satisfactory approach, and an improved estizate, vhich takes account of the mole shape of excitation is (Vickery, 1985), P(2) = P(2) + (6-1) Fy (2) oy ‘here acer Gye) a () a ~ om 7 (2) = — jo Foe Simplified forns of the above equation, valid for excitation of the first mode only have been proposed by Vickery in the paper cited. ‘Considering that the fluctusting drag loads take place at Ewiee the Strouhal frequency, it ss clear that there will bes small second mode contribution to the Toads in the case of most of the chimneys and st is suggested that £q.(6) be slightly modified as, Poa) = PCa) + (1) CF (ape 9 (2) WE © where Pz (z) is the contribution from the second node Simplified expression for G is given by Vickery for the fundamental node of response, in sbove paper A more elaborate proceedure is given in ESDU (1976). A su randoa nunbers has been given by Rusman (1964). ry of 8 probabilistic method, using As stated earlier, the above sinplified analyses 1s aplicable for "well behaved winds". In countries like India and sony Asian countries, where several sechanians produce high winds (Rao, 1985), blind application can lead to gross errors. ‘The first source of such error is the ratio of peak gust to mean hourly wind, As noted by Narasinha and Shrinivasa (1984), the peak to average wind ratio in India ie auch higher than in "well behaved winds", Ie fact, the ratios tend to vary from 2.5 to 3.0 for nearly open terrain as against the value of about 1.5 to 16 quoted for siailer terrains in "vell behaved winds". This will led to # gross underestimation of the actual desiga load in Tadia, if the measured sean hourly vinds are used. There are also reasons to believe that the cyclone/storm influenced high vinds vill have a different mean velocity and turbulence structure (Narahari 220 1083), ‘These observations suggest. th probabitistic equations applicable to the Indian environment can be evolved. It vould seem that till Such data become available, ean hourly winds to be used shoulé be taken as a ratio of the estimated peak 3 second gust (such ae 0.666 times peak gust ins aildly built up terrain), rather than the hReasured mean hourly wind, Even then, force estinates aust be used only as a yuide for the overall assessment of In-line vind load. Te seeus preferable to estizate the loads by the ‘peak three second fost and one or wore other method and decide on the design vind loads on the basis of @ judgement on the most reliable of the estimates. ‘TRANSVERSE EFFECTS OF WIND ‘The most important transverse effect of wind {s ressonant oscillations of the chimaey in a direction transverse to the direction of wind. As in the cage of In-line wind load, one finés that both deterministic and probabilistic models have been developed. Deterministic Analyses of Transverse Wind Load The best known deterministic analyses of the transverse oscillations of the chimney due to geriodic vortex exictation is that given by Runman (1969), following earlier stcies by Scruton (1955). In this study, the forcing function is assumed to be sinusoidal and to te correlated all along the height. These assumptions were no doubt inspired by teats st subcritical Ry on modele in vind tunnel with smooth flow. The Tesponse is also assuned to be sinusoidal. More recintiy, a number of studies Of the son-linear interection between the aerodynamic force and aaplitude of the motion have been Feported (Van oten 1985). Some of the receat data (Van Koten, 19/9) suggest that ansumption of correlated vortex shedding over the top 2/3 height of the chimney can predict acceptable valves for moment and shear Loading. ing fully corre! ‘lations can be fed vortex shedding, a sinple analyses for the to lead to, for Cy = 0.2 and Sy = 0-2, plitude of transverse