Fabulae Ab Urbe Condita

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

Geoffrey Steadman
Beta Edition

This edition is an early beta edition. Each page of the commentary

includes 10 lines of Latin text with all corresponding vocabulary
and grammatical notes below on the same page. I have yet to revise the
notes or add an extensive glossary. Please check back regularly for
updates at www.geoffreysteadman.com.
Fabulae Ab Urbe Condita
Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

First Edition

2014 by Geoffrey Steadman

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ISBN-13: 978-0-9913860-4-8

Published by Geoffrey Steadman

Cover Design: David Steadman

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geoffreysteadman@gmail.com
 v

Introduction to Fabulae Ab Urbe Condita

This book, just as its counterpart Ritchies Fabulae Faciles, should be on the bedstand
of every intermediate Latin student. The volume is a graded reader of Roman legends
and biographies, which the modern authors Frederick Sanford and Harry Scott heavily
adapted in part from Livys Ab Urbe Condita Books 1 and 2 and in part from Charles
Lhomonds 1779 De viris illustibus urbis Romae a Romulo ad Augustum. The
purpose of the stories is to give students who have already completed their study of
elementary grammar with additional practice before reading authentic Latin in
Caesars Gallic War. Sanford and Scotts book begins with the travels of Aeneas,
continues with accounts of the seven kings and the heroics of the early Republic,
traces the main figures of the Punic wars, and finishes with several short biographies
including those of Caesar and Cicero. For the sake of economy, I have decided to
include only half of the readings of the original book and end with the account of the
invasion of Gaul in 395.
The Latin stories in this commentary were first published in 1919 by Sandford and
Scott in a volume called A Junior Latin Reader, which contained just the Latin text
with a complete vocabulary in the glossary. In 1922, the authors greatly expanded the
volume to include brief grammatical notes and vocabulary on the same page as the
Latin text. The book was republished once again in 1929 under a new title, A Second-
Year Latin Reader. In 1992 Gilbert Lawall and David Perry copied these same stories
verbatim and added their own vocabulary and grammatical notes in a textbook
entitled Fabulae Romanae. To my knowledge, the authors of Fabulae Romanae do
not credit Sandford and Scott or their textbook as the source of the Latin stories.
The aim of this current edition is to make Sandford and Scotts stories even more
accessible to intermediate-level Latin readers. To accomplish this goal, I have
adopted the best features of Clyde Pharrs Aeneid. Facing each page of the Latin text
is a single page of commentary divided into halves. The top half includes all of the
corresponding vocabulary that occur fourteen or fewer times in the book, arranged
alphabetically in two columns. The bottom half is devoted to grammatical notes,
which are organized according to line numbers and arranged in two columns. One of
vi

the advantages of this format is that it allows me to include as much

information as possible on a page and at the same time ensure that the commentary
entries are distinct and immediately accessible to readers.
To complement the vocabulary within the commentary, I have added a running
core word list at the beginning of this book that includes all words occurring eight or
more times. An alphabetized form of this same list can be found in the glossary.
Together, this book has been designed in such a way that, once readers have mastered
the running core list, they will be able to rely solely on the Latin text and facing notes
and not need to turn a page or consult outside dictionaries.
Although this volume may be used as a supplement in the classroom, I hope that
teachers will encourage students to keep a copy by their bedsides for casual reading
and rereading during the summer months and winter breaks. While there is no
substitute for meaningful classical and medieval Latin texts, most authentic Latin
prose still remains beyond the reach for intermediate-level students. This current
commentary is made in the hopes that the short sections of connected prose will help
readers of varying abilities develop reading proficiency and provide them with the
knowledge and confidence necessary to read authentic Latin authors.

Geoffrey Steadman, Ph.D.

geoffreysteadman@gmail.com
geoffreysteadman.com
viii

Running Core Vocabulary

(Words 8 or More Times)
The following five pages include all words that occur eight or more times in the myths in a
running core vocabulary list. These words are not found within the vocabulary lists facing each
page of Latin. The number in the left column is the page number where the core vocabulary
word first occurs. For a single alphabetized list of these core words, consult the glossary.

Page

1 Aens, -ae m.: Aeneas, 7

1 ager, agr m.: land, field, territory, 9
1 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, spend, 7
1 annus, - m.: year, 12
1 appell (1): call (by name), name, 14
1 atque: and, and also, and even, 19
1 capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, seize, 11
1 clrus, -a, -um: clear, distinguished, famous 5
1 constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, 5
1 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 49
1 dux, ducis m/f.: leader, guide, chieftain, 12
1 et: and, also, even, 72
1 , ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 36
1 flius, -i m.: son, child, 13
1 ibi: there, in that place, 6
1 in: in (+ abl.) , into (+ acc.), 124
1 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 15
1 interfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: kill, slay, 12
1 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 76
1 Latnus, -a, -um: Latin, 19
1 locus - m. (pl. loca): place, region, situation 8
1 multitd, -tdinis f.: multitude, 9
1 omnis, omne: every, all, 24
1 par (1): prepare, make (ready), 9
1 pars, partis, f.: part; direction, side, 10
1 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 7
1 praeda, -ae f.: plunder, spoils, 6
1 que: and, 71
1 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 96
1 rx, rgis m.: king; adj. ruling, royal, 65
1 sed: but, moreover, however, 21
1 sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 221
1 tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 5
1 ubi: where, when, 11
 Running Core Vocabulary ix

1 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 40

1 veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 15
2 , ab, abs: (away) from, out of, 41
2 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 11
2 bellum, -, n.: war, 20
2 cond, -ere, condid, -ditum: to found, store away, hide, 6
2 deinde: then, thereupon, 13
2 d, dare, ded, datum: give, put; grant, 22
2 duo, duae, duo: two, 15
2 Etrscus, -a, -um: Etruscan, 13
2 faci, -ere, fc, fectum: make, do, 37
2 fer, ferre, tul, ltus: carry, bear, endure, 11
2 flia, -iae f.: daughter, child, 6
2 habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold, 9
2 ille, illa, illud: that (famous); he, she, it, 10
2 inde: from there, then, afterward, 23
2 is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 12
2 mter, mtris f.: mother, 9
2 mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, 6
2 nmen, nminis, n.: name, 15
2 novus, -a, -um: new, 11
2 px, pcis f.: peace, 14
2 pet, -ere, -v, pettum: to seek, head for, 9
2 sub: under, 5
2 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their (own), 22
2 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so much, so large, 7
2 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 8
2 Turnus, - m.: Turnus, 9
2 ut: as, when (+ ind.); so that, in order that, 25
2 uxor, uxris f.: wife, spouse, 5
2 vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 6
3 ad: to, toward; near, 45
3 ante: before, earlier, formerly, previously, 7
3 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 9
3 crd, -ere, -did, -ditum: believe, trust; lend, 5
3 deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 10
3 enim: for, indeed, in truth, 9
3 gns, gentis f.: clan, race, nation, herd, 6
3 igitur: therefore, then, accordingly, 10
3 multus, -a, -um: much, many, abundant, 10
3 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 18
3 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 13
x Running Core Vocabulary

3 pugna, -ae f.: fight, 6

3 s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 31
3 tamen: nevertheless, however, 12
3 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 5
3 uterque, utra-, utrum-: each (of two), both, 5
4 Albnus, -a, -um: of Alba Longa, Albans, 8
4 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 17
4 frter, -tris m.: brother, 8
4 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 5
4 hic, haec, hoc: this, that; he, she, it, 38
4 imperium, -i n.: power to command, rule, 14
4 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 17
4 leg, -ere, lg, lectum: read, choose, 5
4 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 9
4 Numitor, -ris, m.: Numitor, 7
4 per: through, over, across, 12
4 qudam, quaedam, quoddam: certain, 10
4 rgn (1): to rule, reign, 17
4 rgnum, - n.: kingdom, realm, power, 18
4 relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: leave behind, 7
4 tum: then, at that time, 19
5 duc (1): to bring up, rear, train, 5
5 forte: by chance, 8
5 Itaque: and so, 8
5 iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 23
5 nec: and not, nor; nec...nec (neithernor), 12
5 pater, patris, m.: father, 29
5 pn, -ere, posu, positum: put, place, 7
5 prmus -a -um: first, 17
5 puer, puer, m.: boy, 12
5 Remus, - m.: Remus, 12
5 Tiberis, is m.: Tiber, 12
6 aperi, -re, -u, -ertus: open, disclose, 5
6 audi, -re, -v, audtum: to hear, listen to, 5
6 expn, -ere, -posu, -positum: set forth, explain, 5
6 impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 8
6 rtus, -a, -um: anger, 5
6 perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 5
6 quoque: also, 10
6 rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 29
7 animus, - m.: soul, spirit, breath; pride, 9
7 ita: so, thus, 22
 Running Core Vocabulary xi

7 iuvenis, -is m.: youth, young man, 10

7 nbilis, -e: noble, 6
8 add, -ere, -did, -ditum: to bring to, add, 6
8 cupi, -ere, -v, -tum: desire, long for, 6
8 dum: while, as long as, until, 10
8 rapi, -ere, rapu, raptum: to seize, snatch, 6
8 slus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 7
9 cre (1): to create, 11
9 etiam: besides, also, even, 14
9 fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring, bordering, 10
9 Rma, -ae f.: Rome, 32
9 populus, - m.: people; population, 22
9 voc (1): call, name; invite, summon, 8
10 ac: and, and also, 8
10 cvits. cvittis f.: city-state; citizenship, 13
10 coninx, -iugis m/f: husband, wife, spouse, 7
10 iam: now, already, soon, 19
10 lgtus, - m.: ambassador, envoy, legate, 9
10 ldus, - m.: game, sport; school, 5
10 medius, -a, -um: middle of, 7
10 mitt, -ere, ms, missum: to send, let go, 10
10 nam: for, 6
10 Rmnus, -a, -um: Roman, 45
10 Sabnus, -a, -um: Sabine, 6
10 slus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 7
10 statu, -ere, -u, -tus: establish, set up, 6
10 vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 14
10 vs, vs, f.: force, power; pl. vrs, strength, 9
11 at: but; mind you; but, you say, 5
11 d: (down) from, about, concerning (abl.), 11
11 inquam, inquis, inquit: to say, 10
11 tempus, -poris n.: time, 8
11 virg, virginis f.: maiden, virgin, 9
12 arx, arcis m.: citadel, hilltop, 5
12 dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 14
12 exercitus, -s m.: army, 15
12 hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 12
12 maximus, -a, -um: greatest; especially 7
12 mulier, mulieris f.: woman, 5
12 orior, orr, ortus sum: arise, spring up, 5
12 resist, -ere, -stit: stand still, halt; oppose, 5
12 tlum, - n.: weapon, arrow, spear, 5
 Running Core Vocabulary xi

12 vir, vir m.: man, male, 11

12 vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 5
12 vx, vcis, f.: voice, 6
13 caput, capitis, n.: head; life, 9
13 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, 13
13 sdes, sdis f.: seat; abode, home, 5
13 sequor, -, sectus: follow, attend, pursue, 9
13 nus, -a, -um: one, 11
14 cvis, -is m/f: citizen, fellow citizen, 5
14 nunti (1): announce, 5
14 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, next, 5
15 claud, -ere, -d, -sum: to close, enclose, 6
15 consensus, -s m.: agreement, consent, 5
15 Numa, -ae m.: Numa, 6
15 plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 26
15 pr: before, in front of, for, 7
15 sentus, -s f.: senate, 15
16 nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum: set up, establish, 7
17 trs, tria: three, 6
18 Critius, - m.: Curiatius, 7
18 ferx, -cis: fierce, savage, 8
18 proelium, -i n.: battle, 8
19 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), second, 6
19 confici, -ere: to finish (off), accomplish, 5
19 fugi, -ere, fg: to flee, hurry away, 6
19 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; important, 15
19 superior, -ius: higher, upper, 6
21 Ancus, - m.: Ancus, 6
21 Lucum, Lucumnis m.: Lucumo, 5
21 pns, pontis m.: bridge, 7
22 accipi -ere -cp -ceptum: receive, accept, 6
22 cnsilium, -i n.: plan, advice; council, 10
22 dc, -ere, dx, ductus: lead, draw, 6
22 L.: Lucius, 10
22 persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, 5
22 Tanaquil, -is f.: Tanaquil, 6 ???
22 Tarquinius, - m.: Tarquinius, 46
24 pblicus, -a, -um: public, of the people 6
25 praesidium, -i n.: garrison, protection, 5
25 proficscor, -, profectus: set out, depart, 5
25 rgia, -ae f.: palace, 9
25 Servius, - m.: Servius, 13
 Running Core Vocabulary xi

25 servus, -, m.: slave, 5

27 s: if (only), whether, in case that, 5
28 rede, -re, -v: go back, return, come back, 7
29 princps, -cipis m.: leader; foremost, first 6
31 Cria, -ae f.: senate house, Curia, 6
31 ego: I, 6
32 corpus, corporis, n.: body, 7
32 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 5
33 exsilium, -i n.: exile, 5
34 gladius, - m.: sword, 5
34 nox, noctis, f.: night, 5
36 Gabi, -rum m.: Gabii (town), 6
36 Sex.: Sextus, 5
36 Sextus, - m.: Sextus, 5
37 Gabnus, -a, -um: of Gabii, 6
37 summus, -a, -um: highest, greatest, top of, 5
39 Brtus, - m.: Brutus, 11
42 Colltnus, - m.: Collatinus, 5
44 castra, -rum n.: camp, 8
45 cnsul, -is m.: consul, 11
46 Clsnus, -a, -um: of Clusium (town), 5
46 n: lest, that not, no, not, 7
46 Porsena, -ae m.: Lars Porsena, 8
49 Mcius, -i m.: Mucius, 7
52 magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 5
54 tribnus, - m.: tribune, officer, 5
55 Qunctius, -i m.: Quinctius, 5
56 dicttor, -oris m.: dictator, 7
58 Gallus, -a, -um: Gaul, 16
1a. Aeneas

lim in Asi erat urbs antqua, quae Troia appellta est. Eam 1
urbem Graec decem anns obsdrunt tandemque cprunt.
Priam rge flisque interfects, urbem dlvrunt. Sed Aens,
qu inter clrissims dfensrs urbis fuerat, cum paucs comitibus
ex urbe effgit; cum profugs ex omnibus partibus cogisset, in 5
taliam migrre constituit.
Post septem anns vnit in eam partem Italiae ubi erat urbs
Laurentum. Ibi cum Troin praedam ex agrs agerent, Latnus rx
Aborginsque, qu ea loca tenbant, agrs dfendere parvrunt.
Sed Latnus, postquam in colloqui orginem multitdinis ducisque 10

Aborgins, -um m.: Aborgines, 2 Laurents, -um m.: Laurentines, 2

antquus, -a, -um: ancient, 1
Asia, -ae f.: Asia Minor, 2
clrus, -a, -um: clear, distinguished, famous 5
cg, -ere, -g, -ctum: to collect, compel, 3
colloquium, - n.: conversation, conference, 1
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 2
constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, 5
decem: ten, 1
dfend, -ere, -nd, dfnsum: to defend, 3
dfensor, -ris m.: defender, 1
dele, -re, -v, deltum: to destroy, 1
effugi, -ere, -fg: flee away, escape, 1
Graecus, -a, -um: Greek, 1
ibi: there, in that place, 6
talia, -ae f.: Italy, 3
migr (1): to travel, migrate, 3
obside, -re, -sd, -sessum: beseige, beset, 4
lim: once, formerly, 3
org, orginis f.: origin, 1
pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 3
postquam: after, when, 4
praeda, -ae f.: plunder, spoils, cattle, 6
Priamus, - m.: Priam (King of Troy), 1
profugus, - m.: a fugitive, refugee, 2
septem: seven, 2
tandem: finally, at last, at length, in the end, 3
tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 5
Troia, -ae f.: Troy, 1
Troin, -rum m.: Trojans, 4

1 eam urbem: this city; a form of is, ea, id
before a noun that it modifies is a
demonstrative and can be translated as
this, or that.
2 decem anns: for; acc. duration of time
tandemque: -que, and attaches to the end
of a word and is equivalent to et tandem
3 Priam rgeinterfects: abl. abs.
4 inter: among; translate as between with
two items as among with more than two
fuerat: plpf. sum.
5 cumcogisset: when; plpf. subjunctive
of cg, cgere: translate this verb in the
tense in which you find it
8 cum...agerent: while; impf. subj. ag
praedamageret: i.e. drive cattle. We
immediately imagine praeda, loot, as a
treasure chest of gold or silver, but in the
ancient world cattle was a moveable
form of wealth and often the source of
plunder, as it is in the passage above.

1
1b. Aeneas

cognvit, pcem cum Aen fcit atque poste e Lvniam fliam

in mtrimnium dedit. Troin urbem condidrunt, quam Aens
ab nmine uxris Lvnium appellvit. Deinde Turnus, rx
Rutulrum, cui Lvnia ante adventum Aenae dspnsa erat, bell
Latnum Troinsque aggressus est. 15
Vict sunt Rutul, sed victrs ducem Latnum msrunt. Inde
Turnus auxilium petiit ab Etrscs, qu ttam Italiam fm nminis
su implverant; ill metuents novam urbem multitdine et opibus
crescentem laet auxilium tulrunt. Aens in tant discrmine, ut
Aborgins Troinsque sub edem ire atque nmine habret, 20

Aborgins, -um m.: Aborgines, 2
adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 2
aggredior, -, -gressus: go to, attack, 2
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 3
ante: before, in front of (acc.); adv. before, 3
cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: learn, know, 3
cresc, -ere, crv, crtum: grow, increase, 4
dspond, -ere, -spond: to betroth, 2
discrmen, -crminis n.: crisis, peril, 1
fma, -ae f.: fame, report, rumor, reputation, 3
dem, eadem, idem: the same, 2
imple, -re, -v, impltum: to fill (up), 2
talia, -ae f.: Italy, 3
laetus, -a, -um: happy, joyful, glad, 3
Lvnia, -ae f.: Lavinia, 3
Lvnium, - n.: Lavinium (town), 2
metu, -ere, -u: to fear, dread, 2
ops, opis f.: power; pl. resources, influence, 4
Rutul, -rum m.: Rutulians (a Latin tribe) 3
Troin, -rum m.: Trojans, 4
victor, -ris m.: conquerer, vanquisher, 2

11 Aen: Aens is a 1st decl. masc. noun
e: from is, ea, id; although the placement at
the beginning of the clause suggests that e
is nom. pl., the verb dedit hints, correctly,
that e is dat. singular
12 quamLvnium appellvit: called (x)
(y); this verb governs a double accusative
construction: the first acc. is a dir. object
whereas the second is an acc. predicate
13 uxris: i.e. Lavinia, mentioned in line 11,
Aeneas first wife and mother to the son
Ascanius was Creusa, who was lost and
killed as the family tried to escape during
the fall of Troy
14 cui: to whom; dat. sg.
15 Latnum: i.e. Latinus, king of the Latins
aggressus est: pf. aggredior, the passive
endings in the dictionary entry indicates that
this verb is deponent and therefore should
be translated in the active voice
15 su: gen. sg. of the reflexive possessive
adjective suus, -a, -um modifying the gen.
sg. nminis; since the antecedent of a
reflexive is always the subject, translate this
adjective as either his, her or their own
18 multitdine et opibus: inand in...; in
respect toand in respect to abl. of
respect often limits and clarifies the
meaning of an adjective, in this case,
the verbal adjective crescentem
19 laet: happily; happy, adjectives in the
nom. are often translated as adverbs
tulrunt: pf. of the irregular verb fer,
ferre, tul, ltum
ut: so that; purpose clause + subjunctive
20 Aborgins: i.e. the native inhabitants (ab
from, orgine the beginning/source), in
this case, the Latin people
e-dem: abl. sg., dem, eadem, idem

2
1c. Aeneas

Latns utramque gentem appellvit. Cum adversus Etrscs s

moenibus dfendere posset, tamen in aciem copis dxit. Etrsc
vict sunt; victrs tamen ducem ut ante msrunt; post pugnam
enim Aenam reperre nn poturunt; mult igitur eum ad des
trnssse crdidrunt. 25

acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 4
adversus, -a, -um: opposite, facing, against, 4
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 3
copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 1
dfend, -ere, -nd, dfnsum: to defend, 3
dc, -ere, -dx, -ductum: lead out, draw, 1
moenia, -rum n.: walls, 2
reperi -re -pper -pertum: find, discover, 1
victor, -ris m.: conquerer, vanquisher, 2

21 utramque: acc. sg., from adj. uterque
cumposset, tamen: although; cum,
when followed by an ablative is very often
the proposition with; however, when cum
is not followed by an abl., it is clearly an
adverbial conjunction introducing a cum-
clause. When a cum-clause is followed by
the word tamen in the main clause, the cum
clause is concessive and cum should be
translated as although
s: acc. sg. reflexive pronoun, the
antecedent is the subject
22 posset: impf. subjunctive of possum
(infinitive posse + 3rd sg. ending t)
23 vict sunt: pf. pass. vinc
ut: just as; as, a common translation
when ut is followed by the indicative mood
24 enim: for; translate at the beginning of
the clause: enim is postpositive, i.e. it is
always placed after (post) the first word in
the sentence; since the prepositional phrases
are treated as a single unit, enim is placed
after the entire phrase
24 poturunt: from possum
mult: a substantive, an adjective which
functions as a noun: if masculine, add the
word men or people, if feminine, add
women, if neuter supply things
eum: that; acc. subject. in indirect
discourse, from is, ea, id

3
2. The Founding of Alba Longa

Lvnia inde rgnvit, quoad Ascnius, Aenae flius, adolvit. 1

Tum ille propter abundantem Lvni multitdinem mtr urbem
relquit; ipse novam aliam urbem sub Albn monte condidit, quae
Alba Longa appellta est. Mult rgs post Ascnium imperium
Albnum gessrunt. Qudam ex hs, cui nmen Proca erat, dus 5
flis, Numitrem atque Amlium, habuit. Numitr, qu mior erat,
rgnum relquit. Puls tamen fratre, Amlius rgnvit. Flium fratris
necvit; fliam Rham Silviam per speciem honris sacerdtem
Vestae lgit. 9

abund (1): to overflow, 2 nec (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 2

adolesc, -ere, adolev: to grow up, 3
Alba Longa, -ae f.: Alba Longa (town), 1
Amlius, -i m.: Amulius, 4
Ascnius, -i m.: Ascanius (son of Aeneas) 2
honor, -ris m.: honor; offering, sacrifice, 3
Lvnia, -ae f.: Lavinia, 3
Lvnium, - n.: Lavinium (town), 2
mior, mius: greater, larger; older, 2
pell, -ere, pepul, pulsum: drive, beat, 4
Proca, -ae m.: Proca, (king of Alba Longa), 1
propter: on account of, because of (acc.) 4
quoad: how far, as far as, as long as, until, 2
Rhea Silia, Rheae Silviae f.: Rhea Silvia, 1
sacerds, -dtis m. f.: priest(ess), 4
species, -i f.: sight, look, appearance, 2
Vesta, -ae f.: Vesta, 1

2 proptermultitdinem: abundantem is a as greater (by birth) or older. The

pple modifying multitdinem, which is the Romans often used the plural form mairs,
acc. obj. of propter the elders, as a synonym for ancestors
mtr: to the mother; dat. ind. object 7 Pulsfratre: abl. absolute, as so often,
3 ipse: nom. sg. intensive pronoun; as often, translate the noun before the pf. pass. pple.
the noun is missing but can be inferred from tamen: as a postpositive, this word is not
the form of ipse: (he) himself part of the abl. absolute and should be
sub: i.e. at the foot of Mt. Alba translated as the first word of the clause
4 Alba Longa: nom. predicate, translate after fratris: i.e of Numitor; Numiter had one
appellta est, quae is fem. sg. nom. subject son and one daughter. Amulius kills the son
5 gessrunt: possessed, carried; pf. ger so that he cannot grow up to reclain the
Qudam: a certain one; qudam, quaedam, throne. The daughter is conveniently made a
quoddam is a common indefinite pronoun, Vestal Virgin, who vows to remain celebate
which declines just as qu, quae, quod but and not have children for 30 years
with minor variations; the ending -dam, 8 necvit: Amulius is the subject. When a
however, never changes nominative subject is not given, assume the
5 cuierat: dat. sg. relative pronoun; a dat. subject of the previous sentence
of possession is often found with the verb Rham Silviam: Rhea Silvia is her name
sum, esse and may be translated one of per speciem honris: i.e. through the
three different ways: (1) to whomwas, pretence of honor; as mentioned above,
(2) whosewas, or (3) who had Amulius real purpose is to keep his neice
6 Numitr: to; dat. ind. object from giving birth to heirs to the throne
mior (nat): older; this comparative adj. sacerdtem Vestae: as; acc. predicate,
of magnus is often translated as greater, the verb governs a double acc.
but in the context of age is often translated

4
3a. Romulus and Remus

Ex hc fli nt sunt duo fili, Rmulus et Remus. Pater erum, 1

ut fma est, Mars deus erat. Sed nec de nec homins matrem et
puers crudelitte regi defendrunt. Sacerds in custdiam data
est; puers rex in Tiberim inc iussit. Forte Tiberis abundverat,
neque e qu puers ferbant adre ad altam aquam poterant. Itaque 5
puers in alve posurunt atque in tenu aqu reliqurunt.
Sed alveus in sicc sdit. Deinde lupa sitins, sc enim est
trditum, ex montibus qu circ sunt ad puerrum vgtum cursum
flexit. Faustulus, pstor rgius, eam invnit puers ntrientem. Ab
e atque Lrenti uxre puer duct sunt. Cum prmum 10

abund (1): to overflow, 2 Lrentia, -ae f.: Larentia (woman), 1

ade, -re, -i(v): go to, approach, 2
altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 1
alveus, - m.: basket, small vessel, 2
aqua, -ae f.: water, 4
circ: about, around, 2
crdlits, -ttis f.: cruelty, crudeness, 2
cursus, -s m.: course, running, haste, 2
custdia, -ae f.: guard, watch, 1
dfend, -ere, -nd, dfnsum: to defend, 3
fma, -ae f.: fame, report, rumor, reputation, 3
Faustulus, - m.: Faustulus (shepherd), 1
flect, -ere, flex, flectum: turn, bend, 3
hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 2
inici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw in or upon, 1
inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: come upon,
find, 4
lupa, -ae n.: she-wolf, 1
Mars, Martis m.: Mars, 1
nascor, nasc, ntus: be born, grow, 4
neque: and not; neithernor, 4
ntri, -re, -v, -tum: to feed, nourish, 1
pstor, -is m.: shepherd, 4
rgius, -a, -um: royal, of the king or queen, 4
sacerds, -dtis m. f.: priest(ess), 4
sede, -re, sd, sessum: to sit, 3
sc: thus, in this way, 4
siccum, - n.: dry land, 1
sitins, sitientis: thirsty, 1
tenuis, -e: thin, shallow, 1
trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: hand over, give, 3
vgtus, -s m.: wailing, crying, 1

1 Ex hc fli: i.e. Rhea Silva, While tradition
claims that she conceived the children with
Mars, Livy suggests that she was assaulted
by an unknown man but chose to claim
Mars as the real father.
nt sunt: pf. deponent nascor
2 ut: as; a common translation when the verb
is in the indicative mood
necnec: neithernor
4 inc: pass. inf. of inici (in + iaci)
iussit: pf. of iube
Forte: by chance; an common adv. formed
not from the adj. fortis, -e, brave, but from
the noun fors, fortis, luck,
5 e qu: those who; they who nom. pl.
from is, ea, id
poterant: impf. possum
6 tenu: abl. sg., recall that 3rd decl. adjectives
are i-stem and will have an -i' in the abl. sg.
where 3rd decl. nouns have an -e
7 sc enim: for; enim is a postpositive
and should be translated first
est trditum: it; trditum est, impersonal
use of the pf. passive, hence the neuter -um
9 eam: her; i.e. the fem. sg. lupa
Ab: by; abl. of agent
10 duct sunt: note that this pf. passive
comes from 1st conjugation dc, -re and
not 3rd conjugation dc, dcere
Cum prmum: As soon as...; When first...
a common alternative translation; prmum is
an adverbial acc.
5
3b. Romulus and Remus

adolvrunt, venr coeprunt et in latrns praed onusts impets

facere pstribusque praedam dvidere .
Dum quoddam ldicrum celebrtur, latrns rt ob praedam
missam impetum in Rmulum et Remum fcrunt; captum
Remum rg Amli trdidrunt. Puers praedam ex agrs 15
Numitris gisse incsbant. Sc ad supplicium Numitr Remus
dditur.
Ab initi Faustulus crdiderat puers iuss rgis exposits apud
s ducr. Tum percul Rem mtus rem Rmul aperit. Forte
Numitor quoque audverat frtrs gemins esse; tum comparns et 20

adolesc, -ere, adolev: to grow up, 3
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 3
Amlius, -i m.: Amulius, 4
apud: among, in the presence of (+ acc.), 3
celebr (1): celebrate, visit frequently, 1
coep, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 4
compar (1): prepare, collect, 1
dd, -ere: to give over, surrender, 1
dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsum: divide, separate, 4
Faustulus, - m.: Faustulus (shepherd), 1
gemin, -ae, -a: twin, 2
incs (1): to accuse, complain of, 2
initium, - n.: beginning, initiation, entrance, 1
iussus, -s m.: order, iuss by order, 1
latr, -nis m.: robber, 2
ldicrum, - n.: spectacle, game, sport
move, -re, -v, mtum: to move, arouse, 3
ob: on account of (acc.), 1
onustus, -a, -um: loaded, burdened, 1
pstor, -is m.: shepherd, 4
sc: thus, in this way, 4
supplicium, -i n.; punishment, supplication, 2
trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: hand over, give, 3
venor, -r, ventum: to hunt, 1

11 coeprunt: they begin; the verb coep,
coepisse, coeptum, as its dictionary form
reveals, is a defective verb: it is perfect in
form but present in meaning
in: against
praed: the loot is often cattle not treasure
12 pstoribusque: and among the shepherds;
dat. of interest or indirect object
13 quoddam: a certain; indefinite pronoun
14 in: against
14 captumtrdidrunt: In English, we
prefer to use two main verbs, cprunt et
trdidrunt, whereas in Latin, the Romans
typically employed one finite verb and
made the first action into a participle.
Puers: that; acc. subject in indirect
discourse
16 gisse: g- is the pf. stem for ag, agere;
Since the praeda are most often cattle, it is
sensible to use a verb that means drive
ad: for; ad + acc. often expresses purpose
18 puers: that; acc. subject in indirect
discourse
apud: at the house of; a very common
translation for apud + acc.
19 s: reflexive, the antecedent, as often, is
the subject of the main clause and not the
subject of the indirect statement
mtusaperit: Faustulus is still the subject
percul: by; abl. of cause
mtus: moved; i.e. having been upset,
move very often denotes emotion rather
than physical motion
Rmul: dative indirect object
Forte: an adverb, from fors, fortis and not
fortis, forte
20 frtrs gemins esse: that; ind. disc.,
with the verb sum, esse the second acc. is
an accusative predicative noun
comparns: nom. sg. pres. pple

6
3c. Romulus and Remus

aettem erum et nbilem animum Rem neptem agnvit.

Rmulus cum man pstrum in rgem Amlium impetum facit;
Remus, ali part man, adiuvat. Ita rx interfectus est. Imperium
Albnum Numitr av ab iuvenibus restittum est. Deinde
Rmulus et Remus in es locs ubi exposit ubique duct erant 25
urbem condere constiturunt.

adiuv (1): to help, assist, 3 manus, -s f.: hand, group, 3

aets, aettis f.: age, lifetime, time, 3 neps, neptis m.: grandson, decendent, 2
agnosc, -ere, -nv, -ntum: to recognize, 1 pstor, -is m.: shepherd, 4
Amlius, -i m.: Amulius, 4 restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, 3
avus, av m.: grandfather, 1

21 e-rum: gen. pl. of is, ea, id 24 Numitr av: dat. of interest

Rem: gen. possession with animum. The
story assumes that admirable traits and a
virtuous character are inheritable and
therefore that Romulus and Remus can
easily be distinguished from everyone else.
22 man: a group
in: against
23 ali part man: abl. absolute, as often,
translate the noun first: ali man then
the PPP (pf. passive participle) part
25 es: as an adj. placed before locs, translate
this abl. pl. form of is, ea, id as a
demonstrative: either these or those
25 ubi exposit (erant): where; Ellipsis is a
the stylistic device where the author leaves
out a word that must be supplied from
elsewhere in the clause. Supply erant from
the relative clause that follows.
ubique: equivalent to et ubi, introducing a
second relative clause parallel to the first

7
4a. The Founding of Rome

Uterque iuvenis nmen novae urb dare eamque regere 1

cupibat. Sed quod gemin erant nec rs aette dcern poterat,
auguris s sunt. Rem prius vs sunt sex vulturs. Rmul
poste duodecim ss ostendrunt. Uterque ab amcs rx
appelltus est atque rgnum postulbat. Cum rt arma rapuissent, 5
in pugn Remus cecidit.
Ex ali fm Remus illdns frtrem novs mrs urbis
trnsiluit, inde interfectus est ab rt Rmul, qu haec verba
quoque addidit: Sc deinde pereat qucumque alius trnsiliet
moenia mea. Ita slus pottus est imperi Rmulus; conditam 10

aets, aettis f.: age, lifetime, time, 3
amcus, - m.: friend, 2
augurium, - n.: augury, divination, 2
cad, -ere, cecid, csum: to fall, 3
dcern, ere, crv, crtum: decide, judge, 3
duodecim: twelve, 3
fma, -ae f.: fame, report, rumor, reputation, 3
gemin, -ae, -a: twin, 2
illd, -ere, -ls, -lsum: mock, ridicule, 1
meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 4
moenia, -rum n.: walls, 2
mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 3
ostend (1): show, display, 4
pere, -re, peri: to pass away, perish, 2
postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 3
potior, -r, pottum: to possess (abl.), 1
prior, prius: before, earlier (comp. prmus), 4
qucumque, quae-, quod-: whosoever, 1
reg, regere, rx, rectum: to rule, be king, 1
sex: six, 1
sc: thus, in this way, 4
trnsili, -re, -u: to jump across or over, 2
tor, t, sum to use, employ, enjoy (abl.), 2
verbum, - n.: word, speech, 4
vultur, -is, m.: vulture, bird of prey, 1

1 eamque: et eam subjunctive; translate as you would an plpf.

2 quod: because
rs: nom. sg., the noun is 5th decl.
2 dcern: pres. pass. inf.
3 s sunt: pf. of the deponent verb tor:
translate in the active voice. This verb
commonly governs an abl. object.
prius: a comparative adverb (identical in
form to the neut. sg. comparative adj.)
Rmul: dat. indirect object
4 duodecim (vultrs): the subject; ellipsis,
supply the missing noun
ss: an emphatic form of the reflexive s
uterque: each (one)
rx: predicate nom. following appeltus est
5 rgnum: This word may denote the power
of a king or queen, as here, or the area
controlled by a king or queen
cumrapuissent: when; plpf.
indicative
rt: nom. pl. modifies the missing subject;
supplythey
7 ex ala fm: i.e. in another version of the
story
illdns: this pres. pple governs frtrem
9 pereat: letperish; a jussive (volitive) pres.
subjunctive, pere. Jussive subjunctives
are typically pres. subjunctive
qucumque: whosoever; or (anyone)
who; a relative pronoun introducing a
relative clause that ends with mea. The
missing antecedent is subject of pereat.
trnsiliet: fut. indicative
10 pottus est: pf. of the deponent potior:
translate in the active voice. Just as tor in
line 3, this verb governs an abl. object.

8
4b. The Founding of Rome

urbem su nmine Rmam appellvit.

Paltium prmum, in qu ipse erat ductus, mnvit. Voct
ad concilium multitdine, ira dedit. nsignia quoque imperi,
sellam curlem togamque praetextam, duodecim lctrs smpsit.
Asylum aperuit in monte Capitlin, qu mult ex finitims populs 15
profgrunt. Crevit etiam centum sentrs, qu honris caus
patrs appellt sunt.

Asylum, Asyl n.: Asylum; refuge, 1
Capitlnus, -a, -um: Capitoline, 3
causa, -ae f.: reason; caus, for the sake of, 2
centum: hundred, 1
concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 3
curlis, -e: curule, 1
duodecim: twelve, 3
honor, -ris m.: honor; offering, sacrifice, 3
nsigne, -is n.: badge, decoration, mark, 1
lctor, lctris m.: lictor (bodyguard), 2
mni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 3
Paltium, -i n.: Palatine hill, 1
praetextus, -a, -um: bordered, 1
profugi, -re, -v, -tum: flee, escape, 3
sella, -ae f.: chair, 1
sentor, -ris m.: senator, 1
sum, sumere, sumps, sumptum: to take,
take up, 2
toga, -ae f.: toga, 3

11 urbemRmam appellvit: called (x) derived from Romulususe of the location in

(y); this verb governs a double accusative
construction: the first acc. is a dir. object
whereas the second is an acc. predicate
su: a reflexive possessive adjective, the
antecedent is the subject
12 prmum: first (of all); an adverbial acc.
ipse: intensive pronoun; as often, the noun
is missing but can be inferred from the
masc. sg. form of ipse: (he) himself
Voctmultitdine: abl. absolute, as
always, translate the noun first
13 ira: rights;
14 sellamtogamlctrs: all are acc. in
apposition to acc. plural nsignia
smpsit: i.e. adopted
15 Asylum: this is the proper name for the
ridge located between the two peaks of the
Capitoline Hill; our word for refuge is
this passage
in monte Capitln: Although described
as a mountian, the Capitolium is actually a
large hill and so we translate this phrase as
on the Capitoline Hill.
15 qu: to where; a relative adverb, not a
relative pronoun, qu is often employed to
express place to which
16 caus: for the sake of; caus functions
as a preposition which governs a preceding
gen.
17 patrs: a predicate nom. which should be
translated after appellt sunt; senators were
very often addressed as the patrs, and we
continue this legacy by calling the founders
of the American constitution the Founding
Fathers

9
5a. The Sabine Women

Iam rs Rmna firma et finitims cvittibus bell pr erat. Sed 1

Rmn neque uxrs neque cum finitims is cnbi habbant.
Tum Romulus qusdam ex patribus lgts in vcns gents msit
qu societtem cnbiumque nov popul peterent. Nusquam
benign lgt audt sunt; nam fnitim nn slum Rmns 5
spernbant, sed etiam tantam in medi crescentem urbem
metubant. Itaque rt Rmn v t staturunt.
Ad eam rem Rmulus, lds parts, fnitims ad spectculum
invtvit. Mult convnrunt ut lds spectrent et novam urbem
vidrent. Sabnrum omnis multitud cum lbers ac coniugibus 10

benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 2 nusquam: nowhere, 1

cnbium, - n.: marriage, 1
conveni -re -vn -ventus: come together, 3
cresc, -ere, crv, crtum: grow, increase, 4
firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 3
invt (1): to invite, summon, 1
lber, -rum m.: children, 3
metu, -ere, -u: to fear, dread, 2
neque: and not; neithernor, 4
pr, paris: equal, similar, even, 3
societs, -ttis f.: association, alliance, 3
spectculum, - n.: spectacle, 3
spect (1): to watch, look at, 1
spern, -ere, sprv, sprtum: spurn, reject, 2
tor, t, sum to use, employ, enjoy (abl.), 2
vcnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 2

1 rs Rmna: the Roman state an adverb (adverbial acc.)

fnitims cvittibus: dat. of special adj. pr
bell: in; in respect to an ablative of
respect often limits or clarifies an adjective
2 nequeneque: neithernor
fnitims: neighbors; this adj. is often
used as a substantive; compare this use to
that in line 1
is: the right; or privilege acc. sg.
3 qusdamlgts: certain; indefinite
adj., qudam
4 qupeterent: who would; a relative
clause of purpose, impf. subj. pet
nov popul: for; dat. of interest
5 benignaudt sunt: i.e. the neighbors
did not respond positively to the envoys
requests
fnitim: see line 2
nn slumsed etiam: not onlybut also;
formed from the adj. slus, slum is in fact
7 v: abl. sg. of the irregular noun vs, object
of the deponent inf. t
t: pres. inf. tor. Although passive in
form, translate this deponent in the active.
tor governs an ablative object.
8 Ad: For; as often, expressing purpose
eam: preceding rem, translate this form of
is, ea, id as a demonstrative: this or that
lds parts: ablative absolute
9 utspectrentvidrent: so that;
purpose clause governing two subjunctives
10 Sabnrum: a partitive gen. governed by
the nom. sg. multitud
omnis: entire
lbers: children; lber can easily be
confused with the adj. lber, lbera, lberum,
and so readers must often use context to
determine which word is intended

10
5b. The Sabine Women

vnit. Ubi spectcul tempus vnit omnsque intent in lds erant,

tum, sign dat, Rmn rapere virgins coeprunt. Parents
virginum profgrunt clmants Rmns hospitium violvisse.
Nec raptae virgins aut spem d s melirem aut indigntinem
minrem habbant. Sed ipse Rmulus circumbat ostendbatque id 15
patrum virginum superbi factum esse. Quamquam v captae
estis, inquit, omnia ira Rmnrum habbitis.
Iam mult minus perturbt anim raptrum erant. At parents
erum cvitts fnitims, ad qus eius iniriae pars pertinbat, ad
arma concitbant. Hae cvitts omns Rmul victae sunt. 20

aut: or (aut...aut: eitheror), 4 ostend (1): show, display, 4

circume, -re, -i(v): go around, 1
clm (1): to cry, shout out, 4
coep, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 4
concit (1): stir up, incite, impel, 2
hospitium, n.: (the rule of) hospitality, 1
indignti, -tinis f.: indignity, outrage, 3
iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 2
intentus, -a, -um: attentive, intent, 3
melior, melius: better, greater, 1
minor, minus: smaller, less, 2
parens, -rentis m.: parent, ancestor, 3
pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to; reach, 1
perturb (1): disturb, throw into confusion, 2
profugi, -re, -v, -tum: flee, escape, 3
quamquam: although, 3
signum, - n.: sign, signal; standard, 3
spectculum, - n.: spectacle, 3
sps, -e f.: hope, 3
superbia, -ae f.: arrogance, pride 2
viol (1): to violate, commit outrage, 4

11 intent: i.e. focused; a predicate adjective
in: upon
12 sign dat: abl. abs.
rapere: to kidnap; or to snatch, Although
the derivative denotes sexual assault, the
Latin verb rapi denotes the act of grabbing
or stealing, and that is all that is implied is
this passage.
virgins: maidens; a common term for an
unmarried young woman
13 clmants: pres. pple. modifying parents
Rmnsviolvisse: that; acc. subj.
and pf. inf. governed by clmants
hospitium: i.e. the rules of hospitality: a
guest should not steal from his host
14 nec: andnot; apply the negative to the
main verb habbant
raptae: kidnapped; see note 12 above
autaut: eitheror
d: concerning
meliorem: greater; elsewhere better, the
comparative of bonus, -a, -um
indigntinem: anger, outrage; this word
describes the resentment of being treated in
a manner not (in-) worthy (dignus-a-um) of
ones status in society
16 idfactum esse: that it; acc. subject in
ind. discourse referring to the kidnapping;
Since the ind. disc. is in secondary sequence
The inf. should be translated as a plpf.
passive
superbi: because of; abl. of cause
17 inquit: he says; Romulus is speaking
directly to the women in the 2nd person
plural. The verb is used only in the context
of direct discourse and is always placed
within the speech itself.
v: abl. sg. of the irregular noun vs
18 mult: much; abl. degree of difference
minus: comparative adverb
perturbt: PPP as a predicate nom.
raptrum (fminrum): see line 14
19 eius iniriae: of this injustice; partitive

11
5c. The Sabine Women

Novissimum bellum ab Sabns ortum est, quod mult maximum

fuit. Sabn arcem Rmnam in monte Capitln dol cprunt.
Rmn poster di arcem recipere cnt sunt. Ubi Hostius
Hostlius, dux exercits Rmn, cecidit, cnfestim acis Rmna
pulsa est. At Rmulus templum vvit Iov Statr rvitque 25
auxilium. Tum crdns precs sus audts esse hinc, inquit,
Rmn, Juppiter optimus maximus ns resistere ac renovre
pugnam iubet. Resistrunt Rmn tamquam caelest vce iuss.
Tum Sabnae muliers ausae sunt s inter tla volantia inferre,
ut pcem patribus virsque implrrent. Ducs e r mt nn 30

acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 4
aude, -re, ausus sum: to dare, venture, 2
cad, -ere, cecid, csum: to fall, 3
caelestis, -e: celestial, heavenly; subs. gods, 2
Capitlnus, -a, -um: Capitoline, 3
cnfestim: at once, immediately, 3
cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, attempt, 3
dolus, - m.: trick, deceit, 2
hinc: from here, hence, 3
Hostlius, - m.: Hostilius, 2
Hostius, -i m.: Hostius, 1
implr (1): to implore, beg, beseech, 1
infer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: bring in, wage, 3
Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 4
move, -re, -v, mtum: to move, arouse, 3
ns: we, us, 3
optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 3
r (1): pray (for), entreat, beseech, 3
pell, -ere, pepul, pulsum: drive, beat, 4
posterus, -a, -um: following, next, 2
precs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 1
recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: accept, take
back, 4
renov (1): to renew, make new, 2
Stator, -ris m.: the Stayer (of Jupiter), 1
tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 4
templum, - n.: temple, 3
vol (1): to fly, 1
vove, -re, vv, vtum: vow, swear, 2

21 novissimum: the last; or most recent,
superlative adj.
ab: from; abl. of source
ortum est: pf. deponent orior
quod: which; relative pronoun
mult: far; by much, abl. of degree of
difference
22 in monte Capitln: Although described
as a mountian, the Capitolium is actually a
large hill and so we translate this phrase as
on the Capitoline Hill.
dol: abl. of means
23 poster di: abl. of time when
cnt sunt: pf. deponent cnr
24 exercits: a 4th decl. noun: the long-u
indicates that the word is not nom. sg.
25 Iov Statr: To Jupiter the Stayer; dat.
ind. obj., The name Jupiter has an irregular
declension: nom. Jupiter, gen. Ivis, dat.
Iv, acc. Ivem, and abl. Ive.
26 crdns: nom. sg. pres. pple crd
precs sus: that; acc. subject in ind.
disc.; sus is a possessive reflexive adj.
audts esse: pf. pass. inf. in ind. disc.
27 optimus (et) maximus: supply and
28 caelest: abl. sg., 3rd decl. adjectives
are i-stem and will have an -i' in the abl. sg.
where 3rd decl. nouns have an -e.
This adj. does not modify iuss.
iuss: nom. pl. PPP (pf. passive pple), iube
29 ausae sunt: pf. deponent of semi-deponent
aude: only the pf. tenses are deponent
30 utimplrrent: so thatmight;
purpose clause, impf. subj.
virs: husbands; a common translation
mt: having been moved; i.e. emotionally

12
5d. The Sabine women

modo pcem sed etiam cvittem nam ex dubus faciunt; rgnum

quoque cnsociant atque Rmam faciunt sdem imperi. Multitd
ita aucta nov nmine Quirts appellta est ex Curibus, quae urbs
caput Sabnrum erat.
Deinde Rmulus, popul in cris trgint dvs, nmina 35
mulierum raptrum cris dedit. Post aliquot anns Tatius ab
Laurentibus interfectus est. Rmulus poste slus rgnvit. Anns
sequentibus bella secunda cum Fidntibus Veientibusque, populs
Etrscs, gesta sunt.
Dum Rmulus qudam tempore exercitum in Camp Mrti 40

aliquot: several, 3 Laurents, -um m.: Laurentines, 2

auge, -re, aux, auctum: increase, enrich, 4
campus, - m.: plain, field, 1
cnsoci (1): to associate, unite, 1
Curs, ium m.: Cures (Sabine town), 2
cria, ae f.: curia, ward (division of senate), 1
dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsum: divide, separate, 4
Fidnts, -ium m.: people of Fidenae, 1
Mrtius, -a, -um: of Mars, 1
modo: only, merely, simply; just now, 1
Quirts, -ium m.: Quirites (i.e. Romans), 1
secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 3
Tatius, - m.: Tatius (king of the Sabines), 1
trginta: thirty, 2
Veins, -entis m.: people of Veii, 1

31 nn modosed etiam: not onlybut also
modo is an adverb distinct from the noun
modus, mod
dubus: abl. pl., duo, duae, duo is and 1st
and 2nd decl. adjective whose abl. and dat.
forms are bus (masc.) and bus (fem.)
32 faciunt: make (x) (y); governs a double
acc.: the first acc. is a direct object while the
second is a predicate
33 Quirts: nom. predicate, translate after
appellata est
Curibus: a single city with a plural name,
just as Athens and Los Angeles
quae urbs: which city; relative adjective
35 populdvs: abl. abs.
in: into
trgint: trgint modifies cris; numbers
above trs, three, do no decline;
36 cris: to; dat. ind. obj.; tradition claims
that each curia was named after one of the
Sabine women kidnapped by the Romans
Tatius: Although not mentioned earlier,
Tatius was a Sabine king and was ruling
jointly with Romulus
37 Anns sequentibus: abl. abs. with a pres.
pple
38 bella secunda: favorable wars
40 qudam tempore: at; abl. of time when,
again, the indefinite pronoun qudam
Camp Mrti: a plain just northwest
outside of the walls of Rome, where the
army trained.

13
5e. The Sabine women

recnset, tempests subit corta eum nimb operuit. Patrs qu

proxim steterant dxrunt rgem sublmem raptum esse. Deinde
nivers clmant: Salv, deus de nte. Rmulus dcitur poste
cuidam cv s ostendisse et eum hs verbs alloctus esse: Nunti
Rmns des velle meam Rmam caput orbis terrrum esse; 45
proinde rs mlitris colenda est; nam nllae ops hmnae arms
Rmns resistere possunt. Poste nmen Quirnus Rmul
additum est. Rgnvit septem et trgint anns. 48

alloquor, -loqu, -loctum: address, speak, 2 proinde: then, therefore, consequently, 2

clm (1): to cry, shout out, 4
col, -ere, colu, cultum: cultivate; worship, 2
corior, -orr, -ortus sum: to arise, 2
hmnus, -a, -um: human, humane, 3
meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 4
mlitris, -e: military, warlike, 1
nascor, nasc, ntus: be born, grow, 4
nimbus, - m.: thundercloud, rainstorm, 1
nllus, -a, -um: none, no, not any, 2
operi, -re, -u, opertum: cover, conceal, 1
ops, opis f.: power; pl. resources, influence, 4
orbis, -is m.: sphere, orb (+terrae: world), 1
ostend (1): show, display, 4
Quirnus, - m.: Quirinus (i.e. Romulus), 1
recnse, -re, -u: number, reckon, review 1
salve, -re: be well, be in good health, 1
septem: seven, 2
st, stre, stet, statum: to stand, 1
subit: immediately, straightaway, 2
sublmis, -e: on high, aloft, uplifted, 1
tempests, -ttis f.: weather; storm, 1
terra, -ae f.: land, earth, 4
trginta: thirty, 2
niversus, -a, -um: entire, whole, 1
verbum, - n.: word, speech, 4

41 corta: having arisen; pf. deponent pple ultimately to Rmulus

Patrs: recall that this is a common name
for senators
42 rgemraptum esse: that; ind. disc.;
the senators suggest that the gods raised
him up into the sky
43 nivers: they one and all
deus: vocative, direct address; this word
does not assume the regular e ending
de: from; abl. of source
nte: vocative sg. of ntus, the pf. pple of
nascor
44 cuidam cv: to a certain; dat. ind. obj.
eum: him; i.e. the qudam cvis, the lack of
a reflexive pronoun is a clear indicator that
this pronoun does not refer to the subject
alloctus esse: pf. deponent inf., through
passive in form, translate as active; the
-us ending is nom. sg. because it refers
Nunti: sg. imperative, nunti, -re
45 des velle: that; ind. disc., acc. subj.
and the irregular pres. inf. of vol, velle
orbis terrrum: of the world; of the
sphere of lands, gen. sg.; orbs terrrum is a
common expression for the earth or world
46 rs mlitris: military affairs; or
military science
colenda est: must be cultivated; is going
to be cultivated; A passive periphrastic is a
gerundive (fut. pass. pple) + form of sum
that expresses necessity or obligation
45 arms Rmns: dat. of compound verb
resistere; a common translate is to remove
the preflix (in this case re-) and make the
dat. the object: against Roman arms
45 septemanns: for; acc. of duration of
time

14
6a. Numa Pompilius

Certmen inde d rgn inter factins ortum est. Sabn rgem 1

suae factinis crer cupibant. Rmn veters peregrnum rgem
recsbant. Interrgn sect, sentus imperium gessit. Deinde
plbs clmre coepit mults domins pr n facts esse.
Optimum igitur vsum est sine mor rgem crere. 5
Habitbat e tempore Curibus Numa Pompilius, vir istissimus
pertusque omnis dvn atque hmn iris. Rgnum e omnium
cnsns dltum est. Is urbem novam quae Rmul arms
condita erat, ire lgibusque firmvit. Arcum ports nstructum
fcit, qu arcus In appelltus est; apertus bell index erat, clausus 10

Arcus, - m.: arch; bow, 2
certmen, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 4
clm (1): to cry, shout out, 4
coep, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 4
Curs, ium m.: Cures (Sabine town), 2
dfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry off, offer, 2
dvnus, -a, -um: divine, 2
dominus, - m.: master, 1
facti, factinis f.: faction, party, 2
firm (1): make strong, strengthen, support, 2
habit (1): to inhabit, dwell, live, 2
hmnus, -a, -um: human, humane, 3
Inus, - m.: Janus, 1
index, indicis m/f: sign, indication, 1
nstru, -ere, -x, -uctum: to build, equip, 1
interrgnum, - n.: interregnum, 1
istus, -a, -um: just, 1
lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 2
mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 1
optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 3
peregrnus, - m.: stranger, foreigner, 4
pertus, -a, -um: experienced (in) (gen.) 2
Pompilius, - m.: Pompilius, 2
porta, -ae f.: gate, 3
recs (1): refuse, give a reason against, 3
sine: without (abl.), 3
veter, vetera, veterum: old, experienced, 2

1 ortum est: pf. deponent orior
factins: The Romans did not have
political parties in the modern sense, and so
factions is perhaps to best translation.
2 suae factinis: gen.
3 interregn sect: abl. abs., The pf. pple
for a deponent verb, sequor, is often
translated having Xed. An interregnum is
a period of time between (inter) kingships
(regnum) when they select a new king.
gessit: possessed, carried on; pf. ger
4 multsfacts esse: that; ind. disc.
pr: in place of, instead of
5 vsum est: it seemed; it has been seen, the
passive of vide is a linking verb commonly
translated as seem. Optimum is neuter sg.
predicate nominative.
6 e tempore: at that; abl. of time when
Curibus: in; locative, place where
istissimus: superlative adj. istus
7 pertus: an adj. that governs a gen. object
e: dat. sg. indirect object, is, ea, id
omnium: subjective gen. pl. modifying
consns
8 Is: i.e. Numa
9 ire lgibusque: abl. of means
Arcum: this arch was simply a large
doorway (two posts and a horizontal lintel)
with two gates (portae) in the center
10 arcus In: predicate nom. following
appeltus est
(arcus) apertus: (when) opened, the gate;
supply the missing nominative arcus
(arcus) clausus): again, supply the noun

15
6b. Numa Pompilius

pcis. Per omne rgnum Numae clausus fuit. Px cum cvittibus

fnitims societte ac foederibus facta est.
Rx inde ad mrs popul cultumque derum animum convertit.
Ut popul fdem conciliret, simulvit s cum de geri
congresss habre et monit eius sacra nstituere sacerdtsque 15
legere. Annum ad cursum lnae in duodecim menss discrpsit.
Qusdam dis nefsts fcit, per qus dis comitia nn
habbantur. Virgins Vestls lgit, qus caerimnis quibusdam
sancts fcit.
Multa etiam alia rge nstitta sunt, rts, caerimniae, 20

caerimnia, -ae f.: ceremony, rite, 3 lna, -ae n.: moon, 1

comitia, -rum, n.: assembly, elections 1
concili (1): win over, unite, 4
congressus, -s m.: meeting, assembly, 2
convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn; reverse, 4
cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, worship, 3
cursus, -s m.: course, running, haste, 2
discrb, -ere, -scrps: distribute, divide, 2
duodecim: twelve, 3
geria, -ae f.: Egeria (a goddess), 1
fds, e f.: faith, trust, 3
foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 4
mensis, -is m.: month, 2
monitus, -s m.: warning, admonition, 1
ms, mris m.: custom; manner, law, 3
nefstus, -a, -um: unholy, unhallowed, 1
rtus, -s m.: rite, ceremony, 1
sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy, 4
sacerds, -dtis m. f.: priest(ess), 4
sanctus, -a, -um: sacred, holy, 1
simul (1): feign, pretend, make like, 1
societs, -ttis f.: association, alliance, 3
Vestlis, -e: Vestal, of Vesta, 1

11 pcis (index erat): ellipsis; supply a Egerias advice, abl.of means

predicate nom. and verb from the previous
clause
fuit: it was; i.e. the arch was
12 societte ac foederibus: abl. of means
13 animum: his mind; i.e. his attention
14 Utconciliret: so thatmight; a
purpose clause with impf. subj
shabrenstituerelegere: that
he; ind. disc. with one acc. subject and
three infinitives; as acc. subj., the reflexive
s does not need to retain the ending -self
15 monit eius: by means of her advice; i.e
sacra: sacred rites; sacred things, neut. pl.
16 ad: according to
17 fcit: made (x) (y); governs a double acc.:
the first acc. is a dir. obj., the second is a
predicate
per qus dis: over which days; relative
adjective
comitia..habbantur: plural in form but
singular in translation
19 fcit: see note in line 17
20 rtus, caerimniae: nom. in apposition
to the subject, multa alia

16
6c. Numa Pompilius

sacerdtia. Multitd, hs rbus v et arms conversa, rgis mrs

imitbtur. Fnitim popul cvittem Rmnam ttam, in cultum
derum versam, violre nlbant. Ita duo deinceps rgs, Rmulus
bell, Numa pce, cvittem auxrunt. Numa anns trs et
quadrgint rgnvit. 25

auge, -re, aux, auctum: increase, enrich, 4
convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn, reverse, 4
cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, worship, 3
deinceps: one after another, successively, 1
imitor, imitr, imittum: imitate, copy, 3
ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 3
nl, nlle, nlu: notwish, be unwilling, 2
quadrgint: forty, 3
sacerdtium, - n.: priesthood, 1
vert, -ere, -s, -rsus: turn, change, 1
viol (1): to violate, commit outrage, attack, 4

21 hs rbus: because of; abl. of cause 24 annsquadrgint: for; acc. of

: away from; abl. of separation duration
22 in: toward

17
7a. Tullus Hostilius

Num mortu, Tullus Hostlius rx cretus est. Hic fercior 1

etiam quam Rmulus fuit. Bellum cum Albns prmum ortum est.
Alban et Rmn certmen d imperi proeli paucrum virrum
dcernere cupvrunt.
Forte in utrque exercit erant trigemin frtrs, nec aette nec 5
vribus disprs, Horti et Criti. H Alban erant, ill Rmn.
Trigemin ad hunc pugnam dlct arma capiunt et in medium inter
dus acis prcdunt. Duo exercits, rect nxiique, in
spectculum anims intendunt. sign dat, tern iuvens
concurrunt. 10

acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 4
aets, aettis f.: age, lifetime, time, 3
nxius, -a, -um: anxious, 2
certmen, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 4
concurr, -ere, -curr: clash, fight (with), 1
dcern, ere, crv, crtum: decide, judge, 3
dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, select, 2
dispr (gen. dispris): unequal, unlike, 3
rig, -ere, -rx, -rectum: raise up, lift, 2
Hortius, - m.: Horatius, 4
intend, -ere, -tend, -tentum: stretch, aim, 1
morior, mor, mortuum: to die, 2
pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 3
prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3
signum, - n.: sign, signal; standard, 3
spectculum, - n.: spectacle, 3
tern, -ae, -a: three each, 1
trigeminus, -a, -um: triplets, 2
Tullus, - m.: Tullus, 2

1 Num mortu: abl. abs. Recall that the pf.
pple of a deponent verb is translated:
having Xed.
fercior: comparative adj.
2 quam: than
prmum: first, first of all; adverbial acc.
ortum est: pf. deponent orior
3 proeli: abl. of means. Instead of fighting
the entire army, both sides chose to have
a few, selected soldiers fight and decide the
outcome of the war.
5 Forte: by chance; adverb from fors, fortis
utrque: abl. uterque
necnec: neithernor
aettevribus: inin; in respect to
in respect to, An abl. of respect often
limits and clarifies an adjective.
6 vribus: abl. from vrs (not vir, vir), the
pl. of the irregular noun vs, vs
ill (sunt): ellipsis, supply the linking verb
7 ad: for; ad + acc. often expresses purpose
8 acis: armies; or battle lines. This word
describes the long line of troops stretching
from left to right when an army fights.
rect: attentive
9 anims intendunt: i.e. focus their attention
sign dat: abl. abs.

18
7b. Tullus Hostilius

Prm congress duo Rmn interfect sunt et trs Albn

vulnert. Eum qu integer fuit trs Criti circumsistere cnt
sunt. Cum iam Rmnus paulum fgisset, respexit atque vdit trs
Crits magns intervalls sequents. Subit constitit et in
proximum Critium impetum facit; dum exercitus Critis 15
obsecrant ut frtr auxilium ferant, Hortius eum interfcit.
Tum magn clmre Rmn adiuvant mlitem suum, et ille
cnficere proelium properat. Priusquam cnsectus est tertius,
Hortius alterum Critium cnficit. Iamque singul supererant,
sed nec sp nec vribus pars; Alter integer et ferx superiribus 20

adiuv (1): to support, help, assist, 3
circumsist, -ere, -stet: to surround, 1
clmor, clmoris f.: cry, shout, 3
congressus, -s m.: encounter, assembly, 2
cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, attempt, 3
cnsequor, -, sectus: follow, go after, 1
const, -re, -stit, -stitum: stand (together) 2
Hortius, - m.: Horatius, 4
integer, -gra, -grum: untouched, unhurt, 3
intervallum, - n.: distance, interval, 1
mls, mlitis m.: soldier, 4
obsecr (1): to beseech, implore, entreat, 1
pr, paris: equal, similar, even, 3
paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 4
priusquam: before (than), sooner than, 2
proper (1): to hasten, 1
respici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: to look to, 1
secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 3
singulus, -a, -um: one by one, separate, 1
sps, -e f.: hope, 3
subit: immediately, straightaway, 2
supersum, -esse, -fu: to remain, survive, 1
tertius, -a, -um: third, 1
vulner (1): wound, injure, 1

11 prm congress: at; or in abl. of
time when
vulnert (sunt): ellipsis, supply verb
12 Eum qu: this one who; i.e. the sole
remaining Roman. Often a form of is, ea, id
cannot be translated as a personal pronoun
and must be translated as a demonstrative
cnt sunt: pf. deponent, cnor
13 Cumfgisset: cum-clause with plpf.
subjunctive, as often, translate the verb in
the same tense in the indicative
paulum: a little; adverbial acc.
14 magns intervalls: with; abl. of manner
constitit: pf. In Latin, verbs that mean to
stand (still) often mean to stop as well.
Context will indicate which translation is
more suitable.
in: against
Critis: i.e. the two brothers still
running at a distance toward the first
16 utferant: that; an indirect command
with pres. subjunctive fer
17 magn clmore: with; abl. of manner
18 tertius (Curitius): see the box below
19 alterum: another
19 cnficit: finishes off; i.e. kills
super-erant: impf. supersum
necnec: neithernor
20 spvribus: inin; in respect to
in respect to, An abl. of respect often
limits and clarifies an adjective.
vribus: abl. from vrs (not vir, vir), the
pl. of the irregular noun vs, vs
Alter: One man
superiribus victris: because of; abl.
of cause

19
7c. Tullus Hostilius

victoris erat; alter dfessus vulnere, anim fractus, in certmen

vnit. Nec illud proelium fuit. Critium vix sustinentem arma
Hortius caedit et iacentem spoliat. 23

caed, -ere, cecd, caesum: kill, cut down, 1
certmen, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 4
dfessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, worn, 2
frang, -ere, frg, frctus: break, shatter, 1
Hortius, - m.: Horatius, 4
iace, -re, -u: to lie, lie low, 2
spoli (1): to despoil, plunder, 4
sustine, -re, u, -tentum: hold up, endure, 3
victoria, -ae f.: victory, 1
vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 2
vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3

21 alter: the other man; alteralter is often anim: in; in respect to abl. respect
translated the onethe other 23 iacentem: the (one).; i.e. as he was lying
defessus vulnere (erat): supply a verb, dead, Hortius stripped him of his armor
abl. of cause

20
8a. Ancus Marcius

Ancus Mrcius, neps Numae Pompili, qurtus rx cretus est. 1

Ut Numa in pce religins nstituerat, sc Ancus caerimnis
nstituit, quibus bella poste indicta sunt. Sacerdts, quibus id
negtium mandtum est, ftils appellvit.
Bells cum urbibus Latnrum gests, cvs Rmam trdxit. 5
Iniculum, qu collis trns Tiberim est, cum urbe Ponte Sublici
coninxit. Carcer, qu etiam nunc exstat, sub monte Capitln
aedifictus est. Imperium usque ad mare prltum est, et in re
Tiberis stia urbs condita est.
Anc rgnante, vir qudam, nmine Lucum, habitbat 10

aedific (1): make a building, build, 2
caerimnia, -ae f.: ceremony, rite, 3
Capitlnus, -a, -um: Capitoline, 3
carcer, -eris m.: prison, 1
collis, -is m.: town, 3
coniung, -ere, -iunx, -iunctum: join, 1
exst (1): to stand forth; exist, 1
ftilis, -e: fetial; diplomatic, 1
habit (1): to inhabit, dwell, live, 2
Iniculum, - n.: Janiculum hill, 3
indc, -ere, -dx, -dictum: declare, appoint 1
mand (1): to entrust, give, commit, 4
Mrcius, - n.: Marcius, Ancus Marcius, 1
mare, maris n.: sea, 1
negtium, i n.: task, business, occupation, 2
neps, neptis m.: grandson, decendent, 2
nunc: now, at present, 2
s, ris n.: mouth; face, 3
stia, -ae f.: Ostia (port town of Rome), 1
Pompilius, - m.: Pompilius, 2
prfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry forward, 3
quartus, -a, -um: one-fourth, 1
religi, -nis f.: ritual observation, rites, 1
sacerds, -dtis m. f.: priest(ess), 4
sc: thus, in this way, 4
Sublicius, - m.: Sublicius (a bridge), 1
trdc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: lead over, 2
trns: across, over (acc.), 3
usque: up to, until; all the way, 1

2 Utnstituerat: as; or just as, a
common translation for ut + indicative
sc: so; corresponding to ut
3 quibus bella: by which; abl. of means
quibus id: to whom this; dat. ind. object
5 Bellsgests: abl. abs.
cvs: i.e. the Latins
Rmam: to Rome; locative, place to which
6 qu collis: which hill; relative adjective
Ponte Sublici: with the Pons Sublicius;
this is the proper name for the bridge
7 sub: at the foot of
8 imperium: just as rgnum, imperium can
refer to power or, as here, to the physical
extent of the power
usque ad: up to, right up to; note that
mare is acc., not abl.
10 Anc rgnante: abl. abs.
nmine: by name; a popular abl. of respect

21
8b. Ancus Marcius

Tarquinis, quae urbs Etrsca erat. Pater eius erat Dmartus,

profugus Corinthius. Lucum in mtrimnium Tanaqulem,
mulierem nbilem, dxerat. Etrsc spernbant Lucumnem, exulis
flium. Tanaquil, quae ferre indignittem nn poterat, cnsilium
migrand Rmam cpit. Facile coniug persudet. 15
Dum iter faciunt, aquila dcitur pilleum ab capite Lucumnis
abstulisse et rursus reposuisse. Laeta Tanaquil accpit id augurium
potentiae futrae. Etrsc enim caelestium prdigirum pert erant.
Postquam Rmam vnrunt, Lucum nmen L. Tarquinium
Prscum sibi smpsit. Ibi paultim nsignis factus est dvitis 20

aquila, -ae f.: eagle, eagle standard, 1
aufer, auferre, abstul, abltus: take away,
carry away, 3
augurium, - n.: augury, divination, 2
caelestis, -e: celestial, heavenly; subs. gods, 2
Corinthius, - m.: Corinth, 1
Dmartus, - m.: Demaratus, 1
dvitiae, -rum f.: riches, wealth, 1
exul, exulis m.: an exile, refugee, 2
facilis, -e: easy, 1
indignits, -ttis f.: indignity, outrage, 2
nsignis, -e: distinguished, noted, 1
iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 3
laetus, -a, -um: happy, joyful, glad, 3
migr (1): to travel, migrate, 3
paultim: gradually, little by little, 2
pertus, -a, -um: experienced (in) (gen) 2
pilleus, - m.: cap, 1
postquam: after, when, 4
potentia, -ae f.: power, might, strength, 2
Prscus, - m.: Priscus, 3
prdigium, - n.: omen, portent, 2
profugus, - m.: a fugitive, refugee, 2
repon, -ere, -posu, -positum: place back,
put back, 1
rursus: again, backward, back, 1
spern, -ere, sprv, sprtum: spurn, reject, 2
sum, sumere, sumps, sumptum: to take,
take up, 2
Tarquini, -rum m.: Tarquinii (town), 1

11 Tarquinis: in Tarquini; locative, place nom. may often be translated as adverbs

where; this Etruscan city is plural in form;
Lucumo will take his name from the city
and be called Tarquinius.
12 in mtrimniumdxerat: this is the
most common way in Latin to say that a
male is marrying a female
Tanaqulem: Tanaqul
14 ferre: to endure, to bear
15 migrand: of migrating. gen. sg. A gerund
is a verbal noun (stem + nd + 2nd decl. sg.
endings). In English it is commonly formed
with the ending -ing.
Rmam: to Rome; locative, place to which
Facile: easily; irregular adverb, facilis, -e
coniug: dat. ind. obj.
17 Laeta: happily, joyously; adjectives in the
18 futrae: future; going to be, fut. act. pple
of sum, esse
enim: postpositive, placed second in a Latin
sentence, translate this word first in English
pert: this nom. predicate governs a gen.
object
19 Rmam: see line 15
L. Tarquinium Prscum: Lucius
Tarquinius Priscus; the cognomen Priscus
means elder and was added much later to
distinguish this Tarquinius from his
descedent, the 7th and last king of Rome,
Tarquinius Superbus
20 sibi: for himself; dat. of interest
factus est: he was made; supply a subject
dvitis: in; abl. of respect with nsignis

22
8c. Ancus Marcius

alisque rbus. Postrm in amcitiam rgis receptus ttor

lberrum rgis testment nstittus est. Ancus anns quattuor et
vgint rgnvit. 23

amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 1 take back, 4

lber, -rum m.: children, 3 testmentum, - n.: a will, 1
postrm: at last, finally, 3 ttor, -ris m.: guardian; defender, 1
quattuor: four, 3 vgint: twenty, 2
recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: accept, receive,

21 alisque rbus: in; abl. of respect 22 nstittus est: was appointed

in amcitiamreceptus: for this participial annsvgint: for; acc. of duration of
phrase, assume Tarqunius as the subject time
ttor: predicate nom.

23
9a. Tarquinius Priscus

Iam fli Anc prope adult erant. Sed Tarquinius ipse rx crer 1
cupibat. Is prmus palam rgnum petiit, memorns officia prvta
ac pblica et benignittem in omns. Magn cnsns populus
Rmnus eum rgnre iussit.
Tarquinius, Latns bell victs, lds magnifcs fcit. Tum 5
prmum locus circ, qu Maximus dcitur, dsigntus est. Ld
sollemns mnsrunt, Rmn aut Magn appellt. Magna quoque
opera rge incepta sunt, ut populus nn quitior in pce quam in
bell esset. Mr lapide urbem cingere parvit, et loca circ
forum alisque convalls clocs siccvit. Fundmenta aedis Iovis 10
in Capitli icit.

adolesc, -ere, adolev: to grow up, 3 Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 4

aedis, -is f.: temple, pl. house, 2
aut: or (aut...aut: eitheror), 4
benignits, -ttis f.: kindness, favor, 1
Capitlium, - n.: Capitolium, 3
cing, -ere, cinx, cinctum: surround, gird, 1.
circ: about, around (acc.) 2
circus, - m.: racetrack, circuit 1
cloca, -ae f.: sewer, ditch, drain 2
convallis, -is m: lowland, low-lying area, 1
dsign (1): to mark out, assign, 1
forum, - n.: forum, 4
fundmentum, - n.: foundation, 1
iaci, -ere, ic, iactum: throw, cast, 1
incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum: begin, 1
lapideus, -a, -um: of stone, 1
magnificus, -a, -um: splendid, magnificent, 1
mane, -re, mans: to stay, wait, wait for, 3
memor (1): to recall, mention, 1
mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 3
officium, -i, n.: duty, office, 2
opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 4
palam: openly, publicly, 2
prv (1): deprive of, rob, strip from (abl), 2
prope: nearly almost; near (acc.), 2
quitus, -a, -um: idle, calm, undisturbed 2
sicc (1): to dry, 1
sollemnis, -e: sollemn, 1

1 prope: nearly; here as an adverb adj. quitior

rx: predicate nom. following crer
2 Is prmus: i.e. he was the first to seek
3 in omns: toward all, upon all
magn cnsns: with; abl. of manner
5 Latnsvicts: abl. abs.
fcit: produced, created
6 prmum: first; adverbial acc.
circ: for a racetrack; dat. of purpose
Maximus: predicate nom. following dcitur,
The racetrack was called Circus Maximus.
7 Rmn aut Magn appellt: called the
Roman (Games) or Great (Games)
8 opera: i.e. building projects
utesset: so that might; purpose + impf.
subj. of sum, esse
quam: than; following the comparative
9 Mr lapide: abl. of means
10 forum: i.e. the Forum Rmnum in a
lowlands at the base of the Capitoline and
Palatine hills; Rome would later have
numerous fora, markets, in the city
10 clocs: with sewers; These were likely
open ditches that were later covered. The
use of clocae was likely adapted from
irrigation ditches employed by farmers.
Iovis: of Jupiter; gen. sg.
11 in: on; the Captioline hill has two peaks:
the Capitolium holds the temple of Jupiter;
the other peak, the temple of Juno Moneta
icit: laid; throw down

24
9b. Tarquinius Priscus

E fer tempore in rgi prdigium mrabile fuit. Caput puer 12

dormientis, cui Servius Tullius fuit nmen, multrum in cnspect
rsit. Serv, qu aquam ad restinguendam flammam ferbant, ab
rgn retent sunt. Mox cum puer somn excittus esset, flamma 15
abiit. Tum, abduct in scrtum vir, Tanaquil, Videsne t hunc
puerum, inquit, quem tam humil cult ducmus? Lmen
profect portendit eum aliquando nbs praesidi futrum esse.
Proinde artibus lberlibus rudiendus est. Ingenium iuvenis vr
rgium erat. Tarquinius igitur e fliam suam dspondit. 20

abduc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead or take
away, 1
abe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go away, depart, 1
aliquand: sometimes, at some time, 1
aqua, -ae f.: water, 4
arde, -re, ars, arsum: be on fire, burn, 1
ars, artis f.: skill, craft, art, 1
conspectus, -s, f.: look, sight, view, 1
cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, 3
dspond, -ere, -spond: to betroth, 2
dormi, -re, -v: to sleep, 1
rudi, -re, -v, -tum: educate, instruct, 1
excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 4
fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4
flamma, -ae f.: flame, fire, torch, love, 3
humilis, -e: on the ground, low; humble, 1
ingenium, - n.: intellect, talent; character, 3
lberlis, -e: of or befitting a free man, 1
lmen, lminis n.: light, 1
mrbilis, -e: amazing, wonderful, 1
mox: soon, 1
-ne: (introduces a yes/no question), 1
ns: we, us, 3
portend, -ere, -tend, -tentum: foretell, 1
prdigium, - n.: omen, portent, 2
profect: in fact, actually, truly, 1
proinde: then, therefore, consequently, 2
rgna, -ae f.: queen, 2
rgius, -a, -um: royal, of the king or queen, 4
restingu, -ere, restinx: put out, quench, 1
retine, -re, -u, -tentum: to hold back, 1
scrtus, -a, -um: secret, private, 1
somnus, - m.: sleep, 2
tam: so, so much, so very, such, 1
t: you, 3
Tullius, - m.: Tullia, 3
vrus, -a, -um: true, real, 3

12 Etempore: at; abl. of time when we often do a gerund-gerundive flip and

in rgi: in the royal house; rgius-a-um is
an adjective, but rgia, -ae f. is a noun
which refers to the royal residence
cuifuit: dat. sg. relative pronoun; a dat.
of possession is often found with the verb
sum, esse and may be translated one of
three different ways: (1) to whomwas,
(2) whosewas, or (3) who had
rsit: burst into flames; inceptive pf. tense
14 ad restinguendam flammam: for putting
out the flame; for the flame (going) to be
put out, ad + noun + gerundive (fut. pass.
pple) expressing purpose. Because of the
awkwardness of the raw English translation,
convert the noun + gerundive into a gerund
+ acc. object for a polished translation.
15 Cumexcittus esset: cum-clause, plpf.
pass. subjunctive
16 abductvir: abl. abs. Translate the
noun vir, husband, first.
-ne: untranslaed, this enclitic form
introduces a yes/no question
17 tam humil cult: from; abl. of source;
humil is 3rd declension i-stem abl. sg.
18 eumfutrum esse: that; ind. disc.
with a fut. inf. of sum, esse
nbs praesidi: as protection for us; a
double dative (dat. of interest + purpose)

25
9c. Tarquinius Priscus

Ets Anc fli duo ante rt fuerant, quod peregrnus Rmae

rgnbat, tum maior erat indignti, quoniam serv iam rgnum
patre vidbtur. Rgem igitur interfcere rgnumque occupre
constiturunt. Ex pstribus duo fercissim ad facinus dlct in
vestibul rgiae speci rixae in s omns appritrs rgis 25
convertrunt. Inde voct ad rgem dcere in vicem iuss sunt. nus
rem expnit. Dum intentus in eum s rx ttus vertit, alter ltam
secrim in caput rgis dicit; relict in vulnere tl, amb fors
fugiunt. Tarquinium moribundum appritrs excipiunt; ills
fugients lctrs comprehendunt. 30

amb: both, two together, 2
appritor, -ris f.: servant, 3
vert, -ere, -vert: turn aside, turn away, 2
comprehend, -ere, d, -prehensum: to
grasp, seize, 2
convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn (around),
reverse, 4
dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw/cast down, 4
dlictum, - n.: crime, fault, 1
dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, select, 2
ffer, -ere, -tul, -ltum: carry out, lift, 2
ets: even if, although, though, 3
excipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take out,
receive, 3
facinus, -noris n.: (bad) deed, action; crime, 3
fors: out of doors, 1
indignti, -tinis f.: indignity, outrage, 3
intentus, -a, -um: attentive, intent, focused, 3
lctor, lctris m.: lictor (bodyguard), 2
maior, maius: greater, larger; older, 2
moribundus, -a, -um: dying; causing death, 1
occup (1): seize, occupy, 2
pstor, -is m.: shepherd, 4
pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2
peregrnus, - m.: stranger, foreigner, 4
quoniam: since now, seeing that, 1
rgius, -a, -um: royal, of the king or queen, 4
rixa, -ae f.: quarrel, dispute, 1
secris, -is f.: axe, 1
species, -i f.: sight, look, appearance, 2
vestibulum, - n.: entrance, vestibule, 2
vicem: in turn, 1
vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3

21 Ets: even if; the clause is concessive in s: between themselves; or against

quod: because
Rmae: at Rome; locative, place where
22 serv: for; dat of interest
23 vidbtur: seemed; were seen, the pass.
videor is often translated as seem
24 ad: for; expressing purpose
25 speci rixae: under the pretext of a
quarrel; with the appearance of a quarrel,
abl. of means
themselves
26 in vicem: in turn; i.e. one after the other
27 in eum: upon him; i.e. on the one talking
ttus: entirely; an adj. in the nom. may be
translated as an adv.
ltum: PPP (pf. pass. pple) from ffer
28 relicttl: abl. abs.
30 lctrs: nom. pl., ills fugients is acc. pl.

26
9d. Tarquinius Priscus

Magnus sequitur popul tumultus, inter quem Tanaquil claud

rgiam iubet. Servi inde celeriter ad s voct, auxilium rvit.
Tuum est rgnum, inquit, Serv, s vir es, nn erum qu alins
manibus pessimum facinus fcrunt. rige t desque ducs
sequere, qu dvn flamm hoc caput clrum futrum esse 35
portendrunt. Nl perturbr quod peregrnus es. Etiam ns
peregrn rgnvimus. S propter subitam rem cnsilia fingere nn
potes, mea tamen cnsilia sequere.
Cum iam clmor multitdinis vix sustinr posset, Tanaquil ex
superire parte rgiae populum ita allocta est: Cum vulnus rgis 40

alinus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 3 r (1): pray (for), entreat, beseech, 3
alloquor, -loqu, -loctum: address, speak, 2 peregrnus, - m.: stranger, foreigner, 4
celeriter: swiftly, quickly, 3 perturb (1): disturb, throw into confusion, 2
clmor, clmoris f.: cry, shout, 3 pessimus, -a, -um: worst, very bad, 1
dvnus, -a, -um: divine, 2 portend, -ere, -tend, -tentum: foretell, 1
rig, -ere, -rx, -rectum: raise up, lift, 2 propter: on account of, because of (acc.) 4
facinus, -noris n.: (bad) deed, action; crime, 3 subitus, -a, -um: sudden, approaching, 1
fing, -ere, finx, fictum: make up, imagine, 1 sustine, -re, u, -tentum: hold up, endure, 3
flamma, -ae f.: flame, fire, torch, love, 3 tumultus, -s m.: uproar, tumult, confusion, 1
manus, -s f.: hand, 3 tuus, -a, -um: your, yours, 2
meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 4 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 2
nl, nlle, nlu: notwish, be unwilling, 2 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3
ns: we, us, 3

31 sequitur: pres. deponent, sequor; translate
in the active voice
inter quem: in the midst of whom; among
whom
claud: inf.
32 Servivoct: abl. abs.
ad s: Ths reflexive pronoun refers to the s
ubject of the main clause:Tanaquil
33 Serv: Servius; voc. direct address; nom.
forms with ius become in the vocative
nn erum: not theirs; This predicate gen.
is parallel and in contrast to the predicate
tuum: the kingdom is not theirs
alins manibus: abl. means, the sons of
Ancus did not perform courageous actions
but instead hired assasions to kill Tarquin
34 rge: sg. imperative
35 sequere: sg. deponent imperative, sequor
hoc caputesse: that...; ind. disc. with fut.
inf. sum.
clrum: acc. predicate following futrum
esse. Since clrus means bright or
distinguished, Tanaquil invokes both
meanings and suggests that the flames that
made his head clrus, bright, foretell a
time when Servius life will be clrus,
famous and distinguished.
36 Nl perturbr: dont be troubled; be
unwilling to be troubled, A common
negative imperative formed by the irregular
imperative of nl + an infinitive
quod: because
38 potes: 2nd sg. pres. possum
sequere: sg. deponent imperative, sequor
39 Cum...posset: when...; impf. subj. possum
40 parte: i.e. floor or level; Tanaquil spoke
down to the people from an upper floor
Cum...tamen: althoughnevertheless;
cum introduces a concessive clause

27
9e. Tarquinius Priscus

grave sit, iam tamen ad s redit; brev tempore rgem ipsum

vidbitis. Interim vult Servium Tullium rem pblicam
administrre. Itaque Servius per aliquot dis, cum Tarquinius iam
mortuus esset, sus ops firmvit. Tum dmum mors rgis nuntita
est. Servius, praesidi firm mntus, prmus iniuss popul 35
voluntte patrum rgnvit.

administr (1): to manage, direct; help, 2 morior, mor, mortuum: to die, 2

aliquot: several, 3
brevis, -e: short, brief, 1
dmum: at length, finally, 1
firm (1): make strong, strengthen, support, 2
gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 2
iniuss: without orders, 3
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 3
mors, mortis, f.: death, 3
mni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 3
nuntius, -i m.: messenger, 3
ops, opis f.: power; pl. resources, influence, 4
Tullius, - m.: Tullia, 3
vol (1): to fly, 1
volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, permission, 2

31 grave sit: neuter sg. predicate adj. and affairs

pres. subj. sum, esse. Translate the verb in
the same tense as one would an indicative.
tamen: as often indicates that the preceding
cum-clause is concessive in sense and,
therefore, that cum should be translated as
although.
redit: pres. rede
brev tempore: abl. time when
32 vult: 3rd sg. pres., the irregular vol, velle
rem pblicam: the republic; i.e. public
33 per: over
cummortuus esset: since; causal in
sense, plpf. pass. subjunctive morior
34 ops: acc. pl. from ops, opis
35 Serviusprmus: i.e. Servius was the
first to rule
iniussvoluntte: without(but)
with;
36 patrum: 3rd decl. gen. pl.

28
10a. Servius Tullius

Servius prmum cnsum nstituit et populum in classs pr 1

opibus discrpsit. ex cns poste officia bell pcisque tribta
sunt. Ad multitdinem crescentem duo colls, Quirnlis
Vminlisque, ad urbem addit sunt. Imperium quoque hc cnsili
auctum est. Fnum erat nbile Dinae Ephesiae, quod commniter 5
cvittibus Asiae factum esse dcbtur. Servius per princips
Latnrum, e cnsns cvittum Asiticrum vehementer
laudt, tandem populs Latns persusit ut Rmae cum popul
Rmn fnum Dinae facerent. Ea erat cnfessi caput rrum
Rmam esse, d qu totins certtum erat. 10

Asia, -ae f.: Asia Minor, 2
Asiticus, -a, -um: Asian, of Asia, 1
auge, -re, aux, auctum: increase, enrich, 4
cnsus, -s m.: census, registration, 3
cert (1): to contend, strive, 1
classis, -is f.: fleet, 1
collis, -is m.: town, 3
commnis, -e: common, 2
cnfessi, -inis f.: acknowledgment, , 1
cresc, -ere, crv, crtum: grow, increase, 4
Dina, -ae f.: Diana, 2
discrb, -ere, -scrps: distribute, divide, 2
Ephesius, -a, -um: of Ephesus, Ephesian 1
fnum, - n.: shrine, temple, 2
laud (1): to praise, glorify, 3
officium, -i, n.: duty, office, 2
ops, opis f.: power; pl. resources, influence, 4
Quirnlis, -e: Quirinal (hill), 1
tandem: finally, at last, at length, in the end, 3
totins: so often, so many times, 1
trib, -ere, tribu, tribtum: assign, bestoy, 1
vehementer: vehemently, violently, 2
Vminlis, -e: Viminal (hill), 1

1 pr opibus: according to wealth utfacerent: that; indirect command, in

2 ad: for..; expressing purpose
4 hc cnsili: by this plan
5 Fnum erat nbile: there was; nbile is
neut. sg. modifying the subject fnum
quod: which; Fnum is the antecedent
commniter: -iter is a common for all
adverbs formed from 3rd decl. adjectives
7 e cnsnslaudt: this consensus;
abl. absolute; e is a demonstrative adj.
8 populs Latns: dat. ind. object of verb
secondary sequence, as here, the present
subjunctive becomes impf. subjunctive
Rmae: at Rome; locative, place where
9 Dinae: for; dat. of interest
Ea: this; here ea is a demonstrative
caputesse: that; ind. disc.
10 d: about
certtum erat: it had been contested; i.e.
they had contested, and impersonal use of
the plpf. passive

29
10b. Servius Tullius

Lcius Tarquinius, Prsc filius, interdum querbtur quod

Servius iniuss popul rgnret. Servius igitur agrum prius captum
ex hostibus virtim dvsit; hc mod volunttem plebis concilivit.
Populus deinde maxim cnsns eum rgnre iussit.
Rx dus flis Lci atque Arrunt Tarquins, Prisc flis, in 15
mtrimnium dederat. Mrs hrum dispars erant. Nam Arrns
Tarquinius mtis erat, L. Tarquinius ferx et cupidus rgn. Duae
Tulliae item disprs erant. Forte Arrns fercem in mtrimnium
dxerat. Similitd celeriter L. Tarquinium et fercem Tulliam
contrahit. Cum prope continus caedibus doms vacus fcissent, 20

Arrns, Arruntis m.: Arruns, 4 mtis, -e: mild, gentle, 1

caeds, -is f.: slaughter, killing, 2
celeriter: swiftly, quickly, 3
concili (1): win over, unite, 4
continuus, -a, -um: continuous, successive, 1
contrah, -ere, -trx: to draw together, 1
cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 1
dispr (gen. disparis): unequal, unlike, 3
dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsum: divide, separate, 4
domus, - f.: house, home, dwelling, 4
iniuss: without orders, 3
interdum: sometimes, from time to time, 1
item: also, likewise, in like manner, 2
Lcius, - m.: Lucius, 3
modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4
ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 3
prior, prius: before, earlier (comp. prmus), 4
Prscus, - m.: Priscus, 3
prope: nearly almost; near (acc.), 2
queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 2
similitd, -inis f.: likeness, resemblance 1
Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 4
vacuus, -a, -um: empty, fear, vacant, 1
virtim: man by man, to each man, 1
volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, permission, 2

11 Prsc: of (Lucius Tarquinius) Priscus; the
5th king of Rome
quodrgnret: (on the grounds) that;
because, Quod introduces an explanation.
Quod + indicative suggests an explanation
from the narrators point of view; quod + s
subj. suggests a cause from the characters
point of view: because (as he claims) S.
ruled
12 agrum: farmland; not field
priusex hostibus: comparative adv.
prior, both are governed by captum
13 hc mod: in; abl. of manner
15 LciArrunt: dat. indirect object
Tarquinis: the Tarquins; dat. referring to b
Lucius Tarquinius and Arruns Tarquinius
16 Mrs: characters
L. Tarquinius (erat): add linking verb
17 rgn: for; objective gen.
Duae Tulliae: The two Tullias; Daughters
are all named from the feminine form of the
family name: hence, Servius Tullius has
two daughters named Tullia.
18 Forte: by chance
19 fercem: the fierce one; i.e. the fierce one
of the two Tullias
20 Cumfcissent: after; plpf. subj., the
verb governs a double accusative: direct
obj. and acc. predicate
prope: nearly; adverb

30
10c. Servius Tullius

iunguntur nptis. Paultim inde mulier coniugem ad caedem Serv

excitat. Itaque Tarquinius prius omnibus rbus cvs et maxim
patrs concilivit.
Postrm, ubi iam tempus agend vsum est, stptus armts in
forum irrpit. Inde in rgi sde pr Cri sedns patrs in Criam 25
per praecnem ad rgem Tarquinium vocr iussit. Ibi incsbat
rgem, quod rgnum muliebr dn occupvisset; querbtur item
d cnsilis populribus, d agr plb dvis, d cns nstitt.
Dum loquitur, Servius intervnit et vestibul Criae magn
vce, Quid tibi vs, inquit,Tarquin? Qu audci t, m vv, 30

armtus, -a, -um: armed, 4 muliebris, -e: womanly, of a woman, 1

audcia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 2
caeds, -is f.: slaughter, killing, 2
cnsus, -s m.: census, registration, 3
concili (1): win over, unite, 4
dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsum: divide, separate, 4
dnum, - n.: gift, 3
excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 4
forum, - n.: forum, 4
incs (1): to accuse, complain of, 2
interveni -re -vn: come upon, intervene 1
irrump, -ere, -rup, -ruptum: burst in, 2
item: also, likewise, in like manner, 2
iung, -ere, iunx, -iunctum: to join, 1
loquor, loqu, loctus: to speak, address, 1
nptiae, -rum, f.: marriage, wedding, 1
occup (1): seize, occupy, 2
paultim: gradually, little by little, 2
populris, -e: of the people, popular, 1
postrm: at last, finally, 3
praec, praecnis m.: herald, 1
prior, prius: before, earlier (comp. prmus), 4
queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 2
sdes, sdis f.: seat; abode, home, 5
stp (1): to crowd together, stuff, pack, 1
t: you, 3
vestibulum, - n.: entrance, vestibule, 2
vvus, -a, -um: alive, living, 1

21 nptis: abl. of means view; quod + subj. suggests a cause from

22 prius: comparative adv., prior
omnibus rbus: in; in respect to abl.
of respect
maxim: especially; or in particular are
usual translations for this superlative adv.
24 ubi: when
agend: for acting; a gerund (verbal noun)
in the gen. sg.
armts: by armed (men)
25 irrpit: the fierce L. Tarquinius is subj.
in rgi sde: i.e. on the throne
pr: in front of; abl. of place where
patrs: i.e. senators
27 quodoccupvisset: (on the grounds)
that; because, Quod introduces an
explanation. Quod + indicative suggests an
explanation from the narrators point of
the characters point of view: because (as
he claimed) he had plpf. subjunctive
muliebr dn: by means of; abl. of
means
28 plb: among the plebs; for the plebs,
dat. of interest
29 loquitur: pres. deponent, loquor
: from; Serius was speaking from the
entranceway
magn vce: with; dat. of manner
30 tibi: for yourself; dat. of interest
vs: 2nd sg. pres. vol, velle
Tarquin: Tarquinius; voc. direct address;
nom. with ius become in the vocative
Qu audci: by what; interrogative adj.
m vv: abl. abs.; subject and predicate in
the abl. Supply being in the translation.

31
10d. Servius Tullius

vocre patrs aut in sde me cnsdere ausus es? Tarquinius

ferciter respondit s sdem patris su tenre, s rgn hrdem
esse. Tum medium arripit Servium, ltumque Cri per grads
dicit; inde in Criam redit. Appritrs rgis fugiunt. Rx ipse
servs Tarquini interficitur. Tullia, carpent in forum invecta, 35
coniugem vocvit rgemque prma appellvit. Dum domum redit,
dcitur patrem in vi iacentem invnisse et per corpus carpentum
gisse. Hic locus poste scelertus voctus est. Servius Tullius
rgnvit anns quattuor et quadrgint. 39

appritor, -ris f.: servant, 3 hrs, hrdis, m./f.: heir, heiress, 1

arripi, -ere, -u, -reptus: snatch, grab, 1
aude, -re, ausus sum: to dare, venture, 2
aut: or (aut...aut: eitheror), 4
carpentum, - n.: carriage (with 2 wheels), 1
consd, -ere, -sd: sit down, settle, encamp 1
dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw/cast down, 4
domus, - f.: house, home, dwelling, 4
ffer, -ere, -tul, -ltum: carry out, lift, 2
voc (1): call out, challenge, 1
forum, - n.: forum, 4
gradus, -s m.: step, pace; stairs, 1
iace, -re, -u: to lie, lie low, 2
inveh, -ere, -vex, -vectum: convey, ride in 1
inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: come upon,
find, 4
meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 4
quadrgint: forty, 3
quattuor: four, 3
responde, -re, -d, -nsus: answer, reply, 3
scelertus, -a, -um: wicked, profane, guilty 1
Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 4
Tullius, - m.: Tullius, 3

31 ausus es: 2nd sg. pf. deponent of semi-
deponent aude: only the pf. tenses are
deponent
32 stenresesse: that he(and) that per grads: over; i.e. the stairs
he; s is acc. subject in two examples of
ind. disc. The lack of a conjunction (
(asyndeton) suggests that Tarquinius was
speaking quickly, listing one charge after
another
su: reflexive possessive adj., gen. sg. suus
33 medium Servium: i.e. the waist of Servius
ltumdicit: In cases where English
prefers to have two main verbs, .e.g. carried
off and throws down, Latin often prefers to
make the first action a PPP (pf. pass. pple)
and the second action the finite verb, .e.g.
throws down the one carried off. ltum is
the PPP of effer and modifies a missing
acc. direct object.
34 redit: pres. rede
36 rgem (eum) appellvit: andcalled
(him) king; supply a second acc.
prma: i.e. and she was the first to
domum: to home; locative, place to which
37 dcitur: (she) is said
38 gisse: to have driven; pf. inf. ag, agere
scelertus: The road was called the Via
Scelerata, the Wicked Way.
39 annsquadrgint: for; acc. of
duration of time

32
11a. Tarquinius Superbus

Inde L. Tarquinius rgnre coepit, cui propter facta cognmen 1

Superbus datum est. Prncips patrum, qu Servium dlxerant,
interfcit. Suum corpus armts circumsaepsit. Idicia capitlium
rrum sine cnsilis per s slus exercbat. Ita poterat occdere, in
exsilium agere, bons spolire omns qus cupibat. 5
Ets rgs superirs sentum d omnibus rbus cnsulere solit
erant, Tarquinius domestics cnsilis rem pblicam administrvit.
Bellum, pcem, foedera, societts per s ipse fcit. Latnrum
gentem sibi maxim concilibat. Octvi Mamili Tusculnis
long nbilissimus Latnrum eratfliam in mtrimnium dat. 10

administr (1): to manage, direct; help, 2
armtus, -a, -um: armed, 4
bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful, 2
capitlis, -e: capital, of the head, 1
circumsaepi -re -saeps: hedge around, 1
coep, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 4
cognmen, -minis n.: cognomen, nickname, 4
concili (1): win over, unite, 4
consul, -ere, -u, consultum: to consult, 2
dlig, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to love, esteem, 1
domesticus, -a, -um: of a house, private 1
ets: even if, although, though, 3
exerce, -re, -u, -ercitum: exercise, 1
foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 4
idicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial, 2
long: far, 1
Mamilius, - m.: Mamilius, 1
occd, -ere, occd, occsus: kill, cut down, 3
Octvius, -i m.: Octavius, 1
propter: on account of, because of (acc.) 4
sine: without (abl.), 3
societs, -ttis f.: association, alliance, 3
sole, -re, -itus sum: be accustomed, 2
spoli (1): to despoil, plunder, 4
superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud, haughty 3
Tusculnus, -a, -um: of Tusculum (town), 1

1 cui: to whom; a dat. indirect object
Superbus: thus, the fullname Lucius
Tarquinius Superbus, whom we often call
in English Tarquin the Proud
2 patrum: i.e. of the senators
3 armts: with armed men
idicia capitlium rrum: the legal
judgments in capital affairs; i.e. in affairs of
life and death
4 per s: by himself
occdereagerespolire: all three take
omns as their acc. object, supply the
missing conjunction et between infinitives
5 bons: from their property; from their
goods, abl. of separation; neut. bona often
denotes property or physical possesions
7 domestics cnsilis: i.e. from the house or
court of the king
rem pblicam: public affairs
8 per s: by himself
ipse: (he) himself; as often, the subject is
missing and one must infer from the ending
of ipse the gender and number of the subject
9 maxim: especially, in particular
OctviTusculn: Octavius Mamilius
Tusculanus; dat. ind. obj.
iserat: parenthetical clause

33
11b. Tarquinius Superbus

Cum iam magna Tarquini auctrits inter Latnrum princips

esset, concilium in certam diem convocvit. Conveniunt frequents
prm lce. Ipse Tarquinius diem quidem servvit, sed paul ante
slis occsum vnit. Turnus Herdonius Arcnius ferciter
absentem Tarquinium accsvrat. Dxit Tarquinium patientiam 15
Latnrum temptre et affectre imperium in es. Rx, hc
cognit, quia pr imperi palam Turnum interficere nn poterat,
cnfestim statuit fals crmine eum opprimere. Proxm igitur
nocte auctre Tarquini qudam Arcn, Turn inimc, in
dversrium eius magnum numerum gladirum clam intulrunt. 20

absns, absentis (adj.): absent, 1 frequns, frequentis: crowded, 1

accs (1): to accuse, blame, reprimand, 1
affect (1): to strive for, aim at, 1
ante: before, in front of (acc.); adv. before, 3
Arcnus, -a, -um: of Aricia (Latin town), 1
auctor, auctris m.: agent, creator, 2
auctrits, -ttis f.: authority, influence, 3
certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 2
clam: secretly, in secret, 1
cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: learn, know, 3
concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 3
cnfestim: at once, immediately, 3
conveni -re -vn -ventus: come together, 3
convoc (1): to call together, 3
crmen, crminis n.: crime, 2
dversrium, - n.: lodging-place, inn, 3
fall, -ere, fefell, falsum: deceive, cheat, 3
Herdonius, - m.: Herdonius, 1
infer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: bring in, wage, 3
inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 1
lx, lcis m.: light, 2
numerus, - m.: number, multitude, 1
occsus, occss m.: falling, setting, 1
opprim, -ere, -press, -pressum: oppress,
overwelm 1
palam: openly, publicly, 2
patientia, -ae f.: endurance, patience, 1
paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 4
quia: because, 1
quidem: indeed, in fact, assuredly, certainly, 3
serv (1): save, keep, preserve, 3
sl, slis m.: sun, 1
tempt (1): attempt, test; attack, 2

11 cumesset: since; causal in sense; Hc cognit: abl. abl.

magna is the predicate of impf. subj. sum
12 in certam diem: i.e. on an appointed day
13 prm lce: abl. time when, a common
expression for dawn
quidem: in fact
servvit: kept; i.e. fulfilled the appointment
paul: a little; by a little, dat. of degree of
difference
14 occsum slis: object of ante
16 temptre: was testing; in ind. disc.
in: among
17 pr: in return for
18 statuit: decided; took a stand
fals: false
eum: i.e. Turnus
Proxm nocte: on; abl. of time when
19 auctre Tarquini: Tarquinius (being)
the agent; abl. absolute, both subject and
predicate are predicate, supply being
qudam Arcn: certain Aricini
Turn: dat. of special adj. inimc

34
11c. Tarquinius Superbus

Tarquinius paul ante lcem ad s princips Latnrum vocvit

certirsque d gladis clts fcit: Cognv, inquit, Turnum
cupere Latnrum slum imperium tenre et iam necem omnium
parre. Dxit deinde es ad dversrium. Ubi gladi ex omnibus
locs dversri prlt sunt, manifesta vsa est rs, Turnusque in 25
catns coniectus est.
Cnfestim concilium Latnrum convoctur. Ibi magna
indignti oritur, gladis in medi posits. Itaque Turnus, indict
caus, in aquam Ferentnam mersus est. Rx, auctritte inter
Latns ita auct, cum es renvvit foedus quod Tull rge ante 30

ante: before, in front of (acc.); adv. before, 3
aqua, -ae f.: water, 4
auctrits, -ttis f.: authority, influence, 3
auge, -re, aux, auctum: increase, enrich, 4
catna, -ae f.: chain, fetter, shackle, 1
causa, -ae f.: reason, legal case; caus, for the
sake of, 2
cl (1): hide, conceal, 1
certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 2
cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: learn, know, 3
concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 3
cnfestim: at once, immediately, 3
conici, -ere, -ic: throw together, hurl, 2
convoc (1): to call together, 3
dversrium, - n.: lodging-place, inn, 3
Ferentna, -ae f.: Ferentina, 1
foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 4
indictus a, -um: unsaid, not pleaded, 1
indignti, -tinis f.: indignity, outrage, 3
lx, lcis m.: light, 2
manifestus, -a, -um: clear, evident, 1
merg, -ere, -rs, mersum: sink, drown, 1
nex, necis f.: death, violent death, murder, 2
paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 4
prfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry forward, 3
renov (1): to renew, make new, 2
Tullus, - m.: Tullus, 2

21 paul: a little; by a little, dat. of degree
of difference
22 certirsfcit: made (them) more
certain; i.e. informed them, a common
idiom in Caesar
Turnumtenreparre: that; ind.
disc.
23 slum: modifying Turnum
Latnrum: modifying imperium
24 Ubi: when
25 prlt sunt: were brought out
vsa est: seemed, appeared
28 oritur: pres. deponent orior
gladisposits: abl. abs.
indict caus: althought a legal case (was)
not (being) pleaded; abl. abs., concessive in
sense. Turnus did not have an opportunity
to defend himself in a formal trial.
29 auctritteauct: abl. absolute
30 quod: which

35
11d. Tarquinius Superbus

factum erat. Latn nn repugnvrunt, quamquam in e foedere

rs Rmna superior erat. Mors enim Turn docbat potentiam
Tarquini ac perculum erum qu resistbant.
Tarquinius, quamquam inistus in pce rx fuit, ducem bell
tamen nn prvum s praebuit. Is prmus cum Volscs bellum 35
gessit et magnam praedam cpit. In ali bell cum Gabis, vcnam
urbem, v capere nn posset, fraude ac dol per flium suum Sex.
Tarquinium aggressus est.
Sextus enim, flius Tarquini, qu minimus ex tribus erat, trnsiit
Gabis, crdlittem intolerbilem patris vehementer quaerns 40

aggredior, -, -gressus: go to, attack, 2
crdlits, -ttis f.: cruelty, crudeness, 2
doce, -re, -u, -ctus: teach, tell, 1
dolus, - m.: trick, deceit, 2
foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 4
fraus, fraudis f.: fraud, deception, 2
inistus, -a, -um: unjust, 1
intolerbilis, -e: unbearable, intolerable, 1
minimus, -a, -um: very little, 1
mors, mortis, f.: death, 3
potentia, -ae f.: power, might, strength, 2
praebe, -re, -u, -itum: present, show, 1
prvus, -a, -um: crooked, dishonest, bad, 1
quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek,
ask, inquire, 3
quamquam: although, 3
repugn (1): fight against, oppose, resist, 1
vehementer: vehemently, violently, 2
vcnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 2
Volsc, -rum m.: Volscians, Volsci, 3

31 e: this; or that, a demonstrative adj. 38 aggressus est: pf. deponent; supply a

32 rs Rmna: the Roman state missing object eam, it.
35 praebuit: showed (x) (y); governs a double 39 minimus (nt): youngest; least (by
acc., s and ducem birth), a missing, but common, abl. of
Is prmus: i.e. he was the first to respect, nt, indicates that this
36 Cumposset: since; causal in sense, superlative refers to age, not size.
impf. possum tribus: abl. of trs; There were three sons.
Gabis: Gabii; a single city with a name trnsiit: pf. trnse
in the plural name 40 Gabis: to Gabii; locative, place to which
37 v: abl. of means, from vs

36
11e. Tarquinius Superbus

atque adiuvre Gabns adversus eum pollicns. Benign Gabns

exceptus in cnsilia pblica adhibtur, et dnique dux legitur.
Proelia parva inter Rmam Gabisque facta sunt, quibus Gabn
superirs erant. Gabn Sex. Tarquinium dn derum sibi
missum esse ducem crdidrunt. 45
Inde Sextus num ex sus Rmam msit, qu mandta patris
peteret. Rx nihil vce respondit, sed tamquam rem dlberns in
hortum aedium trnsiit, sequente nnti fli; ibi inambulns tacitus
summa papverum capita bacul dicit. Nntius, dfessus
interrogand exspectandque respnsum, redit Gabis remque 50

adhibe, -re, -bu: to admit; apply, employ 1
adiuv (1): to help, assist, 3
adversus, -a, -um: opposite, facing, 4
aedis, -is f.: temple, pl. house, 2
baculum, - n.: staff, 3
benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 2
dfessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, worn, 2
dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw/cast down, 4
dlber (1): to ponder, meditate, 1
dnique: lastly, finally, 2
dnum, - n.: gift, 3
e, re, i (v), itrus: go, 1
excipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take out,
receive, welcome3
exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 2
hortus, - m.: garden, 1
inambul (1): to walk back and forth, 1
interrog (1): to ask, question, 1
mand (1): to entrust, order, give, commit, 4
nihil: nothing, 3
nuntius, -i m.: messenger, 3
papver, -is n.: a poppy (plant) 1
parvus, -a, -um: small, 2
polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 2
respnsum, - n.: an answer, a reply, 1
tacitus, -a, -um: silent, still, 1
tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 4

41 adversus eum: i.e. against the king ducem: as a leader

Gabns: the inhabitants of Gabii
42 exceptus: welcomed; excipi is a common
word for welcoming or receving guests. In
Livy, Sextus claims to have been physically
abused by his father, the king, and the Gabii
feel sympathy and accept him as their own.
dux: predicate
legitur: is chosen
43 facta sunt: The king and Sextus secretly
planned these battles so that Sextus could
win and increase his standing among he
Gabii.
quibus: in; abl. of respect
44 Sex(tum) Tarquiniummissum esse:
that; ind. disc. with pf. passive inf.
dnsibi: as a giftto them; for a gift
for them, a double dative (dat. of purpose,
dat. of interest)
46 ex sus (virs): see the box below
Rmam: locative, place to which
qupeteret: who would; a relative
clause of purpose with impf. subj.
mandta: orders; things ordered
47 vce: by voice, by utterance; i.e. outloud
48 trnsiit: pf. trnse
sequente nnti: abl. abs.
tacitus: silently; As often, an adj. in the
nom. can be translated as an adverb.
49 summa capita: i.e. the poppy flowers at
the top of the stems
dicit: cut down, chopped off
50 interrogand exspectandque: by; abl.
of means with two gerunds (verbal nouns).
Translate each gerund with the English
suffix -ing. The second gerund governs a
direct object, respnsum.

37
11f. Tarquinius Superbus

mram refert. Sextus intellxit quid pater fier vellet. Prncips

igitur cvittis varis crminibus necvit. Rs Gabna, ita spolita,
cnsili auxilique rg Rmn sine certmine grav trditur.
Gabis recepts, Tarquinius ad negtia urbna animum convertit.
Prmum templum in monte Tarpei aedificre ttumque montem 55
Iov ddicre constituit. Hoc templum pater iam ante vverat. Ad
hoc opus fabrs Etrscs et operris ex plbe Rmn sus est.
Plbs etiam ad alia opera trducta fors in Circ fcit Clocamque
Maximam sub terram git, quam etiam nunc vidmus. Mult coln
Signiam Circeisque miss sunt qu praesidia urb essent. 60

aedific (1): make a building, build, 2
certmen, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 4
Circei, -rum m.: Circeii (town), 1
Circus, - m.: Circus (Maximus), 1
cloca, -ae f.: sewer, ditch, drain 2
colnus, - m.: settler, colonist, 1
convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn (around),
reverse, 4
crmen, crminis n.: crime, 2
ddic (1): to dedicate, consecrate, 1
faber, fabr m.: engineer, 1
fi, fier, factus: become, be done, be made, 1
forus, - m.: benches, seats, bleachers, 1
gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 2
intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to realize,
understand, 1
Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 4
mrus, -a, -um: amazing, wonderful, strange 2
nec (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 2
negtium, i n.: task, business, occupation, 2
nunc: now, at present, 2
operrius, -i m.: laborer, worker, 1
opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 4
recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: accept, take
back, 4
refer, -ferre, -tul: to report, bring back, 1
sine: without (abl.), 3
Signia, -ae f.: Signia (town), 1
spoli (1): to despoil, plunder, 4
Tarpeius, -a, -um: Tarpeian, 1
templum, - n.: temple, 3
terra, -ae f.: land, earth, 4
trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: hand over, give, 3
trdc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: lead over, 2
urbnus, -a, -um: of a city, urban, 1
tor, t, sum to use, employ, enjoy (abl.), 2
varius, -a, -um: various, 1
vove, -re, vv, vtum: vow, swear, 2

51 refert: 3rd sg. present, fer is irregular and
lacks a vowel before the 3rd sg. ending
quidvellet: what; an ind. question with
impf. subj. vol, velle
fier: to be done; inf. of fi, an irregular
verb which is commonly employed as the
pres., impf., and fut. passive of faci
52 Rs Gabna: The state of Gabii
53 rg Rmn: dat. ind. obj. 60 Singiam Circeisque: to Signia and
grav: abl. sg., 3rd decl. i-stem adjective has
an - where nouns have an -e.
54 Gabis recepts: abl. abs.
animum: i.e. his attention
55 prmum: first of all; adverbial acc.
in monte Tarpei: A steep cliff face of the
side of the Capitoline hill.
56 Iov: to Jupiter
Ad: for; expressing purpose
57 sus est: pf. deponent tor governs an abl.
object
59 git: dug; drove
Circeii; locative, place to which
quessent: which would; relative
clause of purpose, impf. subj. sums
urb: for; dat. of interest

38
11g. Tarquinius Superbus

Dum haec aguntur, portentum terribile vsum est; anguis ex

column ligne lpsus terrrem fugamque in rgi fcit atque
ipsus rgis pectus nxis crs implvit. Itaque Tarquinius flis,
Titum et Arruntem, Delphs ad clrissimum in terrs rculum
mittere statuit. 65
Comes es additus est L. Inius Brtus, ex Tarquini, sorre
rgis, ntus. Cognmen eius hc mod partum erat; rx es
princips cvittis qus timbat interficere solbat, in quibus
frtrem Brt interfcit. Hic, ut crdlittem rgis vtret, consult 69

anguis, -is m. f.: serpents, snakes, 1
nxius, -a, -um: anxious, 2
Arrns, Arruntis m.: Arruns, 4
cognmen, -minis n.: cognomen, nickname, 4
columna, -ae f.: pillar, column, 1
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 2
consult: deliberately, on purpose, 1
crdlits, -ttis f.: cruelty, crudeness, 2
cra, -ae f.: care, concern, worry, 2
Delph, -rum m.: Delphi, oracle of Apollo, 3
lbor, -lb, -lapsum: slip or slide away, 1
fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 1
imple, -re, -v, impltum: to fill (up), 2
Inius, - m.: Junius, 2
ligneus, -a, -um: of wood, 1
modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4
nascor, nasc, ntus: be born, grow, 4
rculum, - n.: oracle, 3
pectus, pectoris n.: chest; heart, 1
portentum, - n.: omen, portent, 1
sole, -re, -itus sum: be accustomed, 2
soror, sorris f.: sister, 2
Tarquinia, -ae f.: Tarquinia, 1
terra, -ae f.: land, earth, 4
terribilis, -e: terrible, dreadful, 1
terror, terrris m.: terror, fright, 3
time, -re, -u: fear, dread, 1
Titus, - m.: Titus, 1
vt (1): avoid, evade, shun, 1

61 haec: neuter pl. hic; supply things 66 comes: nom. sg.

62 lpsus: A pf. deponent pple is usually
translated having Xed.
63 ipsus rgis: the us ending is a common
gen. sg. ending among pronouns. These
words modify neut. acc. sg. pectus.
64 Delphs: to Delphi, the name of the town
is plural; locative, place to which
65 statuit: decided
es: i.e. to Titus and Arruns
67 eius: gen. sg. from is, ea, id
hc mod: in; abl. of manner
es princips: those; demonstrative
68 in quibus: among whom
69 Hic: i.e. Brutus
utvtret: so thatmight; purpose, impf.
subj.

39
11h. Tarquinius Superbus

stultitiam imittus bona sua rgem spolire passus est neque 70

cognmen Brt recsvit.
Is tum igitur ab Tarquinis ductus est Delphs, ldibrium vrius
quam comes. Tulit tamen dnum Apollin aureum baculum
inclsum in bacul corne, tamquam effigiem ingeni su.
Postquam iuvens Delphs vnrunt patrisque mandta 75
cnfcrunt, staturunt quaerere ex rcul ad quem erum
rgnum esset ventrum.
Vx reddita est: Imperium summum Rmae habbit qu
vestrum prmus, iuvens, mtrem sculbitur. Tarquini, Brtum 79

Apollo, -inis m.: Apollo, 1 neque: and not; neithernor, 4

aureus, -a, -um: gold, golden, 1
baculum, - n.: staff, 3
bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful, 2
cognmen, -minis n.: cognomen, nickname, 4
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 2
corneus, -a, -um: of cornel wood, 1
Delph, -rum m.: Delphi, oracle of Apollo, 3
dnum, - n.: gift, 3
effigis, - f.: likeness, effigy, statue, 1
imitor, imitr, imittum: imitate, copy, 3
incld (1): to shut up, enclose, 1
ingenium, - n.: intellect, talent; character, 3
ldicrum, - n.: game, sport, exhibition, 1
mand (1): to entrust, give, commit, 4
: O, oh (in exclamation), 1
rculum, - n.: oracle, 3
sculor, -r, scultum: to kiss, 3
patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 4
postquam: after, when, 4
quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek,
ask, inquire, 3
recs (1): refuse, give a reason against, 3
redd -ere -did -dditum: give back, return, 2
spoli (1): to despoil, plunder, 4
stultitia, -ae f.: foolishness, folly, 1
tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 4
vrus, -a, -um: true, real, 3
vester, vestra, vestrum: your, yours, 1

70 stultitiam imittus: Brutus pretends that aureumcorne: in apposition to dnum

he is mentally slow and therefore is not a
threat to the king. The nickname Brutus
means dull or dull-witted.
bona sua: his property; his goods, The
neuter pl. bona often carries this meaning.
passus est: allowed; suffered, pf.
deponent patior
72 Delphs: to Delphi, the name of the town
is plural; locative, place to which
ldibriumquam comes: as a.than as
a 79 vestrum: partitive gen.; gen. pl. of vester
vrius: comparative adverb
73 Tulit: pf. from irregular fer, ferre, tul
74 ingeni su: of his own character
75 Delphs: see line 72
mandta: orders; things ordered
76 staturunt: they decided; took a stand
ad quemventrum esset: ind. question,
+ periphastic fut. subjunctive (fut. pple +
impf. subj. of sum). Translate the verb with
the auxiliary verb would.
78 qu: (he) who; the subject of the main
clause is missing and must be supplied
iuvens: vocative, direct address

40
11i. Tarquinius Superbus

contemnents, ips inter s is mtris sculandae Rmae sort 80

permittunt. Brtus, qu ali mod rculum interprettus erat,
cecidit terramque scultus est, sclicet quod ea commnis mter
est omnium mortlium. Redirunt inde iuvens Rmam. 84

cad, -ere, cecid, csum: to fall, 3 rculum, - n.: oracle, 3

commnis, -e: common, 2
contemn, -ere, -temps: despise, scorn, 1
interpretor, -r, : to translate, interpret, 1
modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4
mortlis, -e: mortal, 1
sculor, -r, scultum: to kiss, 3
permitt -ere -ms -missum: send through 1
sclicet (scre licet): of course, no doubt, 1
sors, sortis f.: lot, casting of lots, 1
terra, -ae f.: land, earth, 4

80 is: the right; or the privilege 81 Rmae: at Rome; locative, place where
mtris sculandae: of kissing (their) sort permittunt: entrust to fate; dat. ind.
mother; of the mother (going) to be kissed object
Because of the awkwardness of the raw ali mod: in; abl. of manner
English translation of the gerundive, we quod: because
often apply a gerund-gerundive flip and 83 eaest: this is
convert the noun + gerundive into a gerund 84 redirunt: rede
+ acc. object for a polished translation.

41
12a. The Banishment of Tarquinius

Paul post Rmn, qu iam ddum superbiam Tarquini rgis 1

atque flirum aegr ferbant, ita scelere qudam Sex. Tarquini
concitt sunt ut rgiam familiam in exsilium pellere statuerent.
Tarquinius Colltnus, sorre Tarquini Superb ntus, in
contuberni iuvenum rgirum Ardeae erat; cum forte in lberire 5
convivi coniugem suam nus quisque laudret, placuit experr.
Itaque equs Rmam petunt. rgis nurs in convivi vel lx
dprehendunt. Et inde Colltiam petunt. Lucrtiam, uxrem
Colltn, inter ancills in lanifici offendunt; itaque ea
pudcissima idictur. Ad quam corrumpendum Sex. Tarquinius 10

aegr: with difficulty, wearily, 1 Lucrtia, -iae f.: Lucretia, 3

ancilla, -ae f.: attendant, handmaid, 1
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea, 4
Colltia, -ae f.: Collatia, 2
concit (1): stir up, incite, impel, 2
contubernium, - n.: group of tent-mates, a
common dwelling, 1
convivium, - n.: banquet, feast, 2
corrump, -re, -rp, -ruptum: ruin, 1
dprehend, -ere, -s: seize upon, discover, 1
ddum: a short time ago; just now, once, 1
equus, - m.: horse, 2
experior, -r, expertum: to prove, test, 1
familia, -ae f.: family, household, 1
idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 1
lanificium, - n.: wool-making, 1
laud (1): to praise, glorify, 3
lber, lbera, lberum: free, 3
lxus, - m.: luxury, splendor, 1
nascor, nasc, ntus: be born, grow, 4
nurus, -s f.: young married woman,
daughter-in-law, 1
offend, -ere, -fend: to strike upon, find, 1
paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 4
pell, -ere, pepul, pulsum: drive, beat, 4
placet: it is pleasing, it is resolved, 2
pudcus, -a, -um: modest, chaste, virtuous, 1
quisque, cuiusque: each one, 1
rgius, -a, -um: royal, of the king or queen, 4
scelus, sceleris n.: wickedness, crime, 1
soror, sorris f.: sister, 2
superbia, -ae f.: arrogance, pride 2
superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud, haughty 3
vel: or, eitheror, 1

1 Paul: a little; by a little, dat. of degree
of difference
iam ddum: already for a long time; often
as one word: iamddum
2 ferbant: were enduring
itaconcitt sunt ut: were so stirred
upthat; ita modifies the main verb
scelere qudam: the crime will be revealed
below
3 utstatuerent: that; a result clause
4 sorore: from a sister; abl. of source
5 rigrum: royal; modifies gen. pl. iuvenum
Ardeae: at Ardea; locative, place where
cum forte: when by chance
liberire: rather free, too free; comparative
adj. can suggest excess. The tent-mates
have had too much to drink.
6 nus quisque: each one
placuit: impersonal, pf. placet
7 equs: on horseback; abl. means
Rmam: locative, place to which
8 Colltiam: locative, place to which
9 ea: she; i.e. Lucretia
10 pudcissima: predicate nom. following
idictur
Ad quam corrumpendum: for corrupting
this one; for whom going to be corrupted,
ad + gerundive expresses purpose; Apply a
gerund-gerundive flip and translate the form
as a gerund + acc. dir. object

42
12b. The Banishment of Tarquinius

nocte Colltiam rediit et ire propinquittis in domum Colltn

vnit et in cubiculum Lucrtiae irrpit, pudcitiam expugnvit.
Illa poster di advocts patre et coniuge rem hs verbs
exposuit: Vestgia vir alin, Colltne, in lect sunt tu; cterum
corpus est tantum violtum, animus nsons; mors testis erit. Sed 15
date dexters fdemque haud impne adulter fore. Sex. est
Tarquinius, qu hostis pr hospite prire nocte v armtus mihi
sibique, s vs vir estis, pestiferum hinc abstulit gaudium.
Dant rdine omns fidem; cnsolantur aegram anim vertend
noxam ab coct in auctrem dlict; mentem peccre, nn corpus, 20

adulter, adulteris m. adulterer, 1 hospes, -pitis m.: host, guest, guest-friend 1

advoc (1): to summon, call to, 1
aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, weary, 1
alinus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 3
armtus, -a, -um: armed, 4
auctor, auctris m.: agent, creator, 2
aufer, auferre, abstul, abltus: take away,
carry away, 3
vert, -ere, -vert: turn aside, turn away, 2
cter, -ae, -a: the other, remaining, 2
cg, -ere, -g, -ctum: to collect, compel, 3
Colltia, -ae f.: Collatia, 2
cnsolor, -r, -tum: console, comfort, 1
cubiculum, - n.: bedroom, 1
dlictum, - n.: crime, fault, 1
dexter, -ra, -rum: right (hand); favorable, 2
domus, - f.: house, home, dwelling, 4
expugn (1): to take by storm, capture, 1
fds, e f.: faith, trust, 3
gaudium, -i n.: gladness, joy, 2
haud: by no means, not at all, 3
hinc: from here, hence, 3
impne: with impunity, 1
nsons, -sontis: innocent, guiltless, 1
irrump, -ere, -rup, -ruptum: burst in, 2
lectus, - m.: couch, bed, 1
Lucrtia, -iae f.: Lucretia, 3
mns, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, 2
mors, mortis, f.: death, 3
noxa, -ae f.: harm, injury, 1
rd, rdinis m.: arrangement, order, rank, 1
pecc (1): do wrong, transgress, offend, 2
pestiferus, -a, -um: plague-bearing, 1
posterus, -a, -um: following, next, 2
prior, prius: before, earlier (comp. prmus), 4
propinquits, -ttis f.: kindship, closeness, 1
pudcitia, -ae f.: modesty, chastity, 1
testis, -is m/f: witness, 1
tuus, -a, -um: your, yours, 2
verbum, - n.: word, speech, 4
Vestgium, - n.: footstep, tracks, 1
viol (1): to violate, commit outrage, 4
vs: you, you all, 3

11 nocte: at; abl. of time when haudfore: that it would by no means be

ire: by right of; abl. of cause with impunity for the adulterer; adulter is
12 (et) pudcitiam: asyndeton, add et dat. of interest and fore is an alternative for
13 poster di: on; abl. of time when futrum esse, the fut. act. inf. of sum
advocts patre et coniuge: abl. abs., 17 hostis: as a enemy
14 cterum: but; as for the rest, adv. acc. prire nocte: at; abl. of time when
15 tantum: only; adverbial acc. mihi sibique: from me and (later) from
estvioltum: violtum est, pf. pass. himself, dat. of compound verb abstulit
erit: from sum, esse 19 vertend: by turning the crime; a gerund
16 date dexters fdemque: give pledges and 20 ab coct: from the one forced; PPP
trust that. Right hands are used for pledges. mentem peccrecorpus: that..; ind. disc.

43
12c. The Banishment of Tarquinius

et unde cnsilium fuerit, culpam abesse. Vs, inquit, vderitis,

quid ill dbtur. Ego m ets pecct absolv, supplici nn
lber; nec lla deinde impudca Lucrtiae exempl vvet. S
cultr, quem veste txerat, occdit. Ill in exitium rgum
conirvrunt erumque exsili necem Lucrtiae vindicvrunt. 25
Tum prmum vrum ingenium Brt apertum est. E enim duce
populus irvit s nec Tarquinium nec alium quemquam rgnre
Rmae passrum esse. Brtus inde in castra profectus est, ubi
exercitus Rmnus Ardeam, caput Rutulrum, obsidbat. Tulliam
rgnam dom profugientem omns vir muliersque execrt sunt. 30

absolv, -ere, -solv: set free, acquit, 1
absum, -esse, fu: to be away, be absent, 2
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea, 4
conir (1): to swear together, conspire, 2
culpa, -ae m.: blame, fault; cause, 1
culter, cultr m.: knife, 1
dbe, -re, -u, dbitum: to owe, ought, 1
domus, - f.: house, home, dwelling, 4
ets: even if, although, though, 3
execror, -r, execrtum: to curse, 1
exemplum, - n.: example, 1
exitium, - n.: destruction, 1
impudcus, -a, -um: shameless; lewd, 1
ingenium, - n.: intellect, talent; character, 3
ir (1): to swear (an oath), 1
lber (1): free, liberate, 3
Lucrtia, -iae f.: Lucretia, 3
nex, necis f.: death, violent death, murder, 2
obside, -re, -sd, -sessum: beseige, beset, 4
occd, -ere, occd, occsus: kill, cut down, 3
patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 4
pecc (1): do wrong, transgress, offend, 2
profugi, -re, -v, -tum: flee, escape, 3
quisquam, quae-, quid-: no one, nobody, 1
rgna, -ae f.: queen, 2
Rutulus, - m.: Rutulians, 3
supplicium, -i n.; punishment, supplication, 2
teg, -ere, tex, tectum: to cover, conceal, 1
Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 4
llus, -a, -um: any, 1
unde: whence, from which source, 1
vrus, -a, -um: true, real, 3
vestis, -is f.: clothing, 1
vindic (1): to avenge, punish, 1
vv, -ere, vx, vctum: live, 2
vs: you, you all, 3

21 undefuerit: ind. question with pf.
subj. absum. Translate the verb as you
would a pf. in the indicative
culpam abesse: that; again ind. disc.
Vderitis: May you; optative subjunctive
(subj. of wish); pf. subj.
22 ill: to that one; dat. ind. obj.
ets pecct absolv: abl. abs., ets
indicates that the abs. is concessive
supplici: from; abl. of separation
23 lla impudca (fmina): supply subject
vvet: fut.
24 Illi: those men
in: upon
25 erumque exsili: by their exile; i.e the
royal family
26 prmum: for the first time; adv. acc.
Educe: this one (being) leader; abl .abs.
The subject and predicate are in the
ablative. Supply the missing pple being.
27 spassrum esse: thatwould allow;
ind. disc. with fut. inf. of patior
necnec: neithernor
quemquam: acc. sg. quisquam
28 Rmae: locative, place where
profectus est: pf. deponent proficscor
30 dom: from..; place from which

44
12d. The Banishment of Tarquinius

Ubi nunti hrum rrum in castra perlt sunt, rx Rmam

perrxit. Brtus adventum rgis snsit flexitque viam. Ita edem
fer tempore dverss itineribus Brtus Ardeam, Tarquinius
Rmam vnrunt. Hic ports clauss invnit; Brtum lbertrem
urbis laeta castra accprunt exctque sunt lber rgis; duo patrem 35
sect exuls advnrunt Caere, quae urbs Etrsca erat; Sextus
Tarquinius Gabis, tamquam in suum rgnum, profectus ab
ultribus veterum inirirum qus ipse intulerat interfectus est.
L. Tarquinius Superbus rgnvit anns qunque vgint. Rgnum
Rmae anns ducents quadrgint drverat. Duo cnsuls 40
inde cret sunt, L. Inius Brtus et L. Tarquinius Colltnus.

adveni, -re, -vn: to come to, approach, 1 Inius, - m.: Junius, 2

adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 2
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea, 4
Caere (no gen.) n.: Caere (Etruscan town), 1
dversus, -a, -um: different, contrary, 1
ducent: two-hundred, 1
dr (1): to harden, last, endure, 1
exig, -ere, -g, -actum: drive out; spend, 1
exul, exulis m.: exile, 2
fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4
flect, -ere, flex, flectum: turn, bend, 3
dem, eadem, idem: the same, 2
infer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: bring in, wage, 3
iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 2
inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: come upon,
find, 4
iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 3
laetus, -a, -um: happy, joyful, glad, 3
lber, -rum m.: children, 3
lber (1): free, liberate, 3
nuntius, -i m.: messenger, 3
perfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: bear, endure, 1
perg -ere -rx -rectum: proceed, continue 1
porta, -ae f.: gate, 3
quadrgint: forty, 3
qunque: five, 1
senti, -re, sns, snsum: to feel, perceive, 2
superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud, haughty 3
tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 4
ultor, ultris m.: avenger, 1
veter, vetera, veterum: old, experienced, 2
vgint: twenty, 2

31 Rmam: locative, place to which Caere: at Caere; locative, place where

32 perrxit: pf. perg
edemtempore: abl. of time when,
edem is abl. of dem, eadem, idem
33 itineribus: routes
Ardeam, Rmam: locative, place to which
1 laeta castra: happily the camps; nom. pl.
An adj. in the nom. may be translated as an
adverb.
36 sect: pf. deponent pple sequor; The pf.
deponent is often translated, having Xed.
exuls: as exiles
quae urbs: which city; relative adj.
37 Gabis: locative, place to which
profectus: pf. deponent pple, proficscor
39 anns vgint: for; acc. duration of time
Rgnum: The kingship
40 Rmae: locative, place where
anns ducents quadrginta: for; acc.
of duration of time
41 L. IniusColltnus: nom. in apposition
to cnsuls

45
13a. Horatius Cocles

Tarquinius, ut rgnum reciperet, ad Lartem Porsenam Clsinum 1

rgem fgit. E persusit n rgem Etrscae sanguinis rgn prvr
patertur. Porsena Rmam nfest exercit vnit. Magnus terror
sentum occupvit; ade firma rs Clsna tum erat magnumque
Porsenae nmen. 5
Cum hosts adessent, omns in urbem ex agrs veniunt
urbemque ipsam mniunt praesidis. Alia loca mrs, alia Tiber
obiect, vidbantur tta. Pns Sublicius tamen iter paene hostibus
dedit, n nus vir fuisset, Hortius Cocles, qu forte ad pontem
positus erat. Clsn repentn impet Iniculum cprunt atque 10
inde vlciter ad flmen dcurrbant.

ade: to such a degree, so, 1
adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, (dat.), 1
Cocles, Coclitis m.: Cocles, one-eyed, 4
dcurr, -ere, -cururr: to run down, 1
firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 3
flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 3
Hortius, - m.: Horatius, 4
Iniculum, - n.: Janiculum hill, 3
nfestus, -a, -um: hostile, unsafe, 1
iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 3
Lars, Lartis m.: Lars, 1
mni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 3
mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 3
n (nis): if not, unless, 1
obici, -ere, obic, obiectum: cast in front, 1
occup (1): seize, occupy, 2
paene: almost, nearly, 4
patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 4
prv (1): deprive of, rob, strip from (abl), 2
recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: accept, take
back, 4
repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 1
sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 1
sublicius, -a, -um: on wooden piles, 1
terror, terrris m.: terror, fright, 3
ttus, -a, -um: secure, guarded, safe, 2
vlciter: swiftly, quickly, 1

1 utreciperet: so that; purpose ellipsis in these parallel clauses. Walls

Lartem Porsenam: Lars Porsena
2 E: him; dat. indirect obj.
npatertur: that he; negative ind.
command; patertur is impf. deponent subj.
and Porsenna is the subject
rgn: from; abl. of separation
3 Rmam: locative, place to which
4 ade firma: So strong; the predicates are
placed first for emphasis
rs Clsna: the Clusinian state
5 Porsenae nmen (erat): add linking verb
6 omns: i.e. all the Romans
1 Alia loca mrs (vidbtur tta, et) alia
(loca) Tiber obiect vidbtur tta: some
placesother places; There is considerable
enclose the city of Rome except along the
Tiber river, where the river and riverbank
prevent any enemy from enter.
8 vidbantur: seemed; governs a predicate
adj.
Pns Sublicius: Pons Sublicius; the proper
name for this wooden bridge
iter: a route; i.e. a way in the city
9 nfuisset: if there had not been; plpf.
subj.
forte: by chance; adverb, from fors, fortis
ad: near
10 Iniculum: This hill lies opposite Rome
on the Tiber river. The Pons Sublicius over
the Tiber connects the hill to the city.

46
13b. Horatius Cocles

Cocles, cum sus fugere vdisset, rvit es ut manrent et 12

pontem rescinderent; s impetum hostium, quantum nus posset id
facere, exceptrum esse. Prcessit inde in prmum aditum pontis
ipsque audci turbvit hosts. 15
Dus tamen cum e pudor tenuit, Sp. Larcium et T. Herminium,
ambs clrs genere factsque. Cum hs prmam pugnam paulsper
sustinuit. Deinde es, parv parte pontis relict, cdere in ttum
iussit. Pudor inde commvit Etrscs, et, clmre sublt, undque
in num hostem tla coniciunt. Dnique, ponte paene resciss, 20

aditus, -s m.: entrance, means of approach, 1
amb: both, two together, 2
audcia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 2
cd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: move (away);
withdraw, give up, 2
clmor, clmoris f.: cry, shout, 3
Cocles, Coclitis m.: Cocles, one-eyed, 4
commove, -re, -mv, mtum: move, quantus, -a, -um: how much, how great, 2
disturb, upset, 1
conici, -ere, -ic: throw together, hurl, 2
dnique: lastly, finally, 2
excipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take out,
receive, 3
genus, -eris n.: birth, race; kind, family, 2
Herminius, - m.: Herminius, 1
Larcius, -i m.: Larcius, 1
mane, -re, mans: to stay, wait, wait for, 3
r (1): pray (for), entreat, beseech, 3
paene: almost, nearly, 4
parvus, -a, -um: small, 2
paulisper: a little while, a little, somewhat, 1
prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3
pudor, pudris m.: (sense of) shame, 2
rescind, -ere, -scid, -scissum: cut back, 2
Sp.: Spurius, 1
sustine, -re, u, -tentum: hold up, endure, 3
T.: Titus, 1
toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 1
turb (1): to set into confusion, disturb, 2
ttus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 2
undque: from everywhere, from all sides, 1

12 sus (virs) fugere: that; acc. subj. i.e. facts: in deeds; things having been done
fellow soldiers guarding the bridge Cum hs: with; abl. of accompaniment
ut...rescinderent: that; ind. command 18 parv parterelict: abl. abs.
with impf. subj. governed by rvit cdere: to withdraw
13 sexceptrum esse: that he (himself); in ttum: to safety
ind. disc. with fut. inf. governed by rvit; 19 iussit: pf. iube
Horatius orders the soldiers to act and then clmre sublt: abl. absolute, PPP (pf.
states what he himself will do pass. pple) from toll
13 quantum: for as long as; relative, acc. 20 in: against
duration of time, impf. subj. possum tla: A tlum is usually a projectile and
16 Sp..Herminium: in apposition to dus may be a spear or an arrow depending on
17 genere factsque: inand in; in the context.
respect toin respect to abl. of respect ponteresciss: abl. abs.

47
13c. Horatius Cocles

Cocles armtus in Tiberim dsiluit incolumisque ad sus trnvit.

Grta erg tantam virttem cvits fuit: statua eius in comiti
posita est, et agr quantum n di circumarvit datum est. 23

armtus, -a, -um: armed, 4 grtus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 1

circumar (1): to plow around 1
Cocles, Coclitis m.: Cocles, one-eyed, 4
comitium - n.: comitium, place of assembly 1
dsili -re -silu -sultum: leap/jump down, 1
erg: toward, for (+ acc.), 1
incolumis, -e: unscathed, uninjured, safe 2
quantus, -a, -um: how much, how great, 2
statua, -ae f.: statue, image, 2
trn (1): to swim across, 2
virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4

21 ad sus (virs): supply a noun 23 agr quantumcircumarvit: as much of

22 Grta: predicate adjective, cvits is fem. land as; a relative clause, partitive gen.
sg. nom. subject quantum is an acc. of extent
eius: from is, ea, id n di: within; abl. of time within

48
14a. Mucius Scaevola

Porsena, praesidi in Inicul loct, in rps Tiberis castra

posuit. Cum Gaius Mcius, adulscns nbilis, ad sentum
adiisset, Trnsre Tiberim, inquit, Ptrs, et intrre, s possim,
castra hostium vol. Patrs probvrunt, et Mcius profectus est.
Ibi, cum stipendium militibus Etrscs forte dartur; scrba cum 5
rge pr fer ornt sedbat. Mcius scrbam pr rge occdit et
statim comprehensus est.
Cum rx, percul territus, nis omns insidis contr rgem
aperret, Mcium ign dar iubret, Mcius dextram in ign ad
sacrificium accens posuit. Rx, attonitus, ab sde su prsiluit 10

accend, -ere, -cend, -cnsum: to kindle, 1 mls, mlitis m.: soldier, 4

ade: to such a degree, so, 1
adulscens, -ntis m./f.: youth, 1
attonitus, -a, -um: astonished, stunned, 1
comprehend, -ere, d, -prehensum: to
grasp, seize, 2
contr: against (+ acc.), 4
dexter, -ra, -rum: right (hand); favorable, 2
fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4
Gaius, - m.: Gaius, 1
Iniculum, - n.: Janiculum hill, 3
ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2
insidiae, -rum f.: ambush, 1
intr (1): go into, enter, 1
loc (1): to put, place, 2
nis: if not, unless, 2
occd, -ere, occd, occsus: kill, cut down, 3
orntus, -s m.: adornment, ornament, 1
pr, paris: equal, similar, even, 3
prob (1): approve, 3
prsili, -re, -u: to leap or jump forward, 1
rpa, -ae f.: riverbank, bank, shore, 2
sacrificium, n.: sacrificium, 1
scrba, -ae m.: scribe, secretary, 2
sede, sedre, sd: to sit, sit down; set, 3
statim: immediately, on the spot, at once, 1
stipendium, -i n.: pay; military service, 1
terre, -re, -u, territum: to terrify, scare, 1

1 praesidiloct: abl. abs. is 3rd decl. i-stem abl. sg.

2 adiisset: plpf. subj. ade
3 Ptrs: vocative, direct address
s possim: If I should be able
4 profectus est: pf. deponent proficscor
5 forte: by chance; adv. from fors, fortis
6 prornt: with; abl. of manner; pr
pr: instead of, in place of
9 ign dar: to be given to fire; i.e. to be
burned alive; dat. ind. object
dextram: supply fem. sg. manum
ad: for; expressing purpose

49
14b. Mucius Scaevola

mvrque ab r iuvenem iussit. Porsenna virttem eius mrtus

est et T intactum invioltumque, inquit, hinc dmittam.
Mcium, cui poste cognmen Scaevolae datum est, lgt
Porsenn Rmam sct sunt et ibi condcins pcis tulrunt. 14

mve, -re, -mv, mtum: move away, 1 inviol (1): not violate, not harm, 1
ra, rae f.: altar, 1 mror, -r, mrtus: wonder, be amazed at, 1
cognmen, -minis n.: cognomen, nickname, 4 Scaevola, -ae m.: Scaevola, 1
condicio, -cinis f.: arrangement, state, 1 t: you, 3
dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: dismiss, let go, 2 virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4
hinc: from here, hence, 3
intactus, -a, -um: untouched, 1

11 eius: from is, ea, id : from....; abl. place from which

mrtus est: pf. deponent mror 14 Rmam: locative, place to which
12 dmittam: 1st sg. fut. sct sunt: depondent, sequor
13 cui: to; dat. ind. object tulrunt: pf. fer, ferre, tul

50
15. Cloelia

Porsena flis nbilium Rmnrum inter obsids accpit.

Cloelia virg na ex obsidibus fuit. Cum castra Etrscrum forte
haud procul rp Tiberis locta esset, Cloelia, dux agminis
virginum, inter tla hostium Tiberim trnvit, integrsque omns
Rmam restituit. Quod ubi rg nuntitum est, rx, r incensus, 5
rtrs Rmam msit ad Cloeliam obsidem dposcendam.
Cum Cloelia revnisset, Porsena virttem virginis laudvit et id
facinus supr Coclits Mcisque esse dxit. Tum, eam cum parte
obsidum Rmam rmsit. Pce redintegrt, Rmn novam in
fmin virttem nov genere honris, statu equestr, dnvrunt; 10
in summ Sacr vi fuit posita virgo insidns equ.

agmen, agminis n.: battle line, column, 1
Cloelia, -ae f.: to close, enclose, 4
Cocles, Coclitis m.: Cocles, one-eyed, 4
dposc, -ere, -poposc: demand, ask for, 1
dn (1): to give, bestow, 1
equester, -stris, -stre: equestrian, 1
equus, - m.: horse, 2
facinus, -noris n.: (bad) deed, action; crime, 3
fmina, -ae f.: woman, 1
genus, -eris n.: birth, race; kind, family, 2
haud: by no means, not at all, 3
honor, -ris m.: honor; offering, sacrifice, 3
incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2
insid, -re, -sd: to sit on, 1
integer, -gra, -grum: untouched, unhurt, 3
ra, rae f.: anger, 2
laud (1): to praise, glorify, 3
loc (1): to put, place, 2
obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 4
rtor, is, m.: speaker, orator, 1
procul: from afar, far away, from a distance, 1
redintegr (1): to renew, restore, 1
remitt -ere -ms -missum: to send back 1
restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, 3
reveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come back, 1
rpa, -ae f.: riverbank, bank, shore, 2
sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy, 4
statua, -ae f.: statue, image, 2
supr: above, beyond, 1
trn (1): to swim across, 2
virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4

2 forte: by chance purpose. To avoid an awkward translation,

rp: from; abl. of separation
4 inter tla: among the projectiles; a tlum is
a thrown weapon, either a javelin or an
arrow
5 Rmam: locative, place to which
Quod: this; subject of nuntitum est. In
transitional sentences, Latin prefers a
relative whereas English prefers to employ
a demonstrative.
ubi: when
6 rtrs: i.e. envoys or legates
addposcendam: for; ad + noun +
gerundive (fut. pass. pple) expresses
apply a gerund-gerundive flip and convert
the noun + gerundive into a gerund (-ing)
+ acc. object for a polished translation.
7 id facinusesse: this deed; acc. subj.
8 supr Coclits Mcisque: above the
Cocleses and Muciuses; i.e. above Cocles
and Mucius and everyone of this character
eam: i.e. Cloelia
9 Pce redintegrt: abl. abs.
10 nov genere: with a new type
equestr: abl. 3rd decl. i-stem adjective
11 equ: on; dat. of compound verb

51
16a. The Secession of the Plebs

Prms temporibus re pblicae lberae magna dissnsio orta est 1

inter patrs et plbem propter aes alinum, qu paene tta plbs
prembantur. Crditr enim licbat dbitrem etiam in servittem
dcere. Praetere is reddbtur cnsulibus, qu magistrtus
tantum patribus patbat. 5
Cum iam plbs auxilium cnsulibus postulrent, Latn
equits nunitavrunt Volscs ad urbem oppugnandam venre. Plbs
exultbant gaudi, atque inter s hortbantur n nmina darent. At
nus cnsulibus, plbe convocta, pollicitus est idicia
intermittere quoad mlits in castrs essent; bell cnfect, sentum 10

aes, aeris n.: bronze, 1 mls, mlitis m.: soldier, 4

alinus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 3
convoc (1): to call together, 3
dbitor, dbitris m.: debtor, 1
dissensio, -sinis f.: conflict, dissension, 2
eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 1
exult (1): to leap up (for joy), exult, 1
gaudium, -i n.: gladness, joy, 2
hortor, hortr, horttus: encourage, urge, 1
intermitt, -ere: interrupt, leave off, pause, 1
idicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial, 2
lber, lbera, lberum: free, 3
licet, -re, -uit: is allowed, permitted, 1
oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3
paene: almost, nearly, 4
pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2
polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 2
postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 3
praetere: besides, moreover, 1
prem, -ere, press, pressum: press, check, 1
propter: on account of, because of (acc.) 4
quoad: how far, as far as, as long as, 2
redd -ere -did -dditum: give back, return, 2
servits, servittis, f.: servitude, 1
Volsc, -rum m.: Volscians, Volsci, 3

1 prms temporibus: in the early times
re pblicae lberae: of the free republic;
Following the fall of the kings, the
government was called a republic.
orta est: pf. deponent orior
2 aes alinum: debt; anothers bronze or
anothers money
3 crditr: for; dat. of interest
licbat: it was permitted; impersonal
etiam: even
4 is reddbtur: just was rendered; justice
was given out
qu magistrtus: which office; relative adj.
5 tantum: only; adverbial acc.
patribus: dat. of interest
6 Cumpostulrent: while
7 Volscsvenre: that; the Volsci were a
local Latin tribe hostile to Rome
7 adoppugnandum: for; ad + noun +
gerundive (fut. pass. pple) expresses
purpose. To avoid an awkward translation,
apply a gerund-gerundive flip and convert
the noun + gerundive into a gerund (-ing)
+ acc. object for a polished translation.
8 hortbantur: deponent hortor
ndarent: thatnot; neg. ind. command
governs a subjunctive. The plebs refuse to
register their names and enroll as troops to
help the Roman cause in the war.
9 plbe convoct: abl. abs.
pollicitus est: pf. deponent polliceor
idicia intermittere: that (they); ind.
disc.
idicia: Trials regarding debt and enslaving
plebs would be postponed while the plebs
fought.
10 quoadessent: impf. subj.; in ind. disc.
verbs in subordinate clauses becomes subj

52
16b. Secession of the Plebs

plb cnsultrum esse. E mod plb persusit ut nmina darent.

Volsc alique popul fnitim vict sunt.
Poste tamen is d crdits pecnis crdliter, ut ante, dictum
est. Tandem plbs, cum exercitus, ali bell cort, in arms esset,
dsprt cnsulum sentsque auxili, in Sacrum montem 15
scessrunt. Hic mons trns Aninem flmen est, tria ab urbe mlia
passuum. Patrs arbitrt nllam spem nisi in concordi cvium
reliquam esse, ad plbem msrunt Mennium Agrippam, ipsum
plbeium et plb crum. 19

Agrippa, ae m.: Agrippa, 1 nisi: if not, unless, 2

Ani, Aninis f.: Anio river, 1
arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus: judge, think 1
crus, -a, -um: dear, precious, costly, 1
concordia, -ae f.: concord, harmony, 2
consul, -ere, -u, consultum: to consult, 2
corior, -orr, -ortus sum: to arise, 2
crdlis, -e: cruel, bitter, bloody, 1
dspr (1): to despair of, feel no hope, 1
flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 3
Mennius, - m.: Menenius, 2
mille (pl. mlia): thousand, 2
modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4
nllus, -a, -um: none, no, not any, 2
passus, -s: pace, 1
pecnia, -ae f.: money, 1
plbeius, -a, -um: of the plebs, plebiean, 2
reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 2
sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy, 4
scd, -ere, scess, scessum: to go apart
withdraw, 1
sps, -e f.: hope, 3
tandem: finally, at last, at length, in the end, 3
trns: across, over (acc.), 3
Volsc, -rum m.: Volscians, Volsci, 3

11 sentumconsultrum esse: (and) cnsulum: of the consuls; subjective gen.

that; a second ind. statement governed by
pollicitus est. Translate the fut. inf. in
secondary sequence with would.
e mod: in this; abl. of manner
plb: the plebs; dat. ind. obj. does not
require to or for here.
utdarent: that; ind. command. Once
again, the patrs made these concessions so
that the plebs would register their names
and enlist as soldiers in the army.
13 isdictum est: justice was delivered;
justice was spoken
crdits: lent, borrowed
ut: as, just as; parenthetical remark
14 cumesset: since; causal
ali bell cort: abl. abs., a pf. deponent
pple is often translated having Xed.
15 dsprtoauxili: abl. abs.
pl. modifying auxili
in Sacrum montem: onto Sacred Mount;
Mt. Sacred is a hill outside of Rome
16 tria: three; neuter pl. of trs
mlia passuum: miles; thousands of pace
acc. of extent of space. Often this acc.
follows for, but the preposition is not
needed here. Mlia is neuter pl. of mille,
one thousand. Passuum is a partitive gen.
17 arbitrt: pf. deponent pple. As often this
pple is translated as having Xed.
nllam spemesse: that; ind. disc.
governed by the pple arbitrt.
nisi: except
18 Mennium Agrippam: Menenius Agrippa
plb crum: dear to the plebs; dat. of
reference

53
17. Menenius Agrippa

Mennius hoc narrvisse fertur: lim relinquae parts corporis 1

hmn indignbantur quod su cr, su labre ac ministeri
ventr omnia quaererentur, venter in medi quitus dats
volupttibus fruertur; conirvrunt inde n mans ad s cibum
ferrent, nve s datum cibum acciperet, nve dents cnficerent. 5
Sed dum ventrem fam domre volunt, ipsa membra ttumque
corpus paene perirunt. Inde snsrunt ventris quoque ministerium
haud iners esse.
Ostendit deinde dissnsinem inter parts corporis similem esse
rae plbis in patrs et ita flexit ments hominum. Concordi 10
reconcilit, plb permissum est sus magistrts crere tribns
plbeis, qu auxilium plb adversus cnsuls ferrent.

adversus, -a, -um: opposite, facing, 4 Mennius, - m.: Menenius, 2

cibus, - m.: food, 2
concordia, -ae f.: concord, harmony, 2
conir (1): to swear together, conspire, 2
cra, -ae f.: care, concern, worry, 2
dns, dentis m.: tooth, 1
dissensio, -sinis f.: conflict, dissension, 2
dom (1): to subdue, tame, master, 1
fams, -is f.: hunger, 2
flect, -ere, flex, flectum: turn, bend, 3
fruor, fru, frctum: enjoy (abl.), 1
haud: by no means, not at all, 3
hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 2
hmnus, -a, -um: human, humane, 3
indignor, -r, indigntum: be offended, 1
iners (inertis): idle, indolent, inert, 1
ra, rae f.: anger, 2
labor, -is m.: labor, toil, 1
manus, -s f.: hand, 3
membrum, - n.: limb, member, 1
mns, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, 2
ministerium, - n.: service, office, 2
narr (1): to narrate, relate, 1
nv: or not, and not, nor, 2
lim: once, formerly, 3
s, ris n.: mouth; face, 3
ostend (1): show, display, 4
paene: almost, nearly, 4
pere, -re, peri: to pass away, perish, 2
permitt -ere -ms -missum: send through 1
plbeius, -a, -um: of the plebs, 2
quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek,
ask, inquire, 3
quitus, -a, -um: resting, calm, undisturbed 2
reconcili (1): win back, recover, 1
senti, -re, sns, snsum: to feel, perceive, 2
similis, simile: similar to, like (dat.), 1
venter, ventris m.: belly, 4
volupts, -ttis f.: pleasure, delight, 1

1 hoc: i.e. the following story
fertur: is said; is reported
lim: i.e. once upon a time
2 quodquaererentur: because (as they
say); impf. subj.
su cr (et) su labre ac ministeri: by
their; reflexive suus refers to parts
3 ventr: for; dat. of interest
dts volupttibus: object of fruertur
4 fruertur: impf. deponent subj. fruor,
which governs an abl. object
nferrentnvenve....: thatnot
and thatnotor that not; impf. subj.
Just as que, -ve, or,, is an enclitic.
7 perirunt: pf. per-e, per-re
9 similemrae: similar to the anger
11 permissum est: s; impers.
12 qu: who would; relative of purpose

54
18a. Cincinnatus

Poste, dum tribn imperium cnsulre lgibus dfnre 1

cnantur, L. Qunctius Cincinntus cnsul factus est. Ut
magistrtum iniit, reprehendit et sentum et plbem, quod edem
tribn etiam atque etiam cret cvittem turbrent. Sentus igitur
dcrvit magistrts continur contr rem pblicam esse. 5
Plbs tamen esdem, qus ante, tribns crevrunt. Patrs
quoque, n quid cderent plb, Lcium Qunctium cnsulem
fcrunt. At is, Minim mrum est, inquit, s nihil auctrittis,
patrs cnscrpt, habtis apud plbem. Vs eam minuitis, qu in
continuands magistrtibus plbem imitmini. Ego m contr 10

apud: among, in the presence of (+ acc.), 3
auctrits, -ttis f.: authority, 3
cd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: move (away);
withdraw, give up, concede, 2
Cincinntus, - m.: Cincinnatus, 1
cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, attempt, 3
cnscrb, -ere, -scrps: enroll, register, 1
cnsulris, -e: consular, of a consule, 1
continu (1): to make continuous, relect, 2
contr: against (+ acc.), 4
dcern, ere, crv, crtum: decide, judge, 3
dfni, -re, -v, -tum: to limit, define, 1
dem, eadem, idem: the same, 2
imitor, imitr, imittum: imitate, copy, 3
ine, -re, -, -itum: go into, enter, 2
lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 2
Lcius, - m.: Lucius, 3
minim: least, by no means, not at all, 1
minu, -ere, minu: diminish, ebb, 1
mrus, -a, -um: amazing, wonderful, strange 2
nihil: nothing, 3
reprehend, -ere, -d: blame; hold back, 1
turb (1): to set into confusion, disturb, 2
vs: you, you all, 3

1 dfinre: to limit, to restrain qus ante (crevrunt): just as before;

2 cnsul: predicate nom. after factus est which (they had created) before
Ut: When; as often with the indicative 7 n : so thatnot; neg. purpose + impf.
3 et..et: bothand subj.
quodturbrent: because (as they quid: anything; acc. object. The pronoun
said); quod + subj. offers an explanation quis, quid is indefinite (any, some)
from a characters point of view following s, nisi, num, and n.
edem tribn: nom. pl. dem, eadem, idem 8 fcrunt: made (x) (y); double acc.
4 etiam atque etiam: again and again; a mrum est: it is amazing; impersonal
common expression auctrittis: partitive gen.
5 dcrvit: decreed 9 patrs cnscript: vocative, direct address.
magistrtusesse: that for magistrates to This is a common address for the senators,
be relected is contrary to the republic; i.e. Who are registered/enrolled as members of
The senate tried to prevent the tribumes the senatorial class by the regular census.
from being reelected to office and eam: it; i.e. fem. sg. auctrits
maintaining their power. in continuands magistrtibus: in
magistrts continur: This infinitive and reelecting; noun + gerundive. Apply the
acc. subject are subject of the inf. esse. gerund-gerundive flip for the translation
6 esdemtribns: acc. dem, eadem, idem

55
18b. Cincinnatus

sents cnsultum cnsulem refic nn patiar. Alius igitur cnsul

factus est.
Post paucs anns Aequ exercitum Rmnum mntinibus
clausum obsidbant. Cum hoc Rmam nuntitum esset, L.
Qunctius consens omnium dicttor dictus est. Lgt sent 15
miss eum invnrunt trns Tiberim agrum quattuor igerum
colentem atque in opus intentum. Rogvrunt ut togtus mandta
sents audret. Qunctius admrtus iubet uxrem togam proper
tuguri prferre. Cum, absters sdre, tog vltus prcessisset,
dicttrem eum lgt saltant atque in urbem vocant; qu terror sit 20
in exercit expnunt.

absterge, -ere, -ters, -tersum: wipe away, 1
admror, -r, admrtus: admire, wonder, 1
Aequ, -rum m.: Aequi, Aequians, 1
col, -ere, colu, cultum: cultivate; worship, 2
cnsultum, - n,: resolution, 1
intentus, -a, -um: attentive, intent, 3
inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: come upon,
find, 4
igerum, n.: acre, a juger (2/3 of an acre), 1
mand (1): to entrust, give, commit, 4
mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 1
obside, -re, -sd, -sessum: beseige, beset, 4
opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 4
patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 4
pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 3
prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3
prfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry forward, 3
properus, -a, -um: hasty, quick, rapid, 1
quattuor: four, 3
refici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: make anew,
renew, 1
rog (1): to ask, 1
salt (1): to greet, 1
sdor, -ris m.: sweat, perspiration, 1
terror, terrris m.: terror, fright, 3
toga, -ae f.: toga, 3
togtus, -a, -um: toga-clad, 1
trns: across, over (acc.), 3
tugurium, - n.: hut, cottage, 1
vl (1): to veil, shroud, 1

1 sents consultum: resolution of the 16 trns..colentem: A participial phrase

senate; The senate does not pass laws (lx,
lgis f.) but advice or resolutions which
carry weight because of the authority and
clout of the Romans within the senate.
11 refic: inf. refici
patiar: 1st sg. fut. patior, allow
Alius cnsul: nom. subj. and predicate
14 clausum: closed off (from escape); The
Aequians had surrounded the army and built
fortifications, likely a ditch or wall, to keep
the army from escaping.
Rmam: acc. place to which
15 omnium: subjective gen. with consens
dicttor: predicate nom. after dictus est
modifying eum
quattuor igerum: of four iugera; gen. of
measure
17 utaudret: that; ind. command + inf.
subj.
mandta: orders; things ordered
19 absers sdre: abl. abs.
20 saltant: salute (x) as (y); a double acc.:
acc. direct object and acc. predicate
(eum) vocant: supply a direct object
qu terrorin exercit: what terror;
ind. question + pres. subj. sum; qu is an
interrogative adj.

56
18c. Cincinnatus

Qunctius exercitum obsessum celeriter lbervit et hosts sub 22

iugum msit. Triumphns urbem iniit sextque decim di
dicttram in sex menss acceptam dposuit. 24

celeriter: swiftly, quickly, 3 lber (1): free, liberate, 3

decimus, -a, -um: tenth, 1
dpon, -ere, -posu: put down, deposit, 1
dicttra, -ae f.: dictatorship, 1
ine, -re, -, -itum: go into, enter, 2
iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 2
mensis, -is m.: month, 2
obside, -re, -sd, -sessum: beseige, beset, 4
sex: six, 1
triumph (1): to celebrate a triumph, 2

22 sub iugum msit: sentunder the yoke; streets of Rome and considered one of the
i.e. enslaved them. A iugum is a harness highest honors bestowed on a Roman
used on oxen and the like to compel them to general.
pull a cart or plow. This expression is found sextque decim di: on; abl. of time
in Caesar and elsewhere to describe when when
an army is forced to surrender and reduced 24 in sex menss: for; acc. of duration. The
to slaves. office of dictator lasted half the length of a
23 Triumphns: celebrating a Triumph; A typical consulship.
Triumph is a formal parade through the dposuit: put aside; i.e. relinquished

57
19a. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC

lim lgt ab Clsns Rmam vnrunt auxilium petents 1

adversus Senons, gentem Gallicam. Tum Rmn msrunt
lgts qu monrent Galls n amcs popul Rmn
oppugnrent. Proeli tamen commiss, lgt Rmn contr is
gentium arma cprunt auxiliumque Clsns tulrunt. Gall poste 5
sent Rmn postulvrunt ut pr ire gentium ita violt
lgt Rmn dderentur. Hc negt, exercitus Gallicus Rmam
profectus est.
Rmn, qu nihil ad tantum perculum idneum parvrunt,
apud flmen Alliam supert sunt. Diem qu hoc proelium factum 10

adversus, -a, -um: opposite, facing, 4
Allia, -ae f.: Allia river, 3
amcus, - m.: friend, 2
apud: among, in the presence of (+ acc.), 3
committ, -ere, -ms: commit, entrust, 1
contr: against (+ acc.), 4
dd, -ere: to give over, surrender, 1
flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 3
Gallicus, -a, -um: Gallic, of Gaul, 3
idneus, -a, -um: suitable, appropriate, 1
mone, -re, -u, monitum: to warn,, advise 1
neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 2
nihil: nothing, 3
lim: once, formerly, 3
oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3
postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 3
Senons, -um m.: Senones (Gallic tribe), 1
super (1): to overcome, defeat, 3
viol (1): to violate, commit outrage, 4

1 ab Clsns: from the Clusinians 5 Clsns: dat. ind. object

Rmam: acc., place to which
2 adversus: against + acc.
3 qu monrent: who would; relative of
purpose
noppugnrent: that they not; or not
to neg. indirect command
4 Proelicommiss: abl. abs., committere
proelium, to begin battle, is an indiom
is gentium: the law of nations
tulrunt: pf. fer
6 ut...dderentur: that; ind. command
prviolt: in return for
7 hc negt: abl abs.
8 profectus est: deponent proficscor
9 idneum: modifies nihil not perculum
10 apud: at
qu: on which (day); abl. of time when

58
19b. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC

est Rmn postea Allinsem appellvrunt. Magna pars exercits

incolumis Veis perfgit. Cter Rmam petirunt et n clauss
quidem ports urbis, in arcem Capitoliumque cum coniugibus et
libers s contulrunt.
Gall ingress urbem nmini parcunt, dripiunt incenduntque 15
tcta. Post aliquot dis, testdine fact, impetum in arcem fcrunt.
At Rmn medi fer colle restitrunt atque inde, ex loc
superire impet fact, Galls pepulrunt. Obsidio inde Galls
parta est. Pars exercits Gallic dmissa est ad frmentum
conferendum ex agrs populrum fnitimrum. Hs fortna ipsa 20

aliquot: several, 3 ingredior, -gred, ingressum: step in, enter, 1

Allinsis, -e: of the Allia river, 3
Capitlium, - n.: Capitolium, 3
cter, -ae, -a: the other, remaining, 2
collis, -is m.: town, 3
confer, -ferre: bring together, collect, carry 2
confer, -ferre: bring together, collect, carry 2
dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: dismiss, let go, 2 perfugi, -ere, -fg: flee, take refuge, 2
dripi, -ere, -u, reptus: snatch away, 1
fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4
fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 1
frmentum, - n.: grain, 1
Gallicus, -a, -um: Gallic, of Gaul, 3
incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2
incolumis, -e: unscathed, uninjured, safe 2
lber, -rum m.: children, 3
nm, nllus, nmin, nminem, nll/: no
one, 1
obsidio, -inis f.: seige, blockade, 2
parc, -ere, peperc: spare, refrain (dat), 1
pell, -ere, pepul, pulsum: drive, beat, 4
porta, -ae f.: gate, 3
quidem: indeed, in fact, assuredly, certainly, 3
restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, 3
tctum, - n.: house, shelter, 1
testdo, -tdinis f.: tortoise, 1
Vei, -rum m.: Veii (a town), 3

11 appellvrunt: called (x) (y); a double
acc. with diem and Allinsem (diem)
12 Veis: to Veii; acc. place to which
Cter (mlits): the rest (of the soldiers)
n clauss quidem: not even having been
closed; nquidem, not even emphasizes
the intervening words
1 in arcem Capitoliumque: The two peaks
of the Captioliine hill are the Capitolium,
seat of the temple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus and the arx, citadel, which holds
the treasury in the temple of Juno Moneta
14 s contulrunt: carried themselves; i.e.
hastened
15 ingress urbem: pf. deponent ingredior
16 testdine fact: abl. abs. The tortoise is
a close formation of troops with shields out
on all sides and top to form a shell for
protection from projectiles.
17 medi colle: abl. place where
18 impet fact: abl. abs., ex loc superire
is part of the absolute
19 exercits Gallic: partitive gen.
adconferendum: for; ad + noun +
gerundive expressing purpose. Apply a
gerund-gerundive flip and translate as a
grerund (-ing)

59
19c. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC

dxit Ardeam, ubi Camillus, impertor clrissimus, in exsili

vvbat. Ardets, e duce, castra Gallrum nocte oppugnant et
solts somn trucdant. Veis interim nn animi slum in dis sed
etiam vrs crescbant.
Nam praeter Rmns, qu ex pugn Allins e perfgerant, 25
voluntri ex Lati convenibant. H iam constiturunt Rmam
hostibus lberre. Omnibus placuit Camillum arcess, sed ante
sentum cnsul. Ad eam rem Pontius Cominius, audx iuvenis,
sublevtus cortice secund Tiber ad urbem dfertur. Sent
probante, Camillus dicttor dictus est. 30

Allinsis, -e: of the Allia river, 3 lber (1): free, liberate, 3

arcess, -ere, -v, -itum: summon, call, 1
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea, 4
Ardets, -ium m.: people of Ardea, 1
audx (audcis): bold, daring, 1
Camillus, - m.: Camillus, 4
Cominius, -i m.: Cominius, 1
conveni -re -vn -ventus: come together, 3
consul, -ere, -u, consultum: to consult, 2
cortex, corticis m.: bark, 1
cresc, -ere, crv, crtum: grow, increase, 4
dfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry away/off, 2
impertor, -ris m.: commander, 1
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 3
Lati, -nis f.: Latium, 2
oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3
perfugi, -ere, -fg: flee, take refuge, 2
placet: it is pleasing, it is resolved, 2
Pontius, -i m.: Pontius, 1
praeter: except, besides, 1
prob (1): approve, 3
secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 3
solv, -ere, solv, soltum: loosen; relax, 1
somnus, - m.: sleep, 2
sublev (1): to lift up, hold up, support, 1
trucd (1): slaughter, massacre, 1
Vei, -rum m.: Veii (a town), 3
vv, -ere, vx, vctum: live, 2
voluntrius, -a, -um: voluntary, 1

21 Ardeam: acc. place to which Rmam: obj. of lberre

ubi: where
22 e duce: this one (being) leader; abl. abs.,
subj. and obj. in ablative, supply being
nocte: at; abl. of time when
23 (ills) solts somn: those; Camillus
and his troops killes as the enemy slept
Veis: at Veii; locative, place where
nn anim slumsed etiam vrs: not
only their spirits but their strength; nom.
pl., vrs is the plural of irregular vs
in dis: day by day; over the days
24 Allins: i-stem abl. modifies pugn
25 e: there; adv. equiv. to to that (place)
26 voluntri: volunteers; they voluntary
hostibus: abl. of separation
27 placuit: pf. of placet
Camillum arcesssenttum cnsul:
thatbut that; subject of placuit, both
infinitives are pass.
28 Ad: for; expressing purpose, eam is a
demonstrative adj. modifying rem
29 cortic: abl. means, i.e. raft of bark
secund Tiber: the Tiber (being)
favorable; i.e. downstream; abl. abs., supply
the pple being
dfertur: is said; is reported
Sent probante: abl. abs.
30 dictus est: was appointed

60
19d. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC

Interim arx Rmae Capitliumque in ingent percul furunt.

Nocte enim Gall, praemiss mlite qu viam temptret, tant
silenti in summum vsrunt ut nn slum custds fallerent, sed
n cans quidem excitrent. nsers autem nn fefellrunt, qu
avs Innis sacrae erant. Nam M. Mnlius, vir bell gregius, 35
clangre erum lrumque crepit excittus, dicit Gallum qu
iam in summ constiterat. Iamque ali Rmn tls saxsque hosts
prpellunt, ttaque acis Gallrum praeceps dfertur.
Sed fams iam utrumque exercitum urgbat, Galls pestilentia
etiam. Diem ex di Rmn frustr auxilium ab dicttre 40

acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 4
la, -ae f.: wing, 1
nser, -eris m.: goose, 1
autem: however, moreover, 1
avis, avis f.: bird, 1
canis, -is m. f.: dog, 1
Capitlium, - n.: Capitolium, 3
clangor, -ris m.: noise, 1
crepitus, -s m.: rattle, clatter, rustling, 1
custs, custdis m.: guard, doorkeeper, 1
dfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry away, 1
dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw/cast down, 4
gregius, -a, -um: excellent, outstanding, 1
vad, -ere, vs, vsum: go out, escape, 1 saxum, sax n.: rock, 1
excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 4
fall, -ere, fefell, falsum: deceive, cheat, 3
fams, -is f.: hunger, 2
frustr: in vain, for nothing, 1
ingns (ingentis): huge, immense, vast, 1
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 3
In, -nis m.: Juno, 1
M.: Marcus, 1
Mnlius, - m.: Manlius, 1
mls, mlitis m.: soldier, 4
pestilentia, -ae f.: plague, pestilence, 1
praeceps, praecipitis adj.: headlong, fast, 1
praemitt, -ere: send forward, send ahead, 1
prpell, -ere, pepul, pulsum: drive back, 1
quidem: indeed, in fact, assuredly, certainly, 3
sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy, 4
silentium, -i n.: silence, 1
tempt (1): attempt, test; attack, 2
urge, -ere, urs: press, urge, distress, 1

32 Nocte: abl. time when 34 nquidem: not even; emphasizes the

praemiss mlite: abl. abs. Although abl.
sg. mlite is a unit of troops as is clear
from the 3rd pl. verbs that follow
qu temptret: who would; relative
clause of purpose. The soldier was trying to
find a way to climb the hill and avoid the
gates fortified by the Romans.
tant silenti: withabl. of manner
33 in summum (montem): supply the noun
utfallerent: that; result clause
nn slumsed: not onlybut
intervening word
nsers: acc. pl., the enemy is the subject
35 bell: in; in respect to abl. of respect
as often limiting and clarifying an adj.
36 erum: i.e. of the geese
38 dfertur: is carried along
39 utrumque: acc. sg. uterque
pestilentia (urgbat): elipsis, supply
another main verb
40 Diem ex di: Day after day

61
19e. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC

exspectbant. Postrm mille pond aur cum Galls pact sunt ut

obsidinem relinquerent. Huic re, per s turpissimae, indignits
addita est; nam pondera ab Galls allta sunt iniqua. Rmns
recsantibus, gladius Brenn, rge Gallrum, ponder additus est
cum hs verbs, Vae victs. Sed priusquam rs perfecta est, 45
dicttor pervnit auferrque aurum d medi et Galls summvr
iussit. Cum ill dicerent s pacts esse, negat eam pactinem
valre, quae, postquam ipse dicttor cretus esset, iniuss su facta
esset; tum dnuntit Galls ut s ad proelium parent. 49

aufer, auferre, abstul, abltus: take away,
carry away, 3
aurum, - n.: gold, 2
Brennus, - m.: Brennus (Gallic king), 1
dnunti, (1): warn, announce, proclaim, 1
exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 2
indignits, -ttis f.: indignity, outrage, 2
iniquus, -a, -um: unequal, unfair, 1
iniuss: without orders, 3
mille (pl. mlia): thousand, 2
neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 2
obsidio, -inis f.: seige, blockade, 2
pacscor, -, pactum: to agree, bargain, 2
pacti, -tinis f.: agreement, bargain, 1
perfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: accomplish,
bring about, 1
perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: to come
through, arrive 1
pondus, ponderis n.: weight, 3
postquam: after, when, 4
postrm: at last, finally, 3
priusquam: before (than), sooner than, 2
recs (1): refuse, give a reason against, 3
summve, -re, -mv: remove, move up, 1
turpis, turpe: ugly, shameful, 1
Vae: woe, 1
vale, -re, u: be strong, fare well, be able, 1
verbum, - n.: word, speech, 4

41 mille pond aur: 1000 in weight of gold; of interest, PPP of vinc, vincere
i.e 1000 pounds of gold; abl. of respect and 47 iussit: pf. iube
gen. of material ill: those; i.e. the Gauls
pact sunt: pf. deponent pacscor, the s pacts esse: that they had agreed; the
Romans are the understood subject acc. subj. refers to the Gauls, the subject, as
utrelinquerent: so that; purpose well as the Romans
43 Huic re, per s turpissimae: to this negat: (Camillus) denies that; or says
matter, in itself most shameful; dat. ind. obj. thatnot
pondera: i.e. the weights that the Gauls 48 quae: which; the antecedent is fem. sg.
brought to serve as standards as they pactinem
measured the gold on the scales. iniuss su: without his order
Rmns recsantibus: abl. abs. 49 utparent: that; ind. command with
44 ponder: to the weight; dat. ind. obj. pres. subj. of par, parre
45 Vae victs: Woe to the vanquished; a ad: for; expressing purpose
famous expression: an interjection and dat.

62
19f. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC

Gall et in urbe et alter proeli vi Gabn supert sunt. 50

Dicttor triumphns in urbem rediit; Rmulus ac parens patriae
conditorque alter urbis" appellbtur. Deinde servtam in bell
patriam iterum in pce servvit. Cum enim tribn plebem
agitrent ut, relicts Rmae ruins, Veis migrrent, Camillus
rtine cr cvibus persusit ut Rman restituerent. Centuri 55
quoque populum mvit vce opportn miss, qu cum cohortibus
forum trnsins clmvit: Signum statue, signifer, hc manbimus
optim. Qu vce audt, et sentus Cri gressus men
accipere s conclmvit, et plbs circumfsa probvrunt. 59

cer, cris, cre: sharp; fierce, keen, 1
agit (1): to drive, impel, 1
Camillus, - m.: Camillus, 4
centurio, -inis m.: centurion, 1
circumfund -ere -fd -fsus: pour around 1
clm (1): to cry, shout out, 4
cohors, cohortis m.: cohort (army division), 1
conclam (1): cry out together, shout, 1
conditor, -toris m.: founder, 1
gredior, -, -gressus: go out, disembark, 1
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: send out, 1
forum, - n.: forum, 4
hc: here, 1
iterum: again, a second time, 1
mane, -re, mans: to stay, wait, wait for, 3
migr (1): to travel, migrate, 3
move, -re, -v, mtum: to move, arouse, 3
men, minis n.: omen, 1
opportnus, -a, -um: suitable, convenient, 1
optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 3
rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 2
parens, -rentis m.: parent, ancestor, 3
patria, -ae f.: fatherland, country, 2
prob (1): approve, 3
restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, 3
ruina, -ae f.: ruins, downfall, 1
serv (1): save, keep, preserve, 3
signifer, - m.: standard bearer, 1
signum, - n.: sign, signal; standard, 3
super (1): to overcome, defeat, 3
triumph (1): celebrate a triumph, be
triumphant, 2
Vei, -rum m.: Veii (a town), 3

50 etet (in): bothand 57 trnsins: nom. sg. pres. pple. trnse

vi Gabn: on the road to Gabii Signum: the standard; i.e. the military
51 appellbtur: he was named; all of the standard, a long wood staff with insignia
nom. predicate forms in quotation marks are that soldiers used as a guide to form under
honorific titles the correct units.
54 utmigrrent: that they; i.e. the plebs, statue: set up; make stand, sg. imperative
ind. command hc: here; an adverb
relictsruns: abl. abs. 58 optim: best; superlative adv.
Veis: to Veii; acc. place to which qu vce audt: this utterance; abl.
55 rtine cr: abl. of means abs. which utterance In transitions,
cvibus: dat. ind. obj. of persusit Latin prefers a relative where English
utrestituerent: that; ind. command prefers a demonstrative.
56 vce..miss: abl. abs. The centurion was etet: bothand
making an off-hand remark that was heard 59 accipere s: that they; s is acc. subject
by others and taken to be an ominous sign. circumfsa: having encircled
opportun: adverb

63