect of CRT was evaluated in a
lateral wall is electrically activated after the septal randomized controlled trial (RethinQ study) in
contraction, which leads to contraction of the patients with narrow QRS (< 120 msec). CRT did
lateral wall during relaxation of the septum. This not improve peak oxygen consumption and heart
598 Medicine Update 2008 Vol. 18
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