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Outline
v(t ) Vm cos(t v )
i (t ) I m cos(t i )
p(t ) v(t )i(t ) Vm I m cos(t v ) cos(t i ) Frequency
doubled!
1 1
Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2
1
cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 3
Illustration of Instantaneous Power
1 1
p(t ) Vm I m cos(v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2
p(t) is periodic but with frequency 2
The power is transferred from the circuit to the source.
(Because of the storage elements such as capacitors and
inductors in the circuit)
1 T
P p(t )dt
T 0 v(t ) Vm cos(t v )
1 T
Vm I m cos(t v ) cos(t i )dt i (t ) I m cos(t i )
T 0
1
Vm I m cos( v i )
2
1
Re VI* ;
2
VI *
Vm I m v i
1 1 2 | V |2
ZR : P Vm I m0 | I | R
2 2 2R
1
Z j L : P Vm I m90 0
2
1 1
Z : P Vm I m 90 0
jC 2
1
V ZI P Re VI*
2
1 1 | V |2
P Re | I |2 Z Re *
2 2 Z
V 1200
I 1.57666.8 A
Z 76.16 66.8
1
P Vm I m cos( v i )
2
1
(120)(1.576) cos(0 66.8) 37.24 W
2
I R I 1.11856.57 A
VR 4I R 4.47256.57 V
1
PR 4.472 1.118 2.5 W
2
For mesh 1: I1 4 A (a )
KCL for mesh 2: j10 j5 I 2 j10I1 6030 0 ( b)
By (a ) and (b) I 2 12 60 8 10.5879.1 A
2 2
367.8 W
PI 0. Hence, this current source supplies power to the circuit.
For the resistor:
I1 40 A
V2 20I1 800 V
1 1
PR Re V2 I1* 80 4 160 W
2 2
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 16
Example 11.4 (cont.)
For the capacitor:
I 2 10.5879.1,
VC j5I 2 (5 90)(10.5879.1) 52.9(79.1 90)
1 1
PC Re VC I*2 (52.9)(10.58) cos( 90) 0 VC
2 2
For the inductor:
VL
I L I1 I 2 2 j10.39 10.58 79.1 IL
2 2
Finally,
PV PI PR PC PL
367.8 160 0 0 207.8 0
Z L Z*Th
2
VTh
Pmax
8RTh
P
VTh
2
( RTh RL ) 2 ( X Th X L ) 2 2 RL ( RTh RL )
0
RL 2 ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2
2 2
X L X Th
P
VTh
2
Th L
( R R ) 2
( X Th X L ) 2
2 RL ( RTh RL )
0
RL 2 ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2
2 2
RL Rth2 X th X L
2
RTh ; X Th -X L
XL 0
Z L RTh jX Th Z*Th
2 RL RTh
2
(X Th X L )2
VTh
Pmax RL RT2h X T2h ZTh
8RTh
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 20
Example 11.5
Q: Determine the load impedance ZL that maximizes the
average power drawn from the circuit. What is the
maximum average power?
RL
1 T 2
I eff
T 0
i dt I rms
1 T 2
Similarly, Veff
T 0
v dt Vrms
The root - mean - square (rms ) value of a periodic signal x(t )
1 T 2
X rms
T 0
x dt
I rms
1 T 2
T 0
i dt
1
4
0
2
2
4
(5t ) dt (10) 2 dt
2
1 t 3 2 1 200
25 100t 2 8.165 A
4
200
4 3 0 4 3
PR2 I rm
2
s R (8.165) 2
(2) 133.3 W
Z*
S Se j S S cos jS sin
S P jQ P jP tan
Inductive load
Resistive load
Capacitive load
60 1.5
Vrms 10, I rms 50
2 2
The complex power is
S Vrms I*rms
60 1.5
10 50 45 60 VA
2 2
The apparent power is
S S 45 VA
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 45
Example 11.11 (cont.)
(b) Form (a),
S 45 60 45 cos(60) j sin(60)
22.5 j38.97
S P jQ
The real power P 22.5 W
The reactive power Q 38.97 VAR
(c) pf cos(60) 0.4
V 60 10
Z 40 60
I 1.550
Vrms 1200
Z 1.231.13
I rms 100 31.13
(a) S s Vrms
s
I*rms (2200)(10.67 22.83)
2347.4 22.83 (2163.5 j910.8) VA
Ss Sline S Load
V
IL I L 1
R jL
I C jC V
I I L IC I 2
Z XC
QC P(tan 1 tan 2 ) Q1 Q2
C
Vrms
2
Vrms2
Vrms
2