ME6201

Homework #6
Due November 21, 2012

1. Which of the following are frame indifferent expressions? (show all work)
(a) pk (2) G E

This equation is necessarily frame indifferent as all terms are couched in
Lagrangian coordinates.

(b) Green-Naghdi rate of Cauchy stress given by

Og


Starting with the first term on the right hand side
(Q QT )

Q QT Q QT Q Q T . (1)

Since L Q L QT Q QT (module 59), (2)

L Q Q L Q which can be rearranged to\

Q L Q Q L . (3)

The transpose of the last equation yields Q T QT LT LT QT . (4)

Putting Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (1) results in
Q QT ( L Q Q L) QT Q (QT LT LT QT )

Q QT L Q QT Q L QT Q QT LT Q LT QT

Q QT L Q L QT LT Q LT QT

L LT Q ( L LT ) QT

For small stretching, U I which leads to F R . Consequently,

L F F 1

( R U ) ( R U ) 1

( R U R U ) U 1 R 1

R U U 1 R 1 R U U 1 R 1

R R 1

Thus,
( R R 1 ) ( R R 1 )T Q ( R R 1 ( R R 1 )T ) QT

T T
( R R ) ( R R ) Q ( R R ( R T R T )) QT
T 1

Note that R T R which leads to

R T R T R R T

 ( R R T )T (due to R R T being anti-symmetric)

R RT

R R 1

Plugging the last relation in proves the frame indifference of the Green-Naghdi
rate of Cauchy stress, i.e.
( R R T ) ( R R T ) Q ( R R 1 R R 1 ) QT .

(c) C : D

(Q QT )

Q QT Q QT Q Q T

Thus the time derivative of Cauchy stress is not objective.

(d) B : E indifference of

Q QT

Cauchy stress is objective.

However, the right hand side of this expression is written in terms of Green strain, a
Lagrangian measure. Hence, the expression mixes coordinates in different terms and is
not frame indifferent.
2. Show that the total traction on any surface S enclosing volume V of fluid governed by
the general Newtonian Fluid law
2 D tr ( D) I I ,

is equal to the volume integral

V V V dV
2

The total traction on the surface is given by

S t dS S . n dS V . dV

where t is the traction vector, and the Divergence theorem is used for deriving the last

term. Considering the general constitutive equation for Newtonian fluid, the traction can
be written as
V . dV V .[2 D tr ( D) I I ] dV

2 V . D dV V . tr ( D) I dV V .( I )dV (1)

1
Using the definition Dkm (vk ,m vm ,k ) , the integrant of the first term in (1) can be
2
rewritten as
2 . D i ei .vk ,m ek em i ei .vm ,k ek em vk , mi ik em vm ,ki ik em
(2)
vk , mk em vm ,kk em
On the other hand:
(.v) m em (vk ,k ) vk ,km em vk ,mk em (3)

and
2 v .(v) k ek .( j e j vm em ) k ek .(vm, j e j em ) vm, jk kj em vm,kk em (4)

comparing (3) and (4) with (2) gives
2 . D (.v) 2v (5)

The integrant in the second term in (1) can be written as:
. tr ( D) I k ek . tr ( D) ij ei e j k tr ( D) ki ij e j i tr ( D) ij e j (6)

By definition, tr ( D) Dkk vk ,k , and this term can be rewritten as

i tr ( D) ij e j i (vk ,k ) ij e j vk ,ki ij e j vk ,kj e j (7)

it can be shown that this term is equal to (.v) since

(.v) j e j (vk ,k ) vk ,kj e j (8)

so,
. tr ( D) I (.v) (9)

Finally, the integrant of the third term in (1) can be written as
.( I ) k ek .( ij ei e j ) , k ij ki e j ,i ei (10)

which is identical to since

i ei ,i ei (11)

and
.( I ) (12)

substituting (5), (9), and (12) into (1) gives
S t dS S . n dS V . dV

V
V 2V dV
(13)
3. Show that in an incompressible Newtonian fluid with the constitutive equation
2 D PI ,
*
the xk component of total surface force is given by
P 2Vk
S k V xk* x*j x*j dV
t dS

Using the results of problem 2, the total force for the special case of 0 can be written
as
S t dS V P V V dV
2
(1)

On the other hand, considering the continuity equation
d
V 0 (2)
dt
It is observed that for an incompressible flow in which the density remains constant in the
neighborhood of each material particle as it moves, (2) can be used for deriving the
incompressibility condition as
V 0 (3)

Now, Equation (1) reads
S t dS V P V dV
2
(4)

using Equations (3), (4), and (11) in problem (1), Equation (4) can be written as
P 2Vk
S k
t dS V ,k k , jj
[ P v ] dV V xk* x*j x*j dV

(5)
4. For Hookes Law for an isotropic linear elastic material, derive the following form of
the equilibrium equations of an elastic body, assuming small deformation
2 1 uj
2

ui bi 0
1 2 x j xi

The equilibrium equations of an elastic body is given by

ij , j bi 0 (1)
The stress-strain relation for an isotropic linear elastic material is given by
ij 2 Eij Ekk ij (2)
where and are Lame constants. Assuming small deformation, equation (2) can be
written as
ij (ui , j u j ,i ) uk ,k ij (3)
substituting (3) into (1) gives
(ui , jj u j ,ij ) uk ,kj ij bi 0
(ui , jj u j ,ij ) uk ,ki bi 0
(ui , jj u j ,ij ) u j ,ij bi 0

[ 2ui (1 )u j ,ij ] bi 0

2
[ 2ui (1 )u j ,ij ] bi 0
1 2
1 uj
2

[ 2ui ] bi 0
1 2 x j xi