2014-15 Second Term MATH2060B 1

Solution 1

Section 6.1

(1 + x2 ) (2x)x 1 x2
5. (a) Since 1 + x2 6= 0, f 0 (x) = = .
(1 + x2 )2 (1 + x2 )2
1 x1
(b) Since 5 2x + x2 = 4 + (1 x)2 > 0, g 0 (x) = (5 2x + x2 )1/2 (2x 2) = .
2 5 2x + x2
(c) By chain rule, h0 (x) = m(sin xk )m1 (cos xk )(kxk1 ) = mkxk1 sinm1 xk cos xk .
p
(d) For |x| < /2, x2 < /2, tan y is differentiable for y (/2, /2).
By chain rule, we have k 0 (x) = (sec2 x2 )(2x) = 2x sec2 x2 .

6. Clearly f 0 (x) = nxn1 for x > 0 and f 0 (x) = 0 for x < 0.

xn 0

f (x) f (0) n1 0 1, if n = 1
Now for x > 0, = =x f+ (0) =
x0 x0 0, if n 2.
f (x) f (0) 00
For x < 0, = = 0 f0 (0) = 0
x0 x0
Now f 0 (0) exists iff f+0 (0)= f0 (0) = 0 n 2.
nxn1 , for x > 0
Hence for n > 1, f 0 (x) =
0, for x 0.
Claim: f is continuous at 0 iff n 2. Assume n = 1, f 0 is not defined at 0. Conversely,
0

for n > 1, lim f 0 (x) = 0 = lim f 0 (x) = f 0 (0). This proves the claim.
x0+ x0
f 0 (x) f 0 (0) nxn1 0

n2 00 1, if n = 2
Set n > 1. For x > 0, = = nx f+ (0) =
x0 x0 0, if n 3.
0 0
f (x) f (0) 00
For x < 0, = = 0 f00 (0) = 0.
x0 x0
Thus f 0 is differentiable at 0 iff f+00 (0) = f00 (0) = 0 n 3.
 
g(x) g(c) |f (x)| |f (c)|  f (x) f (c) 
7. = = sgn(x c)    , since f (c) = 0.
xc x c  xc 
0
 f (x) f (c) 
g+ (c) = lim sgn(x c)   = |f 0 (c)|.
xc+ xc 
 
0
 f (x) f (c) 
g (c) = lim sgn(x c)    = |f 0 (c)|.
xc x c 
Hence g is differentiable at c iff g+ 0 (c) = g 0 (c) |f 0 (c)| = |f 0 (c)| f 0 (c) = 0.


2x + 1, for x 0
8. (a) f (x) = |x| + |x + 1| = 1, for 1 x < 0
2x 1, for x < 1


2, for x > 0
Clearly, f 0 (x) = 0, for 1 < x < 0
2, for x < 1

f (x) f (0) (2x + 1) 1
For x > 0, = = 2 f+0 (0) = 2
x0 x0
f (x) f (0) 11
For x < 0, = = 0 f0 (0) = 0 6= 2 = f+0 (0).
x0 x0
Similar procedures proceed for x < 1, x > 1.
Hence f is differentiable except 0, 1.
2014-15 Second Term MATH2060B 2


3x, for x 0
(b) g(x) = 2x + |x| =
x, for x < 0

0 3, for x > 0
Clearly, g (x) =
1, for x < 0
g(x) g(0) 3x 0 0
For x > 0, = =3 g+ (0) = 3
x0 x0
g(x) g(0) x1 0
For x < 0, = =1 g (0) = 1.
x0 x0
Hence g is differentiable except 0.
 2
x , for x 0
(c) h(x) = x|x| = 2
x , for x < 0

2x, for x > 0
Clearly, h0 (x) =
2x, for x < 0
h(x) h(0) x2 0
For x > 0, = =x h0+ (0) = 0
x0 x0
h(x) h(0) x2 0
For x < 0, = = x h0 (0) = 0.
x0 x0
Hence h is differentiable on the whole R.


sin x, for sin x 0 2n x (2n + 1)
(d) k(x) = | sin x| = , n Z.
sin x, for sin x < 0 (2n 1) < x < 2n

cos x, for 2n < x < (2n + 1)
Clearly, k 0 (x) = , n Z.
cos x, for (2n 1) < x < 2n
k(x) k(2n) sin x sin(x 2n) 0
For n Z and x > 2n, = = k+ (2n) = 1
x 2n x 2n x 2n
k(x) k(2n) sin x sin(x 2n)
For n Z and x < 2n, = =
x 2n x 2n x 2n
0
k (2n) = 1
Similar procedures proceed for x < (2n + 1), x > (2n + 1), n Z.
Hence, k is differentiable except n for n Z.

f (x + h) f (x) f (x h) f (x) f (x + h0 ) f (x)

9. f 0 (x) = = lim = lim = f 0 (x).
h h0 h h0 0 h0
Hence f 0 is an odd function.
g(x + h) g(x) [g(x h)] [g(x)] g(x + h0 ) g(x)
g 0 (x) = = lim = lim = g 0 (x).
h h0 (h) h0 0 h0
Hence g 0 is an even function.

1 1 1 2 1
10. For x 6= 0, g 0 (x) = 2x sin 2 + x2 cos 2 (2x3 ) = 2x sin 2 cos 2 .
  x   x x x x
 g(x) g(0)   x2 sin x12 0  
 
1 g(x) g(0)
 = x sin 2  |x| g 0 (0) = lim

 x 0  =  =0
 
x0  x x0 x0
Hence g is differentiable at all x R.
Next we show g 0 is unbounded. Take xn := 1/ 2n n N.
2
g 0 (xn ) = sin(2n) 2 2n cos(2n) = 2 2n is unbounded.
2n
Hence result follows.
2014-15 Second Term MATH2060B 3

f (c + h) f (c) f (c + h) f (c)
13. Denote g(h) := . Hence lim g(h) = lim = f 0 (c) R.
h h0 h0 h
By sequential criterion for limits (Theorem 4.1.8 page 101), denote hn := 1/n 6= 0 for all
1
n, and lim hn = lim = 0, we have lim g(hn ) = lim g(h) = f 0 (c), where
n h0
f (c + 1/n) f (c)
g(hn ) = = n{f (c + 1/n) f (c)}. Hence f 0 (c) = lim (n{f (c + 1/n) f (c)}).
 1/n
sin /x, x > 0
Take f (x) :=
0, x 0.
At c = 0, n{f (1/n) f (0)} = n(0 0) = 0 n.
Hence, lim (n{f (c + 1/n) f (c)}) = 0.
However, f 0 (c) doesnt exist because f is not continuous at c.

Or, we may take f := Q = Dirichlet

 function. Fix c R.
n(1 1), c Q
Then n{f (c + 1/n) f (c)} = = 0 n.
n(0 0), c 6 Q
The Dirichlet function Q is not continuous.

Remark If x is rational and y is irrational, why is x + y irrational?

14. Now h0 (x) = 3x2 + 2 > 0 x R. Hence, by Theorem 6.1.8, h1 is differentiable and
1 1
(h1 )0 (y) = 0 = 2 x R,
h (x) 3x + 2
where y is related to x by y = h(x).
1 1
For x = 0, we have y = h(0) = 1, and (h1 )0 (1) = =
3(0) + 2 2
1 1
For x = 1, we have y = h(1) = 4, and (h1 )0 (4) = =
3(1) + 2 5
1 0 1 1
For x = 1, we have y = h(1) = 2, and (h ) (1) = = .
3(1) + 2 5

Section 6.2

19. Let > 0. By uniform differentiability, := () > 0 s.t. if 0 < |x y| < , then
   
 f (x) f (y) 0
  f (x) f (y) 0


 xy f (x) < ,  f (y) <
2 xy 2

It follows that
   
 f (x) f (y)   f (x) f (y) 
|f 0 (x) f 0 (y)|  f 0 (x) +  f 0 (y) < + = .
xy xy 2 2

Hence f 0 is continuous on I.
2014-15 Second Term MATH2060B 4

Supplementary Exercise

f (c + h) f (c h)
1.
2h
f (c + h) f (c) + f (c) f (c h) 1 f (c + h) f (c) 1 f (c h) f (c)
= = +
2h 2 h 2 h
Hence we have
f (c + h) f (c h)
fs0 (c) = lim
h0 2h
1 f (c + h) f (c) 1 f (c h) f (c)
= lim + lim
2 h0 h 2 h0 h
1 f (c + h) f (c) 1 f (c + h0 ) f (c)
= lim + lim
2 h0 h 2 h0 0 h0
1 0 1
= f (c) + f 0 (c) = f 0 (c)
2 2

Observation The set-up for fs0 (c) = limh0 f (c+h)f2h

(ch)
doesnt involve the value f (c),
a simple idea to construct a counter example is by changing the value f (c) from a differ-
entiable function f , so that the new function is not differentiable at c.


1, for x = c f (c + h) f (c h)
Take f (x) = . Then fs0 (c) = lim = 0.
0, for x 6= c h0 2h
But f 0 (c) doesnt exist since f is not continuous at x = c.

2. If f 0, then f 0 (0) = 0 6= 1, contradiction arises. Hence x0 R s.t. f (x0 ) 6= 0.

Then f (x0 ) = f (x0 + 0) = f (x0 )f (0) f (0) = 1.
f (h) 1 f (0 + h) f (0)
Also, f is differentiable at 0, hence lim = lim = f 0 (0) = 1.
h0 h h0 h
f (x + h) f (x) f (x)f (h) f (x) f (h) 1
Fix x. For all h 6= 0, = = f (x)
h h h
0 f (x + h) f (x) f (h) 1
f (x) = lim = f (x) lim = f (x).
h0 h h0 h
Hence, f is differentiable on R.