Biomolecules

What are they?

Why do we need them?
 Types of Biomolecules
Carbohydrates a il.c
om)
gm
@

06
Lipids hs
han
dily
a0

his
(as
Proteins ha
ndi l ya

hS
his

s
rA
Nucleic Acids a l i sed
fo

rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
 Monomers
Simplest unit of a biomolecule that makes a il.c
om)
gm
@
up larger forms of the biomolecule an
dily
a0
06

h
hs
his
For example: simple sugars join together to ha
ndi l ya (as

hS
make starches forA
shis

l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
 Polymers
Larger biomolecules that are made up of a il.c
om)
gm
@
monomers an
dily
a0
06

h
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
 Carbohydrates
Used for
immediate energy
m)
If a human has too much, gm
ail.c
o

6@
00
glucose is stored in two a nd
ily a
sh
ways: liver converts l ya (as
hi sh

di
sugars to glycogen; h ish
Sh an

As
or
and, also stored as fat rsonalised
f

e
is p
Monomers called ocumen t

d
monosaccharides:This
glucose, fructose,
galactose
Glucose: Used (slow burning) as
an immediate energy source by
cells (where is energy stored in a
m)

glucose molc?) a0
06
@
gm
a il.c
o

dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
 Glucose combines together to
form polysaccharides, a polymer
(starch)
Cellulose in wood om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
Lipids: monomers: glycerol and fatty
acids
Fats
Oils m)
o
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
l y
Waxes shis
hS
ha
ndi

rA
Biological membranes: rson
a l i sed
fo

pe
t is
cell, nuclear, internal membranes of organelles
o cu
me
n

is d
Th
<small organs within
a eukaryotic cell>
 Why do lipids have SOOOO
much ENERGY?
Because of the many, many, many covalent a il.c
om)
gm
@
bonds in the fatty acids an
dily
a0
06

h
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Solid at room temp:l.com)
ai
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
Liquid at room temp:
 Nucleic Acids: DNA/RNA
Monomers: nucleotides
om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
sed
Polymers are DNA and RNA a l i
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
 Proteins: structure determines
function!
Monomers are amino
acids
om)

20 different types 06
@
gm
a il.c

a0
dily
Differ according to the his
hs
han

a (as
R-group hS
ha
ndi l y

his
R-groups give amino
s
forA
l i sed
a
rson
acids characteristics nt is
pe
me
such ashydrophilic,
Th
is d
o cu

hydrophobic, if it will
make S-S bridges, acid
or basic
So, proteinslets talk about structure
1 primary structure:
amino acid sequence;
polypeptide a il.c
om)
gm
@
2 secondary: folding han
dily
a0
06

hs
his
of polypeptide (H- ndi l ya (as
ha
hS
bonds) forA
shis

l i sed

3 tertiary: folding
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
cu
again Th
is d
o

4 quaternary: 2 or
more polypeptides
held together
 So, proteinslets talk about structure
1 structure: amino
acids covalently
m)
bond together to gm
ail.
c o

6@
produce a peptide. nd
ily a 00
a
sh
Covalent bond that di l ya (as
hish

h an
hold one amino acid As
h ish
S

f or
to another is called a na
l i sed

e rso
peptide bond. e n t is
p

c um
o
is d
Its the peptide bond
T h

to which Biurets
attaches.
 Protein Uses: structure determines
function!
ENZYMES (much om)
il.c
more on this later) a0
06
@
gm
a

dily
Cell membrane a (as
his
hs
han

di l y
receptors shis
hS
ha
n

forA
Cell membrane rson
a l i sed

pe
t is
channels and pumps o cu
me
n

is d
Th
Cell membrane
recognition (id tags)
 Protein Uses: structure determines
function!
Structure: muscles, cytoskeleton, hair
Chemical messengers (hormones) a il.c
om)
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
 UPSC 1995
Which of the followings elements are a il.c
om)
gm
@
presents in all proteins ? an
dily
a0
06

h
hs
his
1.carbons 2.hydrogens ha
ndi l ya (as

hS
his
3.oxygens 4.nitrogens l i sed
forA
s

a
rson
Codes: me
nt is
pe

o cu
is d
(a) 2 and 3Th
(b)1,2and 4
(c)1, 3and 4 (d)1,2,3and 4
 UPSC 1996
1. Fat present below the skin surface in our bodycoacts m)
ail.
as a barrier against: 6@
gm
a 00
(a) loss of heat from the body sh
a nd
ily

hish
(b) loss of essential body fluids dilya(as
n
ha
(c) loss of salts from the bodyAshish S

or
df
(d)entry of harmful micro-organisms o na
lise from the
environment p ers
ti s
m en
u
2. The major component
Th
is d oc of honey is:
(a) glucose (b)sucrose
(c) maltose (d)fructose
 om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
t is
CELL BIOLOGY
Th
is d
o cu
me
n
 om)
a il.c
gm
@
06

Early Scientists Contributions

a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
First a il.c
om)
gm

compound hs
han
dily
a0
06
@

his
(as
light shis
hS
ha
ndi l ya

forA

microscope nt is
pe
rson
a l i sed

me
o cu
is d
Th
 Introduction to Cell Theory
History of Scientists:
1655: Robert Hooke coins the term "cell"
to describe chambers in cork
om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek perfects

dily
han
hs
his
1674: techniques for grinding microscope lens ha
ndi l ya (as

hS
his

to make the first microscope

s
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe

1838: Mathais Schleiden concluded that

nt is
me
o cu
is d
plants are composed of cells
Th

1839: Theodore Schwann concluded that

animals are composed of cells
22
 Cell Theory
Those early scientists did experiments on
living things and developed CELL THEORY
om)
il.c

Main Ideas of Cell Theory

a
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
(as

1) All living things are made of one or more

l ya
ndi
ha
hS
his
cells
s
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
t is

2) Cells are the basic units of structure &

n
me
o cu
is d
Th

function of living things

3) All cells come from existing cells 23

What are cells made of?
Cells are mostly water. The rest of the
present molecules are:
m)
protein
o
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs

nucleic acid
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
rA

carbohydrate
fo
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu

lipid
is d
Th

other
24
What are cells made of?
By elements, a cell is composed of:
om)
il.c

60% hydrogen
a
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs

25% oxygen
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis

10% carbon
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
t is

5% nitrogen
n
me
o cu
is d
Th

25
Special Cell Process:
There are approx. 100 trillion cells in the
human body
m)
100,000,000,000,000 @
gm
a il.c
o

06
a0
dily
Cells need certain substances to stay alive han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA

ANSWER:
ed

QUESTION:
a l i s
rson
is pe
nt

How do they get ume

Osmosis
oc
is d
Th

these substances?
Diffusion
26
Rules of Diffusion & Osmosis
All substances that enter or leave a cell
must cross its surface gm
a il.c
om)

@
06

Small cells function better than large

a0
dily
han
hs
his

cells
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
rA

WHY? because substances do not have

fo
l i sed
a
rson
pe

to travel as far to reach the center of small

nt is
me
o cu
is d

cells
Th

So, the larger the cellthe longer it takes

to cross it 27
Osmosis- the movement of water
across the cell membrane
important because cells are surrounded by
water molecules
m)

the number of H2O molecules inside and

o
a il.c
gm
6@
00

outside the cell must be almost equal.

ily a
a nd
sh
hish
s
i l ya(a

when the molecules are even

nd
ha

Equilibrium- is hS
sh

throughout a space
A
or
e df
lis
o na
rs
is pe
nt
ume
oc

the process of osmosis

is d
Th

allows this balance to

happen
28
Diffusion
Diffusion the movement of particles
from an area of high concentration to an
m)
area of low concentration.
o
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

29
Diffusion Animation

om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

30
 om)
a il.c
gm

Cell Structure Lab

@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
Onion Stained with Iodine
Cell wall cytoplasm
om)
a il.c
gm
Nuclear
y a 00 envelope
6@
ndil
s ha
h
s his
( a
dilya
an
h Sh
his
As
or
df
on
alise nucleolus
ers
t is p
en
chromatin
d o cu
m
is
Th

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr06/09-Eosine.jpg
Cheek Cells Stained with Methyl Blue
Plasma
Membrane
Nucleus
om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
rA
Cytoplasm
il se
df
o
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

http://faculty.kutztown.edu/friehauf/science_outreach/cheek_cells_005.jpg
-nucleus -cytoplasm
m)
-nucleolus -cytoskeleton
o
a il.c
gm
@
06
ilya0

-cell membrane -vacuole

a nd
hsh
s his
i l ya(a
nd
ha
-mitochondria df
o rA
shis
hS
-chloroplast
i se
al
on
-golgi Apparatus -centrioles
rs
pe
nt is
me
cu
is do

-lysosomes -ribosomes
Th

-endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
*Rough ER & Smooth ER
34
 Nucleus
m)
The brain of the cell
o
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his

Controls all of the a (as

di l y
n
ha
hS
cellular activities shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is

DNA is inside the nucleus

me
o cu
is d
Th

35
 Nucleus
CHROMOSOMES- are found inside
the nucleus
carry the information gm
athat il.c
om)

Chromosomes determines whathantraits dily

a 00
6@
a
living thing will a(a have
hs
s his
i l y
nd a
h Sh
his
As
or
df
alise
on
p ers
t is
men
cu
is do
Th

36
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

37
 DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA carries the genetic information of a
cell
om)

Consists of thousands of genes

a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
(as

It specifies everything that is needed for

l ya
ndi
ha
hS
his
the maintenance, function, and replication of
s
forA
l i sed
a

the cell
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

It is made up of 4 different bases:

(A) adenine (C) cytosine
(T) thymine (G) guanine 38
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

39
NUCLEOLUS

om)
a il.c
gm

The dark area in

@
06
a0
dily
han
hs

the nucleus
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
on

Like a tiny
rs
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d

nucleus inside the

Th

nucleus.
40
 CELL MEMBRANE
holds the cell together

keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles gm

a il.c
om)

and the cytoplasm) inside the cell

@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y

controls what goes in and out of the cell

n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
cu

Example: like a big plastic bag with tiny

o
is d
Th

holes in it
41
 How does the cell membrane work?

Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER

om)
a il.c
gm

Bi means two
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha

The layers are made up of molecules called forA

shis
hS

phospholipids
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

**THINK OF a sandwich with two pieces of

bread and some stuffing on the inside
42
Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Each phospholipids
has a HYDROPHOBIC
and HYDROPHILIC om)

end
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

HYDRO = means water

PHOBIC = means afraid
PHILIC = means loving
43
 Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS

One end of the molecule is afraid of

the water and one end loves being in the
water. @
gm
a il.c
om)

06
a0
dily
han
hs

Proteins are stuck inside the membrane

his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
t is

Proteins are across the bilayer and

n
me
o cu
is d
Th

make the holes that let ions and molecules

in and out of the cell
44
 om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

45
 Mitochondria
Mito = Mighty / Power
om)
il.c
The Power-House of the cell
a
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
(as

They break down food molecules so the

l ya
ndi
ha
hS
his

cell has the energy to live

s
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
cu

If a cell needs a lot of energyit will have

o
is d
Th

more mitochondria
46
The Mitochondria structure has three main
parts:

OUTER MEMBRANE:
covers the il.c
om)

mitochondria
a
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
y

INNER MEMBRANE:
di l
n
ha
hS
shis

folds many times to

forA
l i sed
a
rson

increase the surface

pe
nt is
me
o cu

area because
is d
Th

chemical reactions (glycolysis) occur here

Sothe more space it has the more energy it
can create
47
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
also known as the ER

it is an organelle inside the cell that is a il.c

om)

made up of membranes that are in the

gm
@
06
a0
dily

CYTOPLASM of the cell

han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
rA

There are two different

fo
l i sed
a
rson

Rough ER
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Smooth ER Th

48
 Smooth ER

Main function is to collect, maintain & gm

a il.c
om)

transport things
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n

Shaped slightly tubular

ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe

Creates steroids
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients

balanced 49
Rough ER
It has bumps all over it giving it a rough
appearance
om)
a il.c
gm
@

Bumps are called RIBOSOMES

06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
ed

ER collects the proteins (built by the

a l i s
rson
pe
t is

ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them

n
me
o cu
is d
Th

VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches

off a part of its membrane 50
 MOVEMENT of VESICLES

**The vesicle can then move to the Golgi

apparatus or the cell membrane
m)

1) If the vesicle floats to the cella006@

o
a il.c
gm

membrane, the proteins are going shto be sent

ily
a nd
ish

out of the cellor (exocytosis)

h
a (as
di l y
h an
S
hish
As
for
ed

2) If they move to the Golgi Apparatus, the

a l i s
rson
pe
t is

proteins will be used inside the cell

n
me
o cu
is d
Th

51
 om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

52
 om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

EXOCYTOSIS- The release of intracellular

molecules (hormones or proteins)
53
 GOLGI APPARATUS
Also called the Golgi Complex
It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs m)

like a loose stack of pancakes

o
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his

WHAT DOES IT DO? a (as

di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA

1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to l i sed

a
rson

make larger molecules.

pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

2) takes those larger molecules and puts them

into packs called GOLGI VESICLES
54
 om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th
Think about building a model of a ship (that's the
molecule). Then take that model and put it in a
bottle (that's the vesicle). 55
Golgi apparatus

om)
a il.c
gm
@
06
a0
dily
han
hs
his
a (as
di l y
n
ha
hS
shis
forA
l i sed
a
rson
pe
nt is
me
o cu
is d
Th

56
 LYSOSOMES

They combine with the food taken in by the cell

m)

The enzymes in the lysosome bond toa00food &

o
a il.c
gm
6@

digest it (acidic interior)

ily
a nd
sh
hish
s
i l ya(a
nd
ha
hS

Nextsmaller molecules d f are released which

shis
rA o
i se
al
are absorbed by the is p mitochondria
r s on
e
t
en
cum
is do
Th

57
 LYSOSOMES
When an organelle no longer works, the
lysosome will attach itself to it and break it
down like food (kind of like a cannibal)
Chemicals can then be reabsorbed aor il. c o m)

excreted ily a 00
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a nd
hsh
his
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Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it

di l y
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his
breaks open accidentally
A s
d for
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Suicide Sacs
o
p ers
is
e nt
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cu

UV light damages lysosome membrane

d o
T his

The enzymes inside the lysosome spread

throughout the cell and digest it 58
LYSOSOMES
om)
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59
 om)
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Lysosome Animation
Th

60
 VACUOLE

Vacuoles are bubbles that float in the

cell
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Vacuoles are more important to the

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survival of plant cells than they are to

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animal cells
pe
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61
 VACUOLE: STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS
Vacuoles in plants support structure

Vacuoles hold onto things that the cellmail.cmight

om
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needlike a backpack
g
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There are some vacuoles ithat hold onto waste

n
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products, similar tosohaving a big septic tank

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or
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Storing waste products protects the cell from
is
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contamination

62
 VACUOLE CONTD
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So, when there is no waterthe vacuole

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shrinks and the cell wall is the only

hs
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thing holding the plant together.

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63
You will know that a plant's vacuoles are
shrinking when you see the plant begin to
droop over
m)
HOLDING UP THE WALLS 06
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64
 om)
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Turgor Pressure- force exerted by the water forA

l i sed
a
on

entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then

rs
pe
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cu

swells exerting internal force on the cell wall

o
is d
Th

Causes rigidity so the plant my increase

by stacking cells 65