Singly Reinforced Section

Figure 1: Singly reinforced section with rectangular stress block

Bending of the beam induces a resultant tensile force Fst in the reinforcing steel, and a resultant
compressive force Fcc in the concrete which acts through the centroid of the effective area of
concrete in compression.

Internal forces,

Fcc = 0.567ck(b*0.8x)
Fst = 0.87yk As

For the internal forces to be in equilibrium,

F
Fcc = st
0.454ckbx = 0.87yk As
X = 0.87yk As / 0.454ckb ( 2.1 )
Moment of resistance with respect to steel,

M = Fcc . Z
= 0.454ckbx( d 0.4x ) ( 2.2 )
Moment of resistance with respect to concrete,

M= Fst . Z
 = 0.87yk As ( d 0.4x ) ( 2.3 )
Equation 2.2 shows that, M increases with x and hence with As ( Equations 2.1 and 2.3 ).
In design, EC2 limits x to not exceeding 0.45 in order to avoid the sudden failure exhibited by an
over reinforced section. When x= xbal = 0.45d, the moment of resistance, M represents the
maximum ultimate moment capacity of the section, known as the ultimate moment of resistance
of singly reinforced section or balanced moment, Mbal.

Mbal = [ 0.454ckb ( 0.45d ) ] * [ d 0.4( 0.45d ) ]

= [ 0.454ckb ( 0.45d ) ] * [ 0.82d ]
= 0.167 ckbd2
= Kbal ckbd2 where Kbal = 0.167 ( 2.4 )

Equation 2.1,2.2 and 2.3 can be used to determine the area of tension reinforcement in a concrete
section to resist an applied bending moment M or to calculate the moment of resistance of a
given section with a known area of steel reinforcement.
Doubly Reinforced Section

Where the applied bending moment M exceeds Mbal, the excess ( M Mbal ) is to be resisted by
additional reinforcement As at the compression zone such that the neutral axis depth remains at
the maximum permitted value of 0.45d.
Figure 2.2 shows the beam cross-section, strains and stresses distributions at the ultimate
limit state of a doubly reinforced rectangular section.

Figure 2.2 Doubly reinforced section with rectangular stress block

Internal forces ;

Fcc = 0.567ck(b*0.8x) = 0.454 ckbx

Fsc = 0.87yk As
Fst = 0.87 As
yk

Lever arm;

Z = ( d 0.4x )
Z1 = ( d d )

For the internal forces to be in equilibrium,

Fst = Fcc + Fsc

0.87yk As = 0.454 ckbx + 0.87yk As ( 2.5 )

Taking moment about the centroid of the tension steel,

M = Fcc * Z + Fsc * Z1
 = ( 0.454 ckbx )* ( d 0.4x ) + (0.87yk As) * ( d d )

For design purpose, x = 0.45d

M = ( 0.454ckbx )*[ ( d 0.4(0.45d) )] + (0.87yk As) * ( d d )

= 0.167 ckbd2 + (0.87yk As) * ( d d )

= Mbal + (0.87yk As) * ( d d )

The area of compression reinforcement,

()
As = 0.87( )
Or
()2
As = ( 2.6 )
0.87( )

Multiplying Equation 2.5 by z, [ z = d-0.4x, if x = 0.45d, then z = 0.82d ]

0.87yk As . Z = 0.454 ckbx . Z + 0.87yk As . Z
0.87yk As . Z = 0.454 ckb(0.45d)(0.82d) + 0.87yk As . Z
0.87yk As . Z = 0.167 ckbd2 + 0.87yk As . Z

The area of tension reinforcement,

0.167 ckbd2
As = + As
0.87

Or
ckbd2
As = + As
0.87