Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Biometrics is relegated to authentication of human being based on their physiological and

behavioral characteristics. To detect person as accurately as possible number of techniques were
proposed but it was found that no biometric method is perfect or accepted globally. To achieve
higher recognition accuracy, to increase population coverage further research is required. There
are various techniques in biometrics to identify an individual, out of various biometric techniques
Ocular biometric has got its own relevance due to the complexity of eye. The abundant texture
present in Iris and blood vessels on retina is widely used in ocular biometrics. Apart from this
feature, another component in the eye has got unique features and that is white region of the eye
sclera.

Sclera recognition is found out to be a best technique to complement previous trades because of
sclera part, Because Sclera areas are highly secured part of an eye, which is impossible to stole.
Identification of a human being by the vessel pattern of the sclera is possible because the vessel
pattern of human beings is very different, and it is unique for every individual. Twins also have
different vessel and this makes it suitable for human identification. Secondly, the vessel pattern
of the person throughout lifetime is stable. Even the vessel patterns of left and right eye of a
person differ from each other. Therefore, this system is best and reliable approach human
identification. This paper organized as follows. Section II covers the background of sclera a
recognition, after that segmentation process is clearly specified after that that we have concluded.

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 IRIS RECOGNITION

Iris recognition is a method of biometric authentication that uses pattern-recognition techniques
based on high resolution Iris images of the eyes of an individual. Pioneer work in iris recognition
was proposed by Daugman . Daugmans algorithm forms the basis of todays commercially used
iris recognition systems. In order to generate the base templates of iris, we have used Masek and
Kovesis algorithm with some necessary alteration and the Image processing toolbox and
GUIDE toolbaox of matlab, to make the GUI based iris recognition system. The algorithm is
based primarily on the methods given by Daugman .The process of identifying and recognizing
people using the IRIS goes through the following steps: Iris image Acquisition, Pre Processing,
Segmentation,Normalization,Feature Extractio,Matching, Decision The iris recognition system
consists of an automatic segmentation system that is based on the Circular Hough transform, and
is able to localise the circular iris and pupil region, occluding eyelids and eyelashes, and
reflections. The extracted iris region was then normalised into a rectangular block with constant
dimensions to account for imaging inconsistencies. Finally, the phase data from 1D Log-Gabor
filters was extracted and quantised to four levels to encode the unique pattern of the iris into a
bit-wise biometric template . The Hamming distance was employed for classification of iris
templates, and two templates were found to match if a test of statistical independence was failed.

2.2 RETINA RECOGNITION

The identification procedure is based on three structural elements of the human eye retina. These
are the optic nerve, the macula and the vascular network. The reason to the selection was given
by the fact that these characteristics remain unchanged through years and degradations are
possible to occur only because of eye diseases, such as glaucoma and retinopathy. Human
interference on the retina vascular network is not an issue at present. Part from the algorithm can
also be used to extract information about blood vessels network in retinal images. This

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

information can be used to grade disease severity or as a part of automated diagnosis of diseases
(Biomedical Systems). The algorithm is based on two critical procedures the first one is the
accurate detection of the optic nerve and the macula. From their location on the retina we extract
information about the size of the retina and its general location on the image matrix. The results
from this procedure will later be used as reference for the placement procedure, which is part of
the first comparison stage of the algorithm. The other critical stage for the algorithm is the
detection of the vascular network. The accuracy at that stage colors the general accuracy of the
algorithm. Thats because the whole identification procedure is based on the detection of the
vascular network branching points. High accuracy at the stage of vascular network detection
delivers high accuracy for branching points detection.

2.3 COLOUR PLANE CONVERSION

All grayscale algorithms utilize the same basic process Get the red, green, and blue values of a
pixel ,use fancy math to turn those numbers into a single gray value ,replace the original red,
green, and blue values with the new gray value.

Gray = (Red + Green + Blue) / 3

Humans do not perceive all colors equally, the average method of grayscale conversion is
inaccurate. Instead of treating red, green, and blue light equally, a good grayscale conversion
will weight each color based on how the human eye perceives it. A common formula in image
processors is:Gray = (Red * 0.3 + Green * 0.59 + Blue * 0.11). Desaturating an image works by
converting an RGB triplet to an HSL triplet, then forcing the saturation to zero. Basically, this takes a
color and converts it to its least-saturated variant. A pixel can be desaturated by finding the midpoint
between the maximum of (R, G, B) and the minimum of (R, G, B), like so:

Gray = ( Max(Red, Green, Blue) + Min(Red, Green, Blue) ) / 2

2.4 EDGE DETECTION

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The image of iris is considered as the input for applying the edge detection techniques. Here first
iris image is filterd by using Gaussian filtering so that noise can be removed and then edge
detection is used to extract the edge points in the characters in the iris images. Four Edge
detection techniques have been analyzed and compared to detect the edgesin the iris image.
Edges of an image are detected using Sobel, Prewitt, Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) and minimum
constructor with lalacian edge detectors(Hybrid). The performance of Hybrid provides better
result than other edge detection techniques for iris image . The improved SSIM measure can be
used for edge detection (Parameterization), modulating of edge tracing outputs and comparison
of edge tracing for real and fake images.

2.5 SEGMENTATION
Segmentation is the most important part in image processing. Fence off an entire image into
several parts which is something more meaningful and easier for further process. These several
parts that are rejoined will cover the entire image. Segmentation may also depend on various
features that are contained in the image. It may be either color or texture.
a)Region Based:
In this technique pixels that are related to an object are grouped for segmentation .The
thresholding technique is bound with region based segmentation. The area that is detected for
segmentation should be closed. Region based segmentation is also termed as Similarity Based
Segmentation . There wont be any gap due to missing edge pixels in this region based
segmentation The boundaries are identified for segmentation. In each and every step at least one
pixel is related to the region and is taken into consideration. After identifying the change in the
color and texture, the edge flow is converted into a vector .From this the edges are detected for
further segmentation.
b) Edge Based
Segmentation can also be done by using edge detection techniques.In this technique the
boundary is identified to segment. Edges are detected to identify the discontinuities in the
image. Edges on the region are traced by identifying the pixel value and it is compared with the
neighboring pixels. For this classification they use both fixed and adaptive feature of Support
Vector Machine (SVM). In this edge based segmentation, there is no need for the detected edges
to be closed.There are various edge detectors that are used to segment the image. Thresholding

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

is the easiest way of segmentation. It is done through that threshold values which are obtained
from the histogram of those edges of the original image . The threshold values are obtained from
the edge detected image. So, if the edge detections are accurate then the threshold too.
Segmentation through thresholding has fewer computations compared to other techniques.
Segmentation is based on his ton. For a particular segment there may be set of pixels which is
termed as his ton. Roughness measure is followed by a thresholding method for image
segmentation. Segmentation is done through adaptive thresholding. The gray level points where
the gradient is high, is then added to thresholding surface for segmentation . The drawback of
this segmentation technique is that it is not suitable for complex images. Segmentation is also
done through Clustering.Theory followed a different procedure, where most of them apply the
technique directly to the image but here the image is converted into histogram and then
clustering is done on it . Pixels of the color image are clustered for segmentation using an
unsupervised technique Fuzzy C. This is applied for ordinary images. If it is a noisy image, it
results to fragmentation . A basic clustering algorithm i.e., K-means is used for segmentation in
textured images. It clusters the related pixels to segment the image. Segmentation is done
through feature clustering and there it will be changed according to the color components .
Segmentation is also purely depending on the characteristics of the image. Features are taken
into account for segmentation. Difference in the intensity and color values are used for
segmentation . For segmentation of color image they use Fuzzy Clustering technique, which
iteratively generates color clusters using Fuzzy membership function in color space regarding to
image space. The technique is successful in identifying the color region . Real time clustering
based segmentation. A Virtual attention region is captured accurately for segmentation. Image is
segmented coarsely by multithresholding .It is then refined by Fuzzy C-Means Clustering. The
advantage is applied to any multispectral images Segmentation approach for region growing is
K-Means Clustering. A Clustering technique for image segmentation is done with cylindrical
decision elements of the color space. The surface is obtained through histogram and is detected
as a cluster by thresholding .Seeded Growing Region (SRG) is used for segmentation. It has a
drawback of pixel sorting for labeling. So, to overcome this boundary oriented parallel pixel
labeling technique is obtained to SRG .

c) Model Based:

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

Markov Random Field (MRF) based segmentation is known as Model based segmentation. An
inbuilt region smoothness constraint is presented in MRF which is used for color segmentation.
Components of the color pixel tuples are considered as independent random variables for further
processing. MRF is combined with edge detection for identifying the edges accurate. MRF has
spatial region smoothness constraint and there are correlations among the color components.
Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm values the parameter is based on unsupervised
operation. Multiresolution based segmented technique named as Narrow Band. It is faster than
the traditional approach. The initial segmentation is performed at coarse resolution and then at
finer resolution. The process moves on in an iterative fashion. The resolution based segmentation
is done only to the part of the image. So, it is fast.
The segmentation may also be done by using Gaussian Markov Random Field (GMRF) where
the spatial dependencies between pixels are considered for the process Gaussian Markov Model
(GMM) based segmentation is used for region growing. The extension of Gaussian Markov
Model(GMM) that detects the region as well as edge cues within the GMM framework. The
feature space is also detected by using this technique. Thus segmentation is done to estimate the
surfaces. Segmentation can be applied to any type of image. Comparing to other methods
thresholding is the simplest and computationally fast.

2.6 MATCHING
Many matching schemes have been proposed and used for previous biometric and pattern
recognition applications. Some historical examples of matching schemes are presented, along
with justification for their use or disuse.
a) Hamming Distance
Hamming distance is a distance measure for binary strings that measures the amount of similarity
between two strings by measuring the number of bits that must be changed to make the two
strings equivalent . It is a common distance metric for biometrics, for instance Daugmans iris
recognition algorithms. However, for this work, it is not used, because the feature vectors used
are not binary.

b) Euclidean Distance

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

Euclidean distance is the distance among two vectors, and is commonly used as a simple metric
for how similar two vectors are. In this work, it is used as the primary measure of how similar
two features are.
c) Spectral Angle Measure
Spectral angle measure is a commonly used measure of similarity in hyper spectral and multiple
spectrum imaging that measures the similarity between hyper spectral signatures.
d) Information Distance
Information distance, or mutual information, is a measure of the dependence between two
random variables, and can also be used as a distance metric for feature vectors.

CHAPTER 3

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

3.1 OVERVIEW ABOUT DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on
digital images. The 2D continuous image is divided into N rows and M columns. The
intersection of a row and a column is called a pixel. The image can also be a function other
variables including depth, color, and time. An image given in the form of a transparency, slide,
photograph or an X-ray is first digitized and stored as a matrix of binary digits in computer
memory. This digitized image can then be processed and/or displayed on a high-resolution
television monitor

The field of Digital Image Processing refers to processing the digital images by means of a
digital computer. In a broader sense, it can be considered as a processing of any two dimensional
data, where any image (optical information) is represented as an array of real or complex
numbers represented by a definite number of bits. An image is represented as a two dimensional
function f(x,y), where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates and the amplitude of f at any
pair of coordinates (x,y) represents the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. A digital
image is one for which both the co-ordinates and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete
quantities. Hence, a digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which has
a particular location value. These elements are called pixels. A digital image is discrete in both
spatial coordinates and brightness and it can be considered as a matrix whose rows and column
indices identify a point on the image and the corresponding matrix element value identifies the
gray level at that point. One of the first applications of digital images was in the newspaper
industry, when pictures were first sent by submarine cable between London and New York.
Introduction of the Bartlane cable picture transmission system in the early 1920s reduced the
time required to transport a picture across the Atlantic from more than a week to less than three
hours

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

In this section, they proposed a sclera segmentation procedure, vein pattern enhancement
method, feature extraction method and finally the feature matching and matching decision. A
typical sclera biometric technique is explained below.

Fig 3.1 Block diagram

Sclera is the white part of the eye. It completely surrounds the eye and made up of for layering of
tissues-the epsclera,stroma, lamina fusca, and endothelium, Structure of blood vessels are quite
visible and stable over time. It is different for each person. Sclera recognition system consists of
four modules sclera segmentation, sclera vessel feature extraction, sclera vessel feature
matching decision.

3.3 SCLERA SEGMENTATION

Segmentation is the first step in sclera recognition. The block diagram of the segmentation
algorithm is shown in Fig. 3.2, which includes estimation of the glare area, iris boundary
detection, estimation of the sclera region in color or grayscale images, and eyelid and iris
boundary detection and refinement in the sclera region estimation step.

Fig 3.2: Block diagram for sclera segmentation

There is a difference between color and grayscale images: The sclera region in a color image is
estimated using the best representation between two colorbased techniques, whereas the sclera
region in a grayscale image is extracted by Otsus threshold method . Pre-processing In image
processing, as we know all the filters are applied to the grayscale image. If the input image to the
system is colored image then it is converted into a grayscale image.

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

3.4 Color Plane Conversion

Any colored image has three dimensions that is, red, green and blue plane. In MATLAB a
binary and grayscale image is represented by one 2-dimensional array. A color image is
represented by a 3-dimensional array (one 2-dimensional array for each of the color planes or
color channels red, green and blue). The origin of the image is in the upper left and the size of
the image is defined by the parameter width (number of columns of the array) and height
(number of rows of the array). Note that the x- and y-coordinates are chosen such that the z-axis
points to the front. If any image from the dataset has green or brown colored iris then it is
necessary to get those color intensities; Hence the colored image is converted into the three
planes using following formulae where 1,2,3 resembles to red, green and blue plane respectively.

R =testing ( : , : , 1) ;

G =testing (: , : , 2) ;

B =testing (: , : , 3) ;

3.3 Red green and blue plane image

3.5 Glare area detection

The glare area detection is the first step to do in the system. Glare area is a white colored bright
area of an eye image. The glare area detection is carried out by brighten the part of eye except
the skin and pupil part. To brighten the required area we have used contrast stretching
mechanism as well as intensity enhancement technique.The glare area is usually a small bright
area of the iris image.Glare inside the pupil or nearby the pupil area can be modeled as a bright
object on a much darker background with sharp edges. However, in some situations, there could
be multiple areas with very bright illumination and unwanted glare areas (glares that are not

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

inside the iris or pupil). For example, in Fig. 3(a) and (b), there are glares on the surface of the
cornea which create challenges for glare detection. A Sobel filter is first applied to highlight
desired glare areas (Fig. 3) For the glares in the sclera or skin areas, the local background is often
brighter than the pupil or iris. Using the Sobel filter, it will not stand out as much as glare in the
desired area. Note that the glare detection method is applied in grayscale images. If the original
image is a color image, a grayscale transformation is applied first

Fig. 3.4 Glare detection approach. (a) Color. (b) Grayscale. (c) Convoluted
images.

3.6 Iris area detection

In this paper, we focus on sclera recognition using frontallooking eyes. To improve the
segmentation speed, the pupil and iris regions are modeled as circular boundaries and typical
circular iris segmentation methods were used .

Fig. 3.5. Iris boundary detection. (a) Finding the start point. (b) Searching along radial
direction
Here, the pupil and iris regions are segmented using a greedy angular search , which is
performed on the edge-detected image and can accurately detect the pupil boundaries regardless
of gaze direction and eyelid/eyelash occlusion. The algorithm searches along the radial direction
at a predefined set of angles to estimate the pupil boundaries and then iteratively maps the
highest edge value along the angular direction for /2 radians for each of these starting angles.

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

3.7 Estimation of Sclera Area

In the estimation of the sclera area, our sclera detection approach uses either color or grayscale
images.
3.7.1 Estimation of Sclera Area in Color Images:
The sclera is a nonskin white area in the eye, and two approaches were used to find potential
sclera areas.
1)Nonskin area: :The sclera area is the nonskin area of the eye region. This allows for simple
heuristics to be used to classify areas in the image as skin or not-skin, and then, a binary
map of the sclera is assumed to be the inverse of the skin.
2)White area of the eye :The sclera area is white and usually brighter than the remaining parts of
the eye in an image. In other words, the sclera area should have low hue (about bottom 1/3), low
saturation (bottom 2/5), and high intensity (top 2/3) in the SV color space. This process is shown
in Fig. 5. Then, the convex hull of the estimated region is calculated.

Fig 3.6 Sclera segmentation fusion

3.7.2 Estimation of Sclera Area in Grayscale Image

In grayscale images, the skin tone approach for color images would not work. We propose an
Otsus methodbased sclera segmentation method. Otsus method is aLinear Discriminant
Analysis-based thresholding method .It assumes that there are two classes in an image,
foreground (object) and background, which can be separated into two classes by intensity. Otsus
method automatically searches for the optimum threshold that can minimize the intraclass
variance while maximizing the between-class distance. The process of sclera area detection has
the following steps (Fig. 6): the region of interest (ROI) selection step, the Otsus method-based

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

thresholding step , and the sclera area detection step. The left and right ROIs are selected based
on the iris center and boundaries. The height of the ROI is the diameter of the iris, and the length
of the ROI is the distance between the limbic boundary and the margin of the image. Otsus
method is applied to the ROIs to obtain potential sclera areas. The correct left sclera area should
be located in the right and center sides, and the correct right sclera area should be located in the
left and center. This way, we eliminate nonsclera areas. Fig. 6 shows the process for detecting
the left sclera area. The same approach is applied to detect the right sclera area.

Fig 3.7 Process of sclera area detection

.
3.8 Iris and Eyelid Detection and Refinement
The top and bottom boundaries of the sclera region are used as initial estimates of the sclera
boundaries and a polynomial is fit to each boundary.

Fig.3. 8 Example of segmented sclera images. (a) Segmented sclera color

image. (b) Segmented sclera grayscale image.

Using the top and bottom portions of the estimated sclera region as guidelines, the upper eyelid,
lower eyelid, and iris boundaries are then refined using the Fourier active contour
method . Fig. 7 shows an example of two segmented sclera imagesnote that some areas are not
perfectly segmented. In reality, perfect segmentation of all images is impossible. Therefore, the
feature extraction and matching steps of the system need to be tolerant of segmentation error.

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

3.9 Sclera vessel pattern enhancement

The segmented sclera area is highly reflective. As a result, the sclera vascular patterns are often
blurry and/or have very low contrast. To mitigate the illumination effect to achieve an
illumination-invariant process, it is important to enhance the vascular patterns. In, Daugman
shows that the family of Gabor filters are good approximations of the vision processes of the
primary visual cortex. Because the vascular patterns could have multiple orientations, in this
paper, a bank of directional Gabor filters (Fig. 8) is used for vascular pattern enhancement. In
Fig. 9(a), the vessel structure in the sclera region is very difficult to see; however, in Fig. 9(b),
after Gabor enhancement but before thresholding, the vessel structure is clearly visible.
An adaptive threshold, based on the distribution of filtered pixel values, is used to determine a
threshold to binarize the Gabor filtered image. In practice, the zero elements of the filtered image
are a significant portion of the image, and in general, the vascular patterns have higher
magnitude than the background. Therefore, TB is selected to be 1/3. Fig. 9(c) shows a
representative result after thresholding. Then, small simply connected regions in the binary mask
image are removed. This way, we ensured that the proposed method is illumination invariant.

Fig 3.9 Vessel patternsbefore and after Gabor enhancement. (a) Segmented
sclera region. (b) After Gabor enhancement (vessel-boosted image). (c) After
thresholding (binary vessel image). (d) After morphological operations

An adaptive threshold, based on the distribution of filtered pixel values, is used to determine a
threshold to binarize the Gabor filtered image. In practice, thezero elements of the filtered

3.10 Sclera feature extraction

Depending on the physiological status of a person (for example, fatigue or nonfatigue), the
vascular patterns could have different thicknesses at different times, because of the dilation and
constriction of the vessels. Therefore, vessel thickness is not a stable pattern for recognition. In

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

addition, some very thin vascular patterns may not be visible at all times. In this paper, binary
morphological operations are used to thin the detected vessel structure down to a single-pixel
wide skeleton and to remove the branch points. This leaves a set of single-pixel wide lines that
represents the vessel structure. Fig. 9(d) shows the vessel skeleton after binary morphology.
These lines are then recursively parsed into smaller segments. The process is repeated until the
line segments are nearly linear with the lines maximum size. For each segment, a least squares
line is fit to each segment. These line segments are then used to create a template for the vessel
structure. The segments are described by three quantitiesthe segment angle to some reference
angle at the iris center, the segment distance to the iris center, and the dominant angular
orientation of the line segment. The template for the sclera vessel structure is the set of all
individual segments descriptors. This implies that, while each segment descriptor is of a fixed
length, the overall template size for a sclera vessel structure varies with the number of individual
segments.

Fig.3.10 Sclera Feature Extraction

3.11. Sclera matching

3.11.1Sclera Template Registration
When acquiring the eye images, the eyelids can have different shapes, the iris location can vary,
the pupil size can be different, and the eye may be tilted with respect to the camera. The camera-
to-object distance and camera zoom can also vary.All of these could affect the size, location, and
patterns of the acquired sclera region in the image. It is important to take these variances into
account in sclera matching. Therefore, the first step is to perform sclera ROI registration to
achieve global translation, orientation, and scaling invariances. In addition,due to the complex
deformation that can occur in the vessel patterns, it is desirable to have a registration scheme that
is robust and exhaustive but does not unduly introduce false accepts.Most importantly, as we

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

discussed in Section I, the sclera vascular patterns deform nonlinearly with the movement of the
eye and eyelids and the contraction/dilation of the pupil. As a result, the segments of the vascular
patterns could move individually, and this must be accounted for in the registration scheme.
We developed a new method based on a random sample consensus (RANSAC)-type algorithm to
estimate the best fit parameters for registration between the two sclera vascular patterns.
RANSAC is an iterative model-fitting method that can robustly fit to a model, even given noise .
To limit potential false accepts due to overfitting, the patterns are registered as a set of points
the centers of the line segments that makeup the template. The optimal registration used is the
one that minimizes the minimum distance between the templates. This reduces artificially
introduced false accepts because it does not register the patterns using the same parameters used
for matching; therefore, the optimal registration and optimal matching can, and probably will, be
different for templates that should not match. For the registration algorithm, it randomly chooses
two pointsone from the test template and one from the target template. It also randomly
chooses a scaling factor and a rotation value, based on a priori knowledge of the database. Using
these values, it calculates a fitness value for the registration using these parameters. The
algorithm performs a number of iterations, recording the values 0 for those that are minimal in
D(Sx, Sy). In this way, we ensure that the registration process is globally scale, orientation, and
deformation invariant.

3.11.2 Sclera Template Matching

As discussed previously, it is important to design the matching algorithm such that it is tolerant
of segmentation errors.In general, the edge areas of the sclera may not be segmented accurately;
therefore, the weighting image (Fig. 12) is created from the sclera mask by setting interior pixels
in the sclera mask to 1, pixels within some distance of the boundary of the mask to 0.5, and
pixels outside the mask to 0. This allows a matching value between two segments to be between
0 and 1 and allows for weighting the match results.
Based on the segments that are near the masks boundaries. This reduces the effect of
segmentation errors, particularly for under segmentation of the boundary between the sclera and
eyelids. After the templates are registered, each line segment in the test template is compared
with the line segment in the target template for matches .

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

Fig.3.11 Weighting image.

Fig 3.12 Proposed sclera feature matching protocol.

If there is a nonzero matching score, the segments are removed from future comparisons (one
from the test and one from the target templates) and the matching result is recorded. The total
matching score is the sum of the individual matching scores divided by the maximum matching
score for the minimal set between the test and target templates, i.e., one of the test or target
templates has fewer points, and thus, the sum of its descriptor weights sets the maximum score
that can be attained. The proposed matching scheme allows for a multitude of potential changes
in the vascular pattern and allows for multiple independent vessel patterns to be matched.
Additionally, it allows for overlapping vessel patterns to be matched even as they change
independently, where matching schemes that retain and use the crossing points of the patterns
could be problematic in this type of situation. In this way, we ensure that the matching step is
locally scale, orientation, and deformation invariant

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

3.10 MAT LAB

MATLAB(matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation
programming language. Developed by Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations,
plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and
interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran.
Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the
MuPADsymbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional
package, Simulink, adds graphicalmulti-domainsimulationandModel-Based Design for dynamic
and embedded systems. In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and
academia. MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and
economics. MATLAB is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial
enterprises. MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering,
Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in
particular the teaching of linear algebra and numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists
involved in image processing. The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB
language. The simplest way to execute MATLAB code is to type it in the Command Window,
which is one of the elements of the MATLAB Desktop. When code is entered in the Command
Window, MATLAB can be used as an interactive mathematical shell. Sequences of commands
can be saved in a text file, typically using the MATLAB Editor, as a script or encapsulated into a
function, extending the commands available. MATLAB provides a number of features for
documenting and sharing your work. You can integrate your MATLAB code with other
languages and applications, and distribute your MATLAB algorithms and applications.

3.10.1 FEATURES OF MATLAB

High-level language for technical computing.
Development environment for managing code, files, and data.
Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving.
Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering,
optimization and numerical integrartion.
2-D and 3-D graphics functions for visualizing data.
Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces.

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Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and
languages, such as C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, COM, and Microsoft Excel.

MATLAB is used in vast area, including signal and image processing, communications, control
design, test and measurement, financial modeling and analysis, and computational. Add-on
toolboxes (collections of special-purpose MATLAB functions) extend the MATLAB
environment to solve particular classes of problems in these application

Department of ECE 2017

Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

CHAPTER 4
FLOW CHART

Fig 4.1 Flow chart

A typical sclera vein recognition system includes feature enhancement,feature extraction, and
feature matching. We have proposed simplified method for sclera segmentation, a new method
for sclera pattern enhancement based on histogram equalization and line descriptor based feature
extraction and pattern matching with the help of matching score between the two segment
descriptors.

Department of ECE 2017

Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

CHAPTER 5
PROJECT PLAN

TOPIC
SELECTION

LITERATURE
SURVEY

THEORY
FORMULATION

FLOW CHART
AND
ALGORITHM
SIMULATION

Fig 5.1: Pie chart of project plan

5.1 WORK DONE SO FAR

Department of ECE 2017

Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

PHASE 1

TOPIC LITERATURE THEORETICAL

SELECTION SURVEY DESIGN AND
FLOWCHART

Confirmed the main project topic Sclera Recognition: A novel biometric method
system in the first week of August.
Rough idea of the project was obtained.
Block diagram and flowchart of the system was formulated.
Started collecting the reference papers during the second week of august.
Literature survey was completed.
Database was collected.
Preprocessed the image and converted into gray plane.
40% of segmemntation was done.

5.2 WORK TO BE DONE

Department of ECE 2017

Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

PHASE 2

COMPILATION

ALGORITHM AND
SIMULATION
DOCUMENTATION

Remaining segmentation has to be done.

Ehnancement and extraction of sclera veins has to be done.
Algorithm and coding has to be developed.
Simulation has to be done.
The output of each process has to be evaluated.
Complete documentation has to be done.

5.3 DIVISION OF WORK

Department of ECE 2017

Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

LITERATURE REVIEW

THEORITICAL DESIGN
AND FLOWCHART

ALGORITHM

SIMULATION

COMPILATION AND
DOCUMENTATION

TOPIC SELECTION AMRITHA, FLOJO SUNNY, RESHMA R

RESHMI G, SANDRA SREEKUMAR
LITERATURE SURVEY AMRITHA , FLOJO SUNNY
THEORETICAL DESIGN RESHMA R, RESHMI G, SANDRA SREEKUMAR

FLOW CHART AND AMRITHA , FLOJO SUNNY, RESHMA R

ALGORITHM

SIMULATION RESHMI G, SANDRA SREEKUMAR

COMPILATION AND AMRITHA, FLOJO SUNNY, RESHMA R
DOCUMENTATION RESHMI G, SANDRA SREEKUMAR

Department of ECE 2017

Sclera Recognition :A novel biometric Method

REFERENCES
1] International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
An Efficient and Optimal IRIS Recognition System using MATLAB GUI

2] ELECO 2011 7th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1-4
December, Bursa, TURKEY Color to Grayscale Conversion Based On Neighborhood Pixels
Effect Approach for Digital Image

3] INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN EMERGING SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, VOLUME-1, ISSUE-6, NOVEMBER-2014 E-ISSN: 2349-7610
VOLUME-1, ISSUE-6, NOVEMBER-2014 COPYRIGHT 2014 IJREST, ALL RIGHT
RESERVED 91 Sclera Vein Recognition Using Different Matching

4] R.Yogamangalam et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)

Segmentation Techniques Comparison in Image Processing

5] IJCSN International Journal of Computer Science and Network, Volume 6, Issue 1,

Human Identification Method: SCLERA RECOGNITION

6] IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICSPART A:

SYSTEMS AND HUMANS, VOL. 42, NO. 3, A New Human Identification Method: Sclera
Recognition

7] Review on Segmentation in IRIS Recognition M. Roshini1, Dr. G. Vasanth2, Dr. G. N.

Kodandaramaiah3, Dr. S. A. K Jilani4

8] International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Technology (IJECCT)

Volume 5 Issue 3 (May 2015)
Sclera Feature Extraction for Personal Authentication

9] International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 156 No 7,December

2016 34 Sclera Pattern Recognition for Identification

10] A Robust Sclera Segmentation Algorithm

Petru Radu, James Ferryman and Peter Wild Computational Vision Group, School of Systems
Engineering, University of Reading, U.K.

Department of ECE 2017