SUPERCAPACITOR

HYDROGEN CAR

Itea3 application

Cocreations.eu

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 table of contents



introduction. P 3

rational funding P 4

The engine........................... P 5

Benefits of itea3. P 7

Marketing analysis P 8

Work packages P 11

Projects commercial aspects. P 13

Consortium P 14

National ROI. P 14

Social effects P 15

Porters value chain P 15

Conclusion P 16

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 Introduction

The purpose of this project is to develop a high quality hydrogen supercapacitor propulsion
system that would be demanded by the consumer car market based on engine demand
statistics.
It is the plan to develop an innovative 550 HP propulsion hydrogen car, the prototype engine
will be fitted with a 120 KW fuel cell and a 1.5 Kw-h supercapacitor. The developed
prototypes know-how and developed patents should be licensed to an exclusive UK car
brand for commercializing a model in the area around London, where 6 hydrogen refueling
stations1 are present, and there 16 hydrogen refueling stations are in total in the UK2. The
innovations relevance is shifting the fuel cell product concept in a higher consumer category
by adding horsepower, adding turbo features, design and the according hydrogen economy
branding. State-of-the-art hydrogen car introductions have included the Hyundai ix35, the
Honda clarity and the Toyota Mirai with a top 152 horsepower and price of 66,000 euros. By
developing an exclusive hydrogen car engine with 400-750 Horsepower; the project intends
to solve the problem of low consumer demand for hydrogen cars compared to electric and
conventional vehicles. Only when the hydrogen car is demanded by consumers, can other
hydrogen economy3 developments start. The innovative R&D development should create a
demand for an exclusive hydrogen car brand, that if developed and imitated by other regional
manufacturers would integrate sustainable decarbonizing transport technologies early on. The
innovation we are proposing could develop a new state-of-the-art engine and business model
for hydrogen cars focusing on exclusive sports cars at a higher price with exclusive features.
The country where-in the first commercially successful hydrogen technology will be
introduced, will generate the build up a range of long terms businesses in knowhow, trade
and technology whom will provide a tax revenue as a return on investment for the initial
national R&D support.


1
Around 6 hydrogen stations
2
https://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Stations/H2Stations.aspx
3
electrical demand management with electrolysis gas grid storage, household oxygen production for internal
use, using a cars fuel cells to for electrical energy supply side grid purposes, new petrol stations, implement
external electrolysis production systems from renewable energies,

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Rational for funding

The projects objective consists of adding a new supercapacitor turbo feature that would
augment total potential horsepower by approximately four, the project would establish new
fuel cell car know how with a commercial application.
The large Asian car manufactures such as Toyota, Hyundai and Honda have started to focus
on introducing commercial hydrogen cars, the large European car market should not be
outcompeted in the hydrogen industry as German and French car manufacturers have
dedicated themselves to electric cars; the hydrogen supercapacitor automobile could be a
real early niche opportunity for UK car brands that would later scale into a large routine
industry.
The national return on investment for supporting the project, will come from new jobs, new
businesses, high technology economy, tax revenues, economic production and international
European expertise.

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 The engine system

A cars fuel cell system reacts instantly to its full capacity, around a full 100 Kw=134HP
standard propulsion power. The fuel cell the cars acceleration potential is rather low at 134
HP, however; it could be upgraded by adding a 0.5 Kw-h supercapacitor to increase the total
horsepower to 350 HP, increasing horsepower potential would simply make the hydrogen car
more commercially attractive4. To kick start the hydrogen industry however it is needed to
introduce an exclusive commercially attractive car with a supercapacitor for acceleration
power, a 1.5 kw-h supercapacitor has the potential output of 400 KW or 536 HP. The
additional 526 HP is however only usable at full power for 12 seconds5, this
however is not a disadvantage since during breaking, the energy is
recuperated to recharge the supercapacitor and going from 0-200 kilometer
per hour should be possible to reach two times consecutively.
In the car there should be turbo bar that shows the charge, usage and recharge of the
supercapacitor. The SC is charged by the fuel cell and can be fully charged
in with the full fuel cell capacity or charged with excess power of
the fuel cell while driving.

An 1 Kw-h Supercapacitor can have an power output of 300 KW6, 2 kw-h supercapacitor
would enable 600 KW power output, weighing 100 kg7 at 5-20 W/Kg - even though
supercapacitors could become lighter using graphene as an electrode material.
An 2 Kw-h would enable an additional maximum power output of 600 KW, with 1 KW
converting to 1.34 Horsepower, calculating to a total potential horsepower 804 horsepower
output capacity8 .

4 see chapter industry analysis

5 400KW><1.5 kw-h= 266 KW -- 3600 seconds/266KW = 13.5 seconds
6 http://energystoragesense.com/supercapacitors/ typical Capacity: Up to 1 kWh: Up to 300 kW
7 2 kw-h sc= 20 watt per kg= 2000watt/20watt = 100kg

However Many university R&D labs are getting around 50 Wh/kg using graphene
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-highest-energy-density-supercapacitor

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The 2 KW-h SC would have a power output that can spin an engine own its own at 600 KW
or 804 horsepower, for 12 seconds9. The 2 Kw-h supercapacitor can spin an engine on its
own at 300 horsepower for 32 seconds 10 in addition to the fuel cells power output capacity.

The fuel cell cars slow acceleration is due to the high KW power output needed during
acceleration, which is limited and constant to the usually 100 Kilowatt or 134 Horsepower
fuel cell. The propulsion power is limited to the power output of the battery or fuel cell11
feeding the max power output Kw into electric engine. Combining the fuel cell car system
with a supercapacitor storage mechanism can increase output substantially when needed
during acceleration. The new Tesla S has an 235 Kw / 315 Hp li-ion maximum power supply,
that enables the model S to reach 100 kmp-h in almost 2.5 seconds,12 therefore there is not
much need to apply an additional supercapacitor bank to an Tesla or other electric car.
However for the hydrogen cars acceleration and driving quality purposes it would be ideal to
place a 0.5-2Kw-h supercapacitor in a hydrogen fuel cell car, perfectly matching the fuel
cells capabilities of 500 km> range, fast refuelling time and durability.

Adding the 2 kilowatt-hour supercapacitor to the ix35 would enable an additional horsepower
output of 600 kilowatt13. An 2 kilowatt-hour supercapacitor in addition to the 75 kilowatt fuel
cell and 2 kilowatt battery has an
maximum power output of 915
Horsepower14 that can spin an DC
engine at 915 horsepower for 12
seconds15, where after the
supercapacitor will need to be
recharged and the car can drive on
its 75 kilowatt fuel cell and 2

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2 kilowatt-hour/600 Kilowatt-hour= 0.003333 hour>< 3600 seconds in an hour= 12 seconds
10
300 horsepower/1.34 conversion rate= 223.88 KW, 2KW-h/223.88= 0.0089><3600= 32 seconds.
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if not combined with a supercapacitor
12
https://www.wired.com/2016/08/tesla-model-s-ludicrous-100-battery-news/
13
1 kilowatt-hour supercapacitor has a maximum power output of 300 kilowatt, 2 kilowatt-
hour supercapacitor would equal 600 kilowatt power output

14
600KW+75KW+8KW=683KW><1.34HP=915HP
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2Kw-h600 KW =300 KW = 1Kw-h (1 hour=3600 seconds)/300KW=6 seconds ><2
SC=12 seconds

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kilowatt-hour remaining battery at a total 111 horsepower. At a more realistic 300 total
horsepower engine the car can drive at 300 horsepower for a total of 51 seconds16.

Benefits of itea3

Itea3 is responsible for negotiating with public authorities to obtain funding, if the project is
accepted by Itea, the project will be provided with the Itea3 label and itea will guide and
negotiate with national public authorities.

16 111KW=189kw/1.34hp=141/2=70.5KW SC at 3600seconds /1KW-h 70.5KW =51 seconds

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 Industry analysis

No large electric or hydrogen car brand has applied a supercapacitor component as a potential
energy turbo application for acceleration purposes. Neither the Tesla model S17, the Toyota
Mirai18 or Hyundai ix3519; report holding an significant supercapacitor bank in their technical
specifications. The Hyundai ix35 holds an 100 KW20 hydrogen fuel cell capacity without
complementary battery, that converts to 134 Horsepower, with a driving range of 594 km,
having an fuel cell hydrogen storage capacity of 5.63 kg, going from 0-100 km in 12.5
seconds.
The Toyota Mirai has an dual powered electric motor with power output of 151 Horse Power,
powered by 114 KW fuel cell generator, consisting of an 5 K.G. hydrogen fuel tank, with an
approximate range of 502 km per fill, with a filling time of 5-3 minutes. The Toyota Mirai
also has fuel cell boost converter 1.6 kw-h Nickel-metal hydride Battery with a maximum
power output of 9 KW. The Toyota Mirai reaches an acceleration of 0-100 Km in 10.1
seconds.
The Tesla S model has an maximum electric power output of 235 KW-Kilowatt, which
converts to 315 horsepower, a range of 375 km, a 60 KW-h battery bank, going from 0-100
km in 5.8 seconds.

Supercapacitors are more expensive than batteries in terms of energy density however
supercapacitors are much cheaper than batteries in terms of power output.
A fuel cell cars horsepower is determined by the electrical power output from its fuel cells
KW power output and the maximum KW from an complementary smaller implemented
battery. In terms of acceleration and horsepower output fuel cell cars are currently
uncompetitive with battery powered cars. Electric cars have a high power output for
acceleration purposes from their large power bank however an hydrogen cars output is
limited to the lower output fuel cell.
The recent development and commercialization of the hydrogen cars has prioritized the cars

17
http://www.guideautoweb.com/en/specifications/tesla/model-s/60/2017/
18
https://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/2016+toyota+mirai+fuel+cell+product.download
19
http://worldwide.hyundai.com/wcm/idc/groups/sgvehiclecontent/@hmc/documents/sitecontent/mdaw/mt
az/~edisp/brochure-ix35fuelcell-2015.pdf
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1.34 horsepower per 1 KW
http://convert-to.com/conversion/power/convert-kw-to-hp.html

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price, long range and effective fuel cell with battery. In terms of acceleration as this
application shows the fuel cell car is outcompeted by the electric car in terms of propulsion
power for technical reasons. In the consumer car market there is a direct relation between the
price consumers are willing to pay for a car and its propulsion power / horsepower output21.

In the past car companies have often branded exclusive cars with exclusive features such as
propulsion power in terms of a sports button, fast acceleration or other turbo booster features.
Exclusive fast cars in a higher price category often place a commercial marketing emphasis
on their capabilities to reach 0-100 Km-h in a few seconds. In advertisement and in movies
the nitro power turbo capabilities also have a commercial aspect that electric and hydrogen
cars can benefit from. For the hydrogen car to be accepted by consumers for its higher price
category it is important commercial aspects such as competitive levels of propulsion power,
acceleration and turbo mechanisms to be integrated in future engines and marketing
campaigns.

21
https://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/vehicles/class/class-S/bodystyle-CPE
https://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/vehicles/class/class-CLA/bodystyle-CPE

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In the diagram above we can see the current Toyota Mirai is on the left side of the linear
correlation between horsepower and price, whereas an hydrogen supercapacitor would be
on the right side of the correlation indicating a higher consumer demand, thereby market and
sales.

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 Work packages

Work package 1 component and partner selection

Supply firm Budget
Electric motor
Supercapacitor
Fuel cell
Control system
Car housing

Work package 2 integrating components for prototyping

Supply firm Budget
Prototyping assembly firm
Software
electronics
Acceleration feature

Work package 3 optimizing prototype

Supply firm Budget
Car testing and analysis
Patent applications

Work package 4 prepare a commercial model

Supply firm Budget
Prepare design
Prepare hydrogen branding
Allocate dealers near
stations

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Work package 5 work with smart cities to introduce hydrogen cars and infrastructure
Supply firm Budget
Smart cities
New car branding
Infrastructure stimulation

The participating consortium should include a car brand that will commercialize the
developed prototype, the consortium will remain active in optimizing the system.

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 Projects commercial aspects

In 2020-2030 several countries are suggesting to allow only hydrogen and electric cars to be
placed on the roads22, electric cars have commercially succeeded due to their simpler
technology, design, branding, li-ion research, higher horsepower and large manufacturer
interest. The hydrogen fuel cell car market has potential in gas grid storage for electrical grid
stabilization, local and infinite production in remote places using electrolysis, solar power,
hydro, wind, geothermal power and natural gas to hydrogen gas conversion.
The hydrogen car itself also has much potential to innovate; currently stored hydrogen gas is
used as fuel; if however, the hydrogen gas would be mixed with a catalyzer23 the quantity
stored can be quadrupled and made safer even though hydrogen cars are safe today due to
strict regulations.

The project should create a competitive advantage for domestic car manufacturers, providing
them with new innovative technologies implementable for commercial purposes. In order to
exploit the projects findings, the developed patents and know how; will be licensed to the
consortium participating car company and the standard long term business model will focus
on optimizing the supercapacitor hydrogen system. The opportunity here-in is to engage early
in introducing new future technologies that have a high consumer appeal. The technology
could also be licensed to other car brands.
The hydrogen car industry needs an exclusive niche car as Tesla launched the industry with
exclusive cars and movie star drivers, however later on today focusing on the larger mid
segment. Once an exclusive hydrogen car is launched with the right branding it has the
potential to launch the hydrogen transport industry that other car manufacturers will be likely
produce similar cars for modeling costumers.

22
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/norway-to-ban-the-sale-of-
all-fossil-fuel-based-cars-by-2025-and-replace-with-electric-vehicles-a7065616.html
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hydrogenious

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 Consortium

In the consortium should be mix of participants, from SME R&D focused businesses to an
large industrial player such as a car brand. The business power in the consortium should
come from working with a large car brand or smaller exclusive car brand who could directly
commercialize the car.
In this point of time the project has several adequate interested parties for the work packages
and further developments.

National ROI

The national coordinator return on investment will arise from an increased revenue,
stimulating innovation and sustainable technologies; in addition to the economic growth and
jobs that initial funding can later on be provided once the product is demanded by consumers
it will also generate governmental revenues.

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 Projects value chain

The consortium should include a car manufacturer that can directly commercialize the
technology, however the consortium group will continue to focus its efforts on developing
new supercapacitor hydrogen cars for different sectors in the market, the value will lay in
the innovations made by the consortium and licensed technology for the manufacturers. The
manufactures in turn thereby need to spend little to develop new cars.

Social effects of the project

By integrating new technologies that emit water and oxygen, air pollution can be reduced,
sustainability improved and new hydrogen electrolysis fuel production processes instigated.
The technological advancement hasnt attracted much consumer interest, this project intends
to focus on branding, design, optimal functioning, high horsepower, exclusive models,
licensing and introduction of future hydrogen cars.

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 Conclusion

Todays conventional urban transport is responsible for about a quarter of the CO2
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emissions, oil dependence, greenhouse gas emissions, local air and noise pollution. The
project will develop synergies with other sustainable objectives such as the competitiveness
of the European automotive industry and could enable the shift from oil production to
offshore electrolysis renewable energy hydrogen gas for transport.25 The commercial
application of the hydrogen car will also enable the integration of more on-land electrolysis
infrastructure systems for demand management purposes.
This project will focus on the most promising technologies to address the full cycle of
deployment in an integrated way that would ensure a rapid employment of the research
results. It will attempt to do this through partnerships with smart cities that already have
hydrogen refueling stations or are intending to build them, in those smart cities increased
branding can be done for the hydrogen car and potentially certain price signals such as no
v.a.t. tax as the hydrogen car is a non-externality as fossil fuels cars are. It is the projects
objective to increase the quality of the commercial hydrogen car and thereby promote the
integration of new clean transport technologies.

24
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52011DC0144
25
offshore wind farms become cheaper and can be further offshore for stronger winds as
they dont need cabling to the towns however can directly produce hydrogen gas at 67%
efficiency, or 1-20 Euros per liter with a market price of 4-20 Euros per litre and costs 50 kw
to produce per liter of hydrogen. This is system is better than direct grid feeding electrical
production as prices dont drop when renewable energy production is high nor does scarce
land have to be used. Other options are desert regions in the world where CSP or PV can
produce electrolysis.

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