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COMMUNICATION TOWARD THE GOODS AND SERVICES (AST) IN
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
By
LATIFAH BINTI HASSAN
Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in

Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
May 2016
COPYRIGHT
All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons,
photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless
otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-
commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be
made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Copyright Universiti Putra Malaysia
ii
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to
My lovely kids:
With love, respect and a bunch of memories

Indeed, we belong to Allah and indeed to Him we will return.
iii
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
ATTITUDE AND COMMUNICATION IN RELATION TO THE GOODS AND

MANUFACTURERS
By
May 2016
Chairman :Assoc. Prof, PhD

Faculty :Applied Sciences
Click or tap here to enter text.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi
keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah
PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN KOMUNIKASI BERHUBUNG DENGAN

PEMBALAKAN DI MALAYSIA
Oleh
Mei 2016
Pengerusi : Prof. Madya ,PhD

Fakulti : Perhutanan
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
With the name of Allah the Most Compassionate and Most Merciful
All praise and thanks to Almighty Allah, with His blessing giving me the strength and
passion, could manage to finish the research until this manuscript completed be compiled.
APPROVAL
I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 31 May 2016 to conduct the final
examination of Latifah binti Hassan on her thesis entitled Communication toward the
Goods and Services (AST) in Peninsular Malaysia in accordance with the Universities and
University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A)
106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student is awarded the Doctor of
Philosophy.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Ahmad bin Hamdan, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Forestry
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Ahmad bin Hamdan2, PhD

Professor
Faculty of
(Internal Examiner)

Associate Professor
Faculty of
(Internal Examiner)

Professor
Japan
(External Examiner)
(Zainal bin Ahmad, PhD)

Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Date:
This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted
as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The members of the
Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Associate Professor
Faculty of
(Chairman)

Associate Professor
Faculty of
(Member)

Associate Professor
Faculty of
(Member)
____________________________
BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Date:
Declaration by graduate student
I hereby confirm that:

this thesis is my original work;
quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced;
this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other degree at any
other institutions;
intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-owned by
Universiti Putra Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research)
Rules 2012;
written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of Deputy Vice-
Chancellor (Research and Innovation) before thesis is published (in the form of written,
printed or in electronic form) including books, journals, modules, proceedings, popular
writings, seminar papers, manuscripts, posters, reports, lecture notes, learning modules
or any other materials as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;
there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis, and scholarly
integrity is upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate Studies)
Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) and the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules
2012. The thesis has undergone plagiarism detection software.
Signature: ________________________ Date: __________________
Name and Matric No.: LATIFAH BINTI HASSAN, GS33333

Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee
This is to confirm that:
the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our supervision;
supervision responsibilities as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate Studies)
Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) are adhered to.
Signature:
Name of Chairman of
Supervisory
Committee:
Signature:
Name of
Member of
Supervisory
Committee:
Signature:
Name of
Member of
Supervisory
Committee:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
APPROVAL vii
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Questions 2
1.3 The Main Objective of the Study 2
1.3.2 You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers,

footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building
blocks. 3
1.3.3 Specific Objectives of the Study 3
1.3.4 Research Hypotheses 3
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.4.1 Scope of the Study 4
1.5 Structure of Thesis 6
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Previous Studies 7
2.3 Previous Studies on internet 7
2.4 Overview of the Food research 9
2.5 Conclusion 10
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 11
3.1 Introduction 11
3.2 Conclusion 11
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12
4.1 Introduction 12
4.1.1 Conclusion 12
5 SUMMARY, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

13
5.1 Introduction 13
5.2 Contribution to the Body of Knowledge 13
5.3 Conclusion 13
REFERENCES 15
APPENDICES 16
BIODATA OF THE STUDENT 17
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE 18

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1.1: Numbers of Factory in Morroco 1
Table 1.2: Numbers of Factory in Morroco 2
Table 2.1: The Previous Studies 8
Table 2.2: Numbers of the Food and vegetables 9

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 2.1: Doctorate Support Group in Malaysia 9

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AJS - Authorized Jewelers Scheme

AMOS - Analysis of Moments Structures
CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look.(H. Zhu et al., 2015)
You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a
look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also
format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice
s of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.(Tropsha,
2010)
iplots
Biplots 2003
Biplots
plots 2003
A Biplots Table 1.1: The colouring system2004a
used in PCA scores plot to show sample grouping in
2003APM dataset.
2004a
Year Colour and symbol
2004b
Batch
2003
2004a
2003
Sample number Notes
2003
2003
2004bBatch 1 1 to 100 Mo and Ba are not
2004a
2004a
2004b
2005
2004a
100
samples
analysed
2004b 2004a
2005 Batch 2, 101 to 202 Mg is not analysed
2005 2004b
2005 102
2004b
2006
2004bsamples
2006 2006
2006
2005Batch 3, 203 to 378 All elements are
2007
2005
2007
2005
176
samples
analysed
2007
2007
2006
Mo 2006
2006
2007
2007
2007
oMo
Cr Pb
Pb
PbPb
Cr PbPb
Table 1.2: Different plot types and descriptions in PCA graphical plots.
No Item Purpose
1 PCA biplots To show the influence of the variables on the samples. This plot
is the combination of PCA scores and PCA loadings plot.
2 Percentage of To show the importance of each PCs. The percentage gives an
eigenvalues indication about the variation of the data explained by each PC.
3 PCA scores To show the pattern or the distribution of the samples that may
plots exist.
4 PCA loading To show the pattern or the distribution of the variable that may
plot exist.
5 1D of first To support PCA scores plot of the samples distribution by
component using the highest percentage variances explained PCs
scores plot
6 1D of second To support PCA scores plot of the samples distribution by using
component the second highest percentage variances explained PCs
scores plot
To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page
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1.2 Research Questions
The following research questions of this study require for the solution acquire from
methodical and confirmable processes.
1.3 The Main Objective of the Study
diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look.
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overall look of your document.
1.3.2 You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages,
and other document building blocks.
1.3.2.1 When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with
your current document look.
You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text
by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on
the Home tab.
a) You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab.
b) On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate
with the overall look of your document.
i) You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks.
ii) When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current
document look.
a) You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by
choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab.
I) You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab.
of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.(Saim et
al., 2009)
contained in your current template.(Sim et al., 2015)
1.3.3 Specific Objectives of the Study
This study is designed to achieve the following specific objectives:-

1.3.4 Research Hypotheses
Hypothesis commonly comes from the research questions in a declarative statement that
predict the outcomes. The hypotheses of this study are as follow:-
H4a:
1.4 Significance of the Study
of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.
1.4.1 Scope of the Study
1.4.1.1 Limitation of the Study
i) Conceptual and Operational Definition of Terms
ii) On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the
overall look of your document.
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document look.
1.5 Structure of Thesis
CHAPTER 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Previous Studies
2.3 Previous Studies on internet
Table 2.1: The Previous Studies
No Molecular Abbreviation Groups Amount Description

Descriptors
1 Constitutional descriptors Con 0D 48 0D-descriptors, independent from molecular connectivity and
conformations. Atom and bonds counts, molecular weight, sum of
atomic properties, etc
2 Topological descriptors Topo 2D 119 Molecular descriptors obtained from the molecular graph (usually
H-depleted), i.e 2D-descriptors conformationally independent.
3 Walk and path Wap 2D 47 Molecular descriptors obtained from the molecular graph, counting
counts paths, walk and self returning walks of different lengths.
4 Connectivity Coni 2D 33 Topological Molecular descriptors calculated from the vertex degree
indices of the atoms in the H-depleted molecular graph.
5 Information Info 2D 47 Molecular descriptors calculated as information content of
indices molecules, based on the calculation of equivalences classes from the
molecular graph. Among them, the indices of neighbourhood degree
and edge multiplicity.
6 2D 2D 2D 96 Molecular descriptors calculated from the molecular graph by
autocorrelations summing the products of atom weights of the terminal atoms of all
the paths of the considered path length (the lag)
7 Edge adjacency indices Edge 2D 107 Topological Molecular descriptors derived from the edge adjacency
matrix which encodes the connectivity between graph edges.
2.4 Overview of the Food research
Table 2.2: Numbers of the Food and vegetables

Type of Factory Number
Total 2,765
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the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.
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tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style
Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so
that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current
template.
Figure 2.1: Doctorate Support Group in Malaysia

2.5 Conclusion
On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look
of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages,
and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also
coordinate with your current document look.
You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for
the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly
by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from
the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.
To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout
tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style
Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so
that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current
template.
CHAPTER 3
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter covers the results of the quantitative survey based on distributed of
questionnaires to the target respondents. The discussion of results is based on five specific
research objectives as mentioned in section 1.3.3 on page 3.(Wongravee et al., 2009; J. Zhu
et al., 2009)
4.1.1 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5
5 SUMMARY, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Contribution to the Body of Knowledge
5.3 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Saim, N., Osman, R., Sari Abg Spian, D. R., LATIFAH, M. Z., Juahir, H., Abdullah, M. P.,
et al. (2009). Chemometric approach to validating faecal sterols as source tracer for
faecal contamination in water. [doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.052]. Water
Research, 43(20), 5023-5030.
Sim, S. F., Ling, T. Y., Lau, S., & LATIFAH, M. Z. (2015). A novel computer-aided
multivariate water quality index. [journal article]. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 187(4), 181.
Tropsha, A. (2010). Best Practices for QSAR Model Development, Validation, and
Exploitation. Molecular Informatics, 29(6-7), 476-488.
Wongravee, K., Lloyd, G., Hall, J., Holmboe, M., Schaefer, M., Reed, R., et al. (2009).
Monte-Carlo methods for determining optimal number of significant variables.
Application to mouse urinary profiles. [10.1007/s11306-009-0164-4]. Metabolomics.
Zhu, H., Guo, W., Shen, Z., Tang, Q., Ji, W., & Jia, L. (2015). QSAR models for degradation
of organic pollutants in ozonation process under acidic condition. Chemosphere,
119(0), 65-71.
Zhu, J., Lu, W., Liu, L., Gu, T., & Niu, B. (2009). Classification of Src Kinase Inhibitors
Based on Support Vector Machine. QSAR & Combinatorial Science, 28(6-7), 719-
727.
APPENDICES
Appendix A
List of Countries
BIODATA OF THE STUDENT
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE
Journals
Conferences and Proceedings

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COMMUNICATION TOWARD THE GOODS AND SERVICES (AST) IN

LATIFAH BINTI HASSAN

Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in

Copyright Universiti Putra Malaysia

This thesis is dedicated to

With love, respect and a bunch of memories

ATTITUDE AND COMMUNICATION IN RELATION TO THE GOODS AND

LATIFAH BINTI HASSAN

Chairman :Assoc. Prof, PhD

Click or tap here to enter text.

PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN KOMUNIKASI BERHUBUNG DENGAN

LATIFAH BINTI HASSAN

Pengerusi : Prof. Madya ,PhD

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Ahmad bin Hamdan2, PhD

Ahmad bin Hamdan3, PhD

Ahmad bin Hamdan4, PhD

(Zainal bin Ahmad, PhD)

Ahmad bin Hamdan5, PhD

Ahmad bin Hamdan6, PhD

Ahmad bin Hamdan7, PhD

I hereby confirm that:

Signature: ________________________ Date: __________________

Name and Matric No.: LATIFAH BINTI HASSAN, GS33333

This is to confirm that:

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

1.1 Research Background 1

1.2 Research Questions 2

1.3 The Main Objective of the Study 2

1.3.2 You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers,

1.3.3 Specific Objectives of the Study 3

1.3.4 Research Hypotheses 3

1.4 Significance of the Study 4

1.4.1 Scope of the Study 4

1.5 Structure of Thesis 6

2.2 Previous Studies 7

2.3 Previous Studies on internet 7

2.4 Overview of the Food research 9

5 SUMMARY, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.2 Contribution to the Body of Knowledge 13

BIODATA OF THE STUDENT 17

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE 18

Table 1.1: Numbers of Factory in Morroco 1

Table 1.2: Numbers of Factory in Morroco 2

Table 2.1: The Previous Studies 8

Table 2.2: Numbers of the Food and vegetables 9

Figure 2.1: Doctorate Support Group in Malaysia 9

AJS - Authorized Jewelers Scheme

1.1 Research Background

1.2 Research Questions

1.3 The Main Objective of the Study

1.3.3 Specific Objectives of the Study

This study is designed to achieve the following specific objectives:-

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.4.1 Scope of the Study

i) Conceptual and Operational Definition of Terms

2.2 Previous Studies

2.3 Previous Studies on internet

No Molecular Abbreviation Groups Amount Description

Table 2.2: Numbers of the Food and vegetables

Figure 2.1: Doctorate Support Group in Malaysia

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5 SUMMARY, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

Signature: ______ Date: