I.

Experiment Title : Transition Metal Reaction

II. Date Of Experiment : Wednesday, 10th May 2017 at 07.00 a.m.
III. End Of Experiment : Wednesday, 10th May 2017 at 09.40 a.m.
IV. Purpose :
a. Learn the reactions of transition metal ions.
b. Know the formation of transition metal complex ions.
c. Observe the color change due to changes in the oxidation number of the transition
metal compound.
V. Basic Theory
The transition elements are metallic elements which have an incomplete
electron d or f shell in neutral or cationic state. The transition element consists of 56 of
103 elements. Transition metals are classified in block d, consisting of 3d elements
from Sc to Cu, 4d from Y to Ag, and 5d from Hf to Au, and block f, consisting of
lanthanide elements from La to Lu and actinoid of Ac to Lr. Chemical elements of
block d and block f are very different.
Properties of the Transitional Elements
1. Various of oxidation number
One of the properties of transition metals is to have varied oxidation Number.
Although there are elements that are not transition metals may also have varied
oxidizers example S, N, Cl. But this trait is not common for metals other than
transitions (example group IA and IIA).
2. Typical properties of the transition element:
a. It has various oxidation numbers.
b. Most of the compounds are paramagnetic.
c. Most of the compounds are colored.
d. The transition elements can form complex compounds
In the form of metal generally are:
a. Hard, heat resistant
b. Good heat and electrical conductivity.
c. Inert
 Some exceptions:
a. Copper (Cu) is soft and easy to withdraw
b. Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe): are highly reactive, especially with oxygen,
halogens, sulfur, and other nonmetals (As with carbon and boron)
Physical Properties.
a. At room temperature in the form of solids (except mercury)
b. Has a high boiling point, melting point, high density and strength range.
c. Generally paramagnetic (properties caused by the presence of single
electrons)
General Properties.
A. The radius of the atom decreases from Sc to Zn, this is related to the
increasing electrons in the 3d skin, the greater its core pull force, so the distance of the
electron on the outer shell to the nucleus is smaller. B.
B. Ionization energy tends to increase from Sc to Zn. Although it is slightly
volatile, but generally Ionization Energy (IE) increases from Sc to Zn. If we notice,
there is something unique happening to the electron filling of the transition grid. After
electrons filling in 3s and 3p subshell, filler proceeds to 4s skin indirectly to 3d, so
potassium and calcium are prior to Sc. This has an impact on the graph of the
fluctuating ionisation energy and the difference in the value of the ionization energy
between consecutive atoms is not too large. Because when metals become ions, the
electrons in skin 4s are first ionized.
C. Except for the elements of Cr and Cu, all the transition elements of the fourth
period have electrons in the outer cherry 4s2, whereas in Cr and Cu is 4s1.
Transition metals group have different properties with main group metals. The
transition elements have d or f electron shells are not full in neutral or cation. Transition
metals generally have distinctive properties of metal, hard, good conductors of heat and
electricity and evaporate at high temperatures. One of the highlights during the
transition metal is the ability of transition metals to form coordination compounds.
Moreover, because of complex compounds can form colors. Complex compounds can
be colored because these compounds absorb energy in the visible light region. The
energy absorption use to promotions or electronic transition at the central atom. In the
complex character d1-d9 is a complex that has a color due to an electronic transition in
the d orbitals. When these two molecular orbitals that enable the transition has a main
character d, the transition is called d-d transition. On the d orbitals occurs division or
splitting orbitals will produce two levels, namely energy and t2g eg the octahedral. In
the complex d0 and d10 has a privilege because there are compounds of this complex
that produces color. This is because of the charge transfer transition (Charge Transfer).
Charge transfer transitions are classified on the metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT)
and ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT).
Energy electrons in orbital (n-1) d content is always lower than the energy of
electrons in the orbital ns2, with the exception of a higher stability on the configuration
of the full or half-full. The role of orbital (n-1) d determines the level of oxidation is
varied, the formation of complex compounds, magnetic properties of the species
concerned. Transition element acts as a catalyst either in elemental form or in the form
of complex compounds. The magnetic properties of compounds related to the transition
of electrons in d orbitals unpair. The magnetic properties are divided into two kinds of
diamagnetic and paramagnetic.
The fourth period transition elements generally have valence electrons in the 3d
sub porters who is not fully charged (except for the element zinc (Zn) on group IIB).
This causes the transition elements of the fourth period has some characteristics that
are not owned by the elements - the main group elements, such as magnetic properties,
color ion, the catalytic activity, and the ability to form complex compounds. Transition
elements of the fourth period consists of ten elements, scandium (Sc), Titanium (Ti),
Vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni),
copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). In one period of the left (Sc) to right (Zn),
Electronegativity element is almost the same not binding nor decreased
significantly. In addition, the size of the atom and the ionization energy was also no
significant changes. Therefore, it can be concluded that all the transition elements of
the fourth period have chemical and physical properties are similar. Ha is different from
the main elements that are changing the nature of which is very significant in the period.
The fourth element of the transition period have a level of oxidation (the
oxidation state) were varied. This is caused by the energy level of skin sub 3d and 4s
 are almost the same. Therefore, when the transition element releases electrons in sub
4s skin to form positive ions (cations), the number of electrons in the 3d sub shell will
also be released. Common oxidation number found on each element of the transition
period 4 is +2 and +3. Meanwhile, the highest oxidation number of transition elements
of the fourth period of the element manganese is +7 (4s23d7). Low oxidation
commonly found in ion Cr 3+, Mn 2+,
Fe 2+,
Fe 3+,
Cu +
and Cu 2+,
whereas higher
oxidation found in oxide anions, such as CrO42-, Cr2O72-, and MnO4.
Elements - fourth period transition elements generally form compounds -
colored compound. Here is the color of chlorides of elements - transition elements Mn,
Fe, C, Ni, and Cu in the solid phase.

Colors of the compound transition metal can be explained as follows. In

general, the absorption of light energy by the transition metal compound will cause the
excited electrons of lower energy level to a higher energy level.

A. Compounds coordination
Coordination compounds formed between metal atoms or metal ions and
molecules with one or more pairs of free electrons called ligands. Ligands are
classified by the number of pairs of its donor atoms can be divided into:
Monodentate ligand, ie ligand that donates one pair of free electrons to a metal or
metal ions. Example: NH3, H2O, NO2-, and CN-
Bidentate ligand, ie ligand that donates two pairs of electrons to a metal or metal
ions. Example: etyhlendiamine, NH2CH2CH2NH2.

However, a neutral molecule such as H2O and NH3 and anions such as F, Cl,
Br, CN- can act as ligands. If one or more neutral molecules coordinate with metal
ions will produce a transition metal ion species charged ions are called complex. For
example transition metal ions largely formed ion complex with water molecules when
in an aqueous solution, for example [Co(H2O)6]3+ and [Ni(H2O)6]2+. If one or more
anion coordinate with metal ions, generated complex negatively charged ions, for
example [Co(NO2)6]3- dan [Fe(CN)6]4-.

Most of the transition metal ions to form complex ions with molecules -
molecules of water, when dissolved in water. Compounds - such compound is easily
formed because the water present in excess amounts. But the water is not strong
ligands. The complex is underway substitution reactions, ie water molecules are
replaced by other ligands in sequence. Such reactions are often accompanied by
changes in color of the solution. For example, if the salt of nickel (II) dissolved in the
water will form a complex ion [Ni(H2O)6]2+ green. The addition of concentrated NH3,
the solution's color turns blue as it formed a complex ion [Ni(NH3)6]2+.

In the experiments of transition metal reactions only a few metals are

practicable in the laboratory where they are more abundant and easier to find in nature
than other transition metal elements. The transition metal elements are Cu, Cr, Fe,
Mn, Zn, Ni, Co which are used in salt form and have the most stable oxidation series.

1. Copper (Cu)
Copper is a pink, soft, tough, and tough metal. It fuses at 1038 . Since the
standard electrode potential is positive (+0.34 V) for the Cu / Cu2+ pair), it is
insoluble in hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid, although in the presence
of oxygen it can dissolve slightly.
a. NaOH solution
When added in a Cu salt solution will result in a blue copper (II) hydroxide
precipitate wherein the precipitate is insoluble in the excess reagent.

Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2

2. Iron (Fe)
Iron (II)
Is a shiny white metal, not too hard and slightly reactive and easily oxidized, easy
to react with non-metallic elements such as: halogen, sulfur, phosphor, boron,
carbon and silicon. In addition, the metal is soluble in mineral acids.
 a. NaOH solution
When added in a solution of Fe (II) salt will result in a white precipitate of
iron (II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2, when not present in air at all. This precipitate is
insoluble in excess reagents, but soluble in acids. When exposed to air,
iron(II) hydroxide is rapidly oxidized, resulting in a reddish brown iron (III)
hydroxide. Under ordinary conditions, Fe(OH)2 appears as a dirty green
precipitate with the addition of hydrogen peroxide, it is immediately oxidized
to iron (III) hydroxide.

Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2

4Fe(OH)2 +2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3
2Fe(OH)2 +H2O2 2Fe(OH)3
3. Fe (III)
a. NaOH solution
When added in a Fe(III) salt solution will result in an insoluble red brown
precipitate in excess reagents.

Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3

4. Chromium (Cr)
Chromium is a crystalline metal that is white, not so tough and can be forged with
meaning. It merged in 1765. The metal is soluble in dilute or concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
a. NaOH solution
When added in Cr aqueous solution, chromium (III) hydroxide is produced,
Cr(OH)3.

Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3

This reaction is reversible with slight addition of dissolved acid. In excess
reagents, the precipitate dissolves easily where a tetrahydrochochromat ion
(III) is formed.

Cr(OH)3+ OH- [Cr(OH)4]-

5. Nickel (Ni)
Nickel is a hard silver white metal. Nickel is tough, tough and strong. The metal
is fused at 1445, and it is slightly magnetic.
a. NaOH Solution
When added in Ni salt solution produces a nickel (II) hydroxide green
precipitate, Ni(OH)2.

Ni2+ + 2OH- Ni(OH)2

The precipitate does not dissolve in excess reagents. No precipitate occurs if
and tartrate or citrate, because it is complex.

6. Manganese (Mn)
Manganese is a white gray metal that looks like a cast iron. It fuses approximately
at a temperature of 1250 . It reacts with water to form manganese (II) hydroxide
and hydrogen.
a. NaOH Solution
When added in a solution of Mn salt produces a manganese (II) hydroxide
precipitate, the initial Mn (OH) 2 is white.

Mn2+ + 2OH- Mn(OH)2

The precipitate does not dissolve in excess reagents. The precipitate is rapidly
oxidized when exposed to air, chocolate, when formed with a dioxide
dihydrate, MnO(OH)2.

Mn(OH)2 + H2O2 MnO(OH)2 + 2OH-

7. Cobalt (Co)
Cobalt is a gray metal just like steel, and is slightly magnetic. It fused in 1490 .
The metal is easily dissolved in dilute mineral acids.
a. NaOH Solution
When added in Co salt solution in a cold state precipitates a blue base salt.

Co2+ + OH- + NO3- Co(OH)NO3

 On heating with excessive alkali the base salt is converted to a pink cobalt
(II) hydroxide precipitate
Co(OH)NO3 + OH- Co(OH)2 + NO3-
8. Zink (Zn)
Zink is a bluish-white metal, this metal is quite easy to forge and clay at 110-
150. Zink fuses at 410 and boiling point at 906.
a. NaOH Solution
When added in Zn salt solution produces a precipitate such as white gelatin,
ie zinc (II) hydroxide, Zn (OH)2.

Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2

The precipitate was dissolved in acid

Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ Zn2++ 2H2O

And reagent excess:
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- [Zn(OH)4]2-
So zinc hydroxide is amphoter.

VI. Analyze Data and Explanation

The experiments of transition metal ion reactions aimed at studying transition metal
salt reactions, recognize the formation of transition metal complex ions, observe the
color change due to changes in the oxidation number of the transition metal compound.
Experiment 1. Reaction of some transition metal ions
In this experiment, it aims to study the transition metal salt reactions. The
experiments were performed by reacting the complex salts with NaOH reagents,
ammonia and ammonium thiocyanate. In this experiment, using a transition metal salt
consisting of CrCl3, Mn(SO4), Fe(NH3)2SO4, FeCl3, CoCl2, NiCl2, CuSO4 dan ZnCl2.
1. Reaction with NaOH
In this experiment, a double salt sample consisting of CrCl3, Mn(SO4),
Fe(NH3)2SO4, FeCl3, CoCl2, NiCl2, CuSO4 dan ZnCl2 reacted with 6 drops of NaOH
6M, after observed the change, added excess NaOH 6 M.
a. CrCl3
CrCl3 solution before added NaOH is blackish. After added NaOH 6 M as much
as 6 drops are blackish black and there is precipitate. The reaction is:

CrCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) + 3OH-(aq) [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] (s) + 3Cl-(aq)

Then a solution of excessive NaOH 6 M (6 drops) is formed in green and soluble
precipitate. The reaction is:

[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] (s) + OH-(aq) [Cr(H2O)2(OH)4]-(aq) + H2O(l)

Based on the experiment, the addition of 6 drops of NaOH 6 M resulted in a

white precipitate with a solution of turquoise blue caused by the occurrence of
Cr(OH)3(s) compound where the ions OH- begin to undergo substitution
reactions with ions Cl- and the reaction indicates that the reaction has been to
the product completely. This is in accordance with the theory when CrCl3 added
NaOH will form precipitate according to the following reaction:

Cr3+ (aq) + 3OH- (aq) Cr(OH)3 (s)

The addition of the excess NaOH reagent (6 drops) in the experiment resulted
in a soluble green precipitate caused by the presence of the ion OH- so that the
reaction undergoes an alternating reaction to form a tetrahydrochochromat (III)
or chromite ion (Cr(OH)4)- (aq). This is consistent with the theory that if excess
NaOH is added, the precipitate dissolves according to the reaction:

Cr(OH)3 (s) + OH- (aq) [Cr(OH)4]- (aq)

b. MnSO4

MnSO4 solution before added NaOH is a colorless solution. After added NaOH
6 M as much as 7 drops formed yellow deposits. The reaction is:

Mn(SO4) (aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2OH-(aq) [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + SO42-(aq)

Then added a solution of NaOH 6 M in excess (15 drops) to form a brownish
precipitate.

Based on the experiment, the addition of 7 drops of NaOH 6 M resulted in a

yellow precipitate due to the occurrence of the Mn(OH)2 (s) complex compound
where the OH- ions begin to undergo substitution reactions with the SO42 ions -
and the reaction indicates that the ongoing reaction has gone towards the product
completely. This is in accordance with the theory when Mn (SO4) plus NaOH
will form precipitate according to the following reaction:

Mn2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Mn(OH)2 (s)

The addition of excess NaOH reagent (7 drops) in the experiment resulted in an

insoluble precipitate in exaggerated reagents due to the addition of OH- unable to
cause the reaction to shift to the left. The Ksp Mn(OH)2(s) is larger so that even
if the reagents in the excess add are not able to dissolve the precipitate formed.
This is in accordance with the theory that the precipitate is insoluble with the
addition of excess reagents. The precipitate is rapidly oxidized when exposed to
air, to brown, when manganese dioxide is formed:

Mn(OH)2 (s) + O2 (g) + H2O(l) Mn(H2O)2(s) + H2O(l)

c. Fe(NH3)2SO4
Fe(NH3)2SO4 solution before added NaOH is green (-). After added NaOH
6M as much as 7 drops there are green deposits. The reaction is:
Fe(NH3)2SO4(aq)+ 2OH- [Fe(NH3)4(OH)2](s)

Then added 6 M of NaOH solution excess (7 drops) formed of dark green

precipitate (++) The reaction is:
[Fe(NH3)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) [Fe(NH3)2(OH)4](s)

Based on the experiment, the addition of 7 drops of NaOH resulted in the

green precipitate caused by the occurrence of Fe(OH)2(s) compound in which
the ions OH- begin to experience substitution reactions with ions SO42- and
 the reaction that occurs indicates that the reaction has gone to the product
completely. This is in accordance with the theory when Fe(NH3)2SO4 added
NaOH will form precipitate according to the following reaction:
Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Fe(OH)2 (s)

The addition of excess NaOH reagent (7 drops) in the experiments yielded

green precipitate (++). Based on the theory, the addition of NaOH solution
produces white sludge Fe(OH)2, when there is no air at all. This precipitate is
insoluble in exaggerated reagents, but soluble in acids. When exposed to air,
iron (II) hydroxide is rapidly oxidized, resulting in precipitated iron (III)
hydroxide reddish brown. Under normal conditions Fe(OH)2 appears as a
dirty green precipitate.
Fe2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Fe(OH)2(s)
4Fe(OH)2(s) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) 4Fe(OH)3(s)

d. FeCl3
The solution of FeCl3 before added NaOH 6 M is yellow. After added NaOH
6 M as much as 6 drops formed orange precipitate. The reaction is:
FeCl3 (aq)+ OH- (aq) [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] (s)

Then added an excess 6 M of NaOH solution (6 drops) formed orange

precipitate (++). The reaction is:
[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s) + OH- (aq) [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s)

Based on the experiment, the addition of 6 drops of NaOH resulted in an

orange precipitate caused by the occurrence of Fe(OH)3 (s) compound in
which the ions OH- begin to undergo substitution reactions with ions Cl- and
the reaction indicates that the reaction has gone to the product completely.
This is in accordance with the theory when FeCl3 added NaOH will form
precipitate according to the following reaction:
Fe3+ (aq) + 3OH- (aq) Fe(OH)3 (s)
 The addition of excess NaOH reagent (6 drops) in the experiment resulted in
more orange precipitation. This was due to the presence of excess hydroxide
ions which could shift the chloride ions. Thus it can be said that our
experiments conform to the theory that the Fe(OH)3 precipitate is not soluble
in exaggerated reagents.
e. CoCl2
CoCl2 solution before NaOH added pink. After added NaOH 6 M as much as
7 drops formed a blue precipitate. The reaction is:
CoCl2(aq) + OH-(aq) [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s)

Then added an excess of NaOH 6 M solution (7 drops) formed a blue

precipitate (++). The reaction is:
[Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) [Co(H2O)3(OH)3](s)

Based on the experiment, the addition of 4 drops of NaOH resulted in the blue
precipitate caused by the occurrence of the Co(OH)2(s) compound where the
OH- ions begin to undergo substitution reactions with Cl-ions and the reaction
indicates that the reaction has gone to the product completely. This is in
accordance with the theory when CoCl2 added NaOH will form a blue
precipitate according to the following reaction:
Co2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Co(OH)2 (s)

The addition of excess NaOH reagent (7 drops) in the experiment resulted in

more blue deposits, due to the presence of excess hydroxide ions which could
shift chloride ions. This is consistent with the theory that if additional NaOH
is added, more deposits will be deposited.
f. NiCl2
NiCl2 solution before added NaOH 6 M light green. After added NaOH 6 M
of 6 drops to produce a greenish-green precipitate. The reaction is:
NiCl2(aq) + OH-(aq) [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
 Then added an excess of NaOH 6 M solution (6 drops) formed a green
precipitate. The reaction is:
[Ni(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + OH- (aq) [Ni(H2O)3(OH)3]-(aq)

Based on the experiment, the addition of 6 drops of NaOH resulted in a

turquoise-green precipitate caused by the occurrence of Ni(OH)2(s)
compound where the OH- ions begin to undergo substitution reactions with
Cl- ions and the reaction indicates that the ongoing reaction has been to the
product completely. This is in accordance with the theory when NiCl2 added
NaOH will form precipitate according to the following reaction:
Ni2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Ni(OH)2 (s)

The addition of excess NaOH reagent (6 drops) in the experiment resulted in

more precipitate. This is due to the presence of excess hydroxide ions that can
shift chloride ions. Thus it can be said that our experiments fit the theory that
the precipitate does not dissolve in exaggerated reagents.
g. CuSO4
CuSO4 solution before added NaOH 6 M is blue. After added NaOH 6 M as
much as 7 drops formed blue precipitate. The reaction is:
CuSO4 (aq) + OH- (aq) Cu(OH)2 (s) + SO42- (aq)

Then added an excess of NaOH 6 M solution (7 drops) formed a green

precipitate. The reaction is:
Cu(OH)2(s) + 4OH- (aq) 2Cu(OH)2(s)

Based on the experiment, the addition 7 drops of NaOH resulted in the blue
precipitate caused by the occurrence of Cu(OH)2(s) compound where the OH-
ions started to undergo substitution reactions with SO42- ions and the reaction
that occurred indicated that the reaction had gone to the product completely.
This is in accordance with the theory when CuSO4 plus NaOH will form
precipitate according to the following reaction:
Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Cu(OH)2 (s)
 The addition of excess NaOH reagents (7 drops) in the experiment resulted in
more blue deposits. This is consistent with the theory that if excess NaOH is
added, the precipitate will not dissolve.
h. ZnCl2
ZnCl2 solution before added NaOH 6 M is a colorless solution. After added
NaOH 6 M of 6 drops formed white precipitate. The reaction is:
ZnCl2(aq) + OH- (aq) [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)

Then added an excess of NaOH 6 M solution (6 drops) of soluble precipitate.

The reaction is:
[Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH- (aq) [Zn(H2O)2(OH)4]2-(aq)

Based on the experiment, the addition of 6 drops of NaOH resulted in white

precipitate caused by the occurrence of Zn(OH)2 (s) compound in which the
OH- ions begin to undergo substitution reactions with Cl- ions and the reaction
that occurs indicates that the reaction has gone to the product completely. This
is in accordance with the theory when ZnCl2 added NaOH will form
precipitate according to the following reaction:
Zn2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Zn(OH)2 (s)

The addition of the excess NaOH reagent (6 drops) in the experiment resulted
in a soluble white precipitate caused by the presence of the OH- naming ion
so that the reaction undergoes an alternating reaction resulting in the ion
[Zn(OH)4]2- (aq). This is consistent with the theory that if excess NaOH is
added, the precipitate dissolves according to the reaction:
Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2OH-(aq) [Zn(OH)4]2- (aq)

Experiment 3. Changes in oxidation rate

In this experiment aims to observe the color change due to changes in the
oxidation number of the transition metal compound, such as the change of
Fe2+ to Fe3+, and the change of Cr6+ to Cr3+.
a. Change Fe2+ to Fe3+
1 mL colorless FeSO4 solution was introduced into the test tube. Then a
concentrated HNO3 solution of 3 drops was added. The solution is yellow.
The purpose of this addition is to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ because the
concentrated HNO3 is a strong oxidizer. Heated 1-2 minutes, the solution
is yellow. The purpose of this warming is for the reaction between FeSO4
and concentrated HNO3 to proceed perfectly with the oxidation of Fe2+ to
Fe3+. Then cooled, the solution is yellow. Added 10 drops NaOH 2M,
there is an orange sediment. This addition of NaOH aims to prove whether
Fe2+ is completely oxidized to Fe3+. The FeCl3 solution (containing Fe3+
cations) when reacted with NaOH will give orange precipitate. Reaction:
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
Based on the theory with the presence of concentrated nitric acid causes
Fe2+ to oxidize to Fe3+ a light yellow.
Fe2+ + HNO3 + 3H+ 3Fe3+ + NO(g) + 2H2O
When added NaOH is formed orange precipitate.
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3]

b. Change Cr6+ to Cr3+

The first step introduces 2 mL of orange K2Cr2O7 solution in the test tube.
Then heated to an orange-colored solution and added 1-2 grains of Zn,
there is a gray precipitate. Added 1.5 mL of concentrated HCl, the solution
becomes green and there are bubbles. The concentrated Zn and HCl
functions are as reductants for reducing Cr6+ to Cr3+. The heating function
for Zn grains dissolves perfectly and automatically reduces completely.
In theory, on heating a chromate or dichromate with concentrated
hydrochloric acid there will be a solution containing Cr(III) ions. This
means that at this stage the reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ has occurred. Heated
again, the solution becomes dark green. Then added 15 drops of HNO3,
the solution becomes green. Reaction:
VII. Conclusion
From the experimental results obtained, it can be concluded as follows:
1. The transition metals that form complex compounds have distinctive colors and
there is a precipitate on the compound.
2. The transition metals of Cu (II), Fe (II), Fe (III), Co (II), Cr (III), Ni (II) may form
complex compounds when reacted with some reagents such as Na2EDTA and
compound solutions The complex is a distinctive color but there is also a colorless
solution.
3. Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+ under acidic conditions with the addition of concentrated
HNO3 while Cr6+ can be reduced to Cr3+ under acidic conditions by addition of
HCl.

VIII. References
Anonim. 2013. Laporan Reaksi Ion Logam Transisi. (online)
http://dokumen.tips/search/?q=laporan+reaksi+ion +logam+transisi, access on
Sunday 14th May at 06.00 p.m.
Lee, J.D. 1977. Concise Inorganic Chemistry. USA: Chapman & Hall
Svehla, G.1979. Vogel Buku Teks Analisis Anorganik Kualitatif Makro dan Semimikro.
Terjemahan oleh L. Setyono dan A.H. Pudjaatmaka. Jakarta : PT Kalman Media
Pustaka
Tim Dosen. 2016. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Anorganik III : Unsur-unsur Golongan
Transisi.Surabaya: Jurusan Kimia UNESA
Zahra. 2011. Reaksi Kualitatif Logam-Logam Transisi. (online)
http://fleurazzahra.blogspot.co.id/2011/12/reaksi-kualitatif-logam-logam-
transisi.html, access on Saturday 13th May at 07.00 p.m.