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ALMACENAMIENTO DE DEPRESIN
Las precipitaciones que llegan al suelo pueden
infiltrarse, fluir sobre la superficie o quedar
atrapadas en numerosas pequeas depresiones
de las cuales el nico escape es la evaporacin
o la infiltracin. La naturaleza de las
depresiones, as como su tamao, es en gran
medida una funcin de la forma original de la
tierra y las prcticas locales de uso del suelo.
Debido a la extrema variabilidad en la
naturaleza de las depresiones y la escasez de
mediciones suficientes, no es factible una
relacin generalizada con suficientes
parmetros especificados para todos los casos.
La contabilizacin de la disposicin de la
precipitacin es una parte importante del
proceso de modelado hidrolgico. En este
captulo se trataron dos abstracciones del
almacenamiento de la precipitacin, la
intercepcin y la depresin.
HYDROLOGY INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGICAL DATA
HYDROLOGICAL MEASURES AND Hydrological data are needed to describe
SOURCES OF DATA precipitation; flow of evaporation flow; soil
Date: 09/29/2017 moisture; snow fields; sedimentation;
perspiration; infiltration; water quality;
Members: Cabrera Alcntara Antonny temperature of air, soil and water; and other
variables or components of hydrological
Delgado Bravo Cesar
systems.
Diaz Sanchez Diego
COMMON UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Salazar Horna Arasely The flows and flows of rivers are usually
recorded as cubic meters per second (m3 / sec),
Yalico Lzaro Guillermo cubic feet per second (cfs), or the second-rate
(t sec-ft); groundwater flows and water supply
INDEX flows are commonly measured in gallons per
minute, hour or day (gpm, gph, gpd) or
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY... 1 millions of gallons per day (mgd); flows used
HYDROLOGICAL DATA... 1 in agriculture or related to water storage are
often expressed as acre-feet per unit time,
COMMON UNITS OF MEASURE. 1
inches (inches) or centimeters (cm) of depth
HYDROLOGICAL MEASURES AND DATA per unit of time or acre-inches per hour (acre-
SOURCES ...2
in./hr).
GENERAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA.. 2
Volumes are often given in gallons, cubic feet,
PRECIPITATION DATA. 2
cubic meters, acre-feet, seconds-foot-days,
FLOW DATA .2
and inches or centimeters. An acre-foot equals
EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION a volume of water 1 foot deep on one acre of
DATA.. 3
land (43,560 ft3). A second day of standing
OPERATING USES OF SATELLITE DATA (cfs-day, s fd) is the accumulated volume
IN HYDROLOGY.. 3 produced by a flow of 1 cfs in a period of 24
STATISTICAL METHODS IN hours. An hour of second foot (cfs-hr) is the
HYDROLOGY... 4 accumulated volume produced by a flow of 1
RANDOM VARIABLES AND cfs in t hr. Inches or centimeters of depth refer
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. 4 to a volume equivalent to many inches or
DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS 4 centimeters of water over the area of concern.
PRECIPITATION.. 5 In hydrological mass balances, it is sometimes
useful to note that 1 cfs-day: 2 acre-feet with
PRECIPITATION DATA. 5
sufficient accuracy for most calculations.
PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY. 5
INTERCEPTION AND STORAGE OF Precipitations are usually recorded in inches or
DEPRESSION 5 centimeters while rainfall is given in inches or
INTERCEPTION... 5 centimeters per hour. The rates of evaporation,
transpiration and infiltration are generally
STORAGE OF DEPRESSION. 6
given in inches or centimeters deep per unit
time.
HYDROLOGICAL MEASURES AND or area name, station name, latitude and
SOURCES OF DATA longitude, and elevation. Monthly and annual
GENERAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA mean values of station pressure, sea level
The most up-to-date data on temperature, solar pressure and temperature, and total monthly
radiation, wind and humidity are and annual precipitation are given in
climatological data published by the National sequential order.
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's
FLOW DATA
(NOAA) Environmental Data Service and the The main sources of flow data for the United
Monthly Solar Data Radiation Data published States are the United States Geological Survey
by the National Climatic Data Center . The (USGS), the United States Soil Conservation
Environmental Data Service, in cooperation Service (SCS), the United States Forest
with the World Meteorological Organization Service and the Agricultural Research Service
(WMO), also publishes Monthly Climatic of the United States (ARS, for its acronym in
Data for the World - A 1968 publication of the English). In addition, the United States Army
Environmental Sciences Service Corps of Engineers (COE), the Tennessee
Administration, entitled Climatic Atlas of the Valley Authority (TVA), and the US Bureau
United States, summarizes the wind , of Reclamation (USBR) conduct some flow
evaporation, precipitation and solar radiation measurements and tabulate flow data relative
in a series of maps. to their missions. State agencies, universities,
and various research organizations also
PRECIPITATION DATA compile and publish a variety of flow data.
There are probably more precipitation records USGS Water Supply Documents (WSPs) are
than most of the other hydrological variables. the reference point for referencing flow data.
The main federal source of precipitation data
is NOAA. Climatological data, published EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION
monthly and annually for each state or DATA
combination of states, the Pacific zone, Puerto Monthly and annual numbers of
Rico and the Virgin Islands by the Climatological Data, published by NOAA,
Environmental Data Service, presents a table include bread evaporation and related data.
of monthly averages, outputs of normal and ARS, agricultural universities and water
extremes of precipitation and temperature , as services are other sources of information. In
well as tables of daily precipitation, particular, data on evapotranspiration are often
temperature, snowfall, snow on soil, obtained by university researchers working
evaporation, wind and soil temperature. through their Agricultural Experiment Station.
Hourly rainfall Monthly and annual data are
issued for each state or combination of states
and are presented alphabetically by station, OPERATING USES OF SATELLITE
precipitation amounts per hour and per day for DATA IN HYDROLOGY
Estimate the regional precipitation from the
stations equipped with log meters. A station
cloud and albedo area, the cloud temperature
location map is also included. This publication
and the decrease in the microwave brightness
is available from the Environmental Data
temperature of the soil.
Service. Another publication, World Weather
Snow line and mapping of snow areas.
Records, is issued by geographical regions for
Estimate the time and rate of defrost in the
periods of 10 years. Data are listed by country
plains areas from the temperature of the snow
layer and the microwave brightness Estimate the molar content of the surface
temperature. soils and near the surface of the thermal and
Map and monitor the sea ice area, microwave measurements.
concentration and morphology. Inventory and map coverage and use of land.
Location of the inventory and area of Satellite survey of physical, chemical and
reservoirs, lakes and ponds of more than 1 to 2 biological data on water.
hectares.
Outline drainage patterns for fluvial
morphology studies. STATISTICAL METHODS IN
Monitor the positions and migrations of HYDROLOGY
channels and streams. RANDOM VARIABLES AND
Regional overview of impact and damage STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.
caused by floods. A random variable is one that demonstrates
Determine the water depth by the light variability that is not sufficiently explained by
absorption method. physical processes. Many hydrological
Detect large underwater springs. phenomena have this tendency, appearing
Detect some oil spills. Inventory and sometimes to be totally subject to chance
monitoring of large areas of floating and themselves, or driven by some other closely
emerging vegetation. related factor. In practice, hydrologists often
Detect and study the differences in the state analyze problems as systems of linked and
of the sea as evidenced by the brightness of the deterministic connected processes.
sun; the sun rise generically should be more Hydrology depends to a large extent on the
than 55 above the horizon. principles of probability theory, statistics and
Quantitative measurement of water turbidity, information analysis. Comprehensive texts on
including turbidity caused by plankton and methods of frequency analysis, stochastic data
colloids. generation, regression and analysis of
Monitor the thermal current patterns in large variance, and regional analyzes containing
lakes, estuaries and coastal areas; evaluate the comprehensive descriptions of the principles
habitat of marine fish. are available. Many hydrological processes are
Detect, delineate and interpret regional so complex that they can only be interpreted
geological structures. and explained in a probabilistic sense.
Surface exploration of groundwater by Hydrological events appear as uncertainties of
interpreting landforms, drainage patterns and nature and are the result, one must assume, of
density (texture), and types and patterns of an underlying process with random or
vegetation. stochastic components.
Estimation of surface salinity of
groundwater. DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS
Detect and inventory large infiltrations of The characteristics of the statistical
groundwater and shallow geothermal surface distributions are described by the parameters
waters by anomalous patterns of snow of the probability functions, which in turn are
melting. expressed in terms of the moments. The main
Estimate evapotranspiration by atmospheric characteristics are the central tendency, the
model, relative biomass measurement, or grouping of the observations or the probability
surface albedo and temperature measurement. of a central value; variability, dispersion of the
variable or observations; and asymmetry, the INTERCEPTION AND STORAGE OF
degree of asymmetry of the distribution. DEPRESSION
Statistics are a diverse subject, and the
treatment in this chapter has been nothing The first encounters are with intercepting
more than an introduction. Serious students surfaces such as trees, plants, grass and
and practitioners must return to theory in structures. Water in excess of the intercepting
standard jobs again and again. You will find capacity then begins to line the surface
that the evaluation of new developments and Depressions A layer of water also accumulates
techniques should claim a large part of your on the soil surface. This is known as surface
time. Only some aspects of statistical arrest. Once this film is of sufficient depth, the
hydrology have been presented, mainly the surface flow begins towards defined channels,
common distributions and the methods of provided that the speed at which the water
analysis of the frequency of events observed in enters the ground is less than the speed of
a single point. supply of the surface.
INTERCEPTION
PRECIPITATION Some of the storm precipitation that occurs is
PRECIPITATION DATA intercepted by vegetation and other forms of
cover in the drainage area. Interception can be
There is considerable precipitation data defined as the segment of the gross
available in National Weather Service precipitation entrance that moistens and
publications. Other sources include several adheres to objects on the ground until it is
state and federal agencies dedicated to the returned to the atmosphere by evaporation.
work of water resources. For essential regional Shocking rainfall vegetation can be retained in
studies it is recommended to collect all the leaves or leaves of the grass, flow down the
possible data; it will often be necessary to stems of plants and become trunk flow, or fall
establish a gauge network. from the leaves to make the part of the
displacement. The modifying effect that a
PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY forest canopy can have on the intensity of
Precipitation varies geographically, rainfall on the ground (the fall) can be
temporally and seasonally. It should be practically used in watershed management
understood that regional and temporal schemes. The amount of water intercepted is a
variations in precipitation are very important function of the type of storm, species, age and
in water resource planning and in hydrological density of plants and trees in suspension and
studies. of the season of the year.
Precipitation amounts sometimes vary
considerably over short distances. STORAGE OF DEPRESSION
Precipitation is generally measured with a rain Precipitations that reach the ground can
gauge placed outdoors so that no obstacle infiltrate, flow on the surface or be trapped in
projects into the inverted conical surface that numerous small depressions of which the only
has the gauge cap as its apex and a 45 'tilt. escape is evaporation or infiltration. The
nature of depressions, as well as their size, is
largely a function of the original form of land
and local land-use practices. Due to the
extreme variability in the nature of depressions
and the scarcity of sufficient measurements, a
generalized relationship with sufficient
specified parameters for all cases is not
feasible.
Accounting for the precipitation arrangement
is an important part of the hydrological
modeling process. Two abstractions of
precipitation storage, interception, and
depression were discussed in this chapter.
Intercept losses over the course of a year may
be substantial, but during intense storms, they
may be small enough to be neglected. The type
of precipitation, the intensity and duration of
the rain, the wind and the atmospheric
conditions that
Factors used to determine interception losses
for a forest support or a ground cover
configuration. Interception during rain events
is commonly greater for snowfall events.
Depression storage deductions occur early in a
sequence of storms and are a function of
topography, land cover, extent and type of land
development. During major storms, this loss is
often considered insignificant.