12 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 38, NO.
I , FEBRUARY 1991
A Novel Active Current Waveshaping
Technique for Solid-state Input
Power Factor Conditioners
Mehrdad Kazerani, Student Member, IEEE, Phoivos D. Ziogas,
Senior Member. ZEEE
Abstract-A novel input power factor correction method that uses a
closed-loop active current waveshaping technique is presented in this
paper. The novel feature of the proposed method resides in the fact that
nearly sinusoidal input currents are obtained at constant switching
frequencies. Moreover, the method exhibits instantaneous current con-
trol, which results in very fast response and increased switch reliability.
Selected predicted system performance and design methods are verified
experimentally on a 1-kVA laboratory prototype.
I. INTRODUCTION
S OLID-state input power factor conditioners are gradually
becoming a must for medium- to high-power-level electronic
equipment using an input dc bus comprised of the typical diode
rectifier-dc capacitor combination [ 11- [3]. Such requirements
are particularly relevant to power supplies fed from the single-
phase mains. Applications of these power supplies are in areas
such as computers, telecommunications, and commercial and
domestic appliances (fluorescent lighting, air conditioning, com-
pressor drives, etc.). The preferred power circuit configuration
for active current waveshaping uses an intermediate boost switch
(Fig. 1). Alternate power circuit configurations with inductors
on the ac side and single-phase [6], [7] and three-phase input
voltages [8], [9] have been proposed. However, the proposed
circuit has the advantage of being most economical for the
single-phase input power supplies described. In addition, the
object of the study is mainly to analyze current waveshaping
required to achieve unity power factor.
The most prominent among the current waveshaping tech-
niques used with this type of conditioner is the bang-bang
hysteresis (BBH) technique [ 11 - [4]. This technique, illustrated
in Fig. 2 , has the obvious advantage of yielding instantaneous
current control, which results in very fast response and in-
creased 'boost' switch (Fig. 1) reliability. However, it has a
serious disadvantage in that the switching frequency of the boost
switch f,, is not constant and varies within a wide range during
each half cycle of the ac input voltage. The switching frequency
is also sensitive to circuit component values and design parame-
ters. Any attempt to remove the above problem [4], [5] increases
the complexity of the control circuit, compromising the elegance
and simplicity of the bang-bang hysteresis technique.
A predicted current control strategy with fixed switching
frequency has been presented [9], but it has the same problem as
the above methods with respect to the complexity of the control
unit.
Manuscript received February 1, 1990; revised October 1, 1990.
M. Kazerani is with The Department of Electrical Engineering, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada H3A 2A7.
P. D. Ziogas and G. Joos are with The Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1M8.
IEEE Log Number 9041498.
0278-0046/91~0200-0072$01.OO 0 1991 IEEE
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Senior Member, IEEE, and Geza JOOS,
In this paper, an instantaneous current control method, which
results in nearly sinusoidal input current with constant switching
frequency, is proposed. The input power factor is very close to
unity. The original contribution is in the current control method
that is optimized to meet input power factor requirements in
aforementioned applications. It consists of applying the known
current waveshaping technique (the current error triangulation
[lo], which is used, in particular, in ac servo drives) to the input
power factor correction. The focus of the paper is on the
analysis and design of the inner current control loop. The
interaction between inner current and outer voltage loops has not
been considered since the bandwidth of the latter is very small
and dictated by the size of the output electrolytic dc filter
capacitor. The capacitors are typically very large to provide low
output voltage ripple and ride-through capacity.
11. PRINCIPLES
OF OPERATION
The basic circuit diagram of the dc/dc converter with front-end
solid-state input power factor conditioner used in the proposed
scheme is shown in Fig. 3.
The power circuit is that of an elementary step-up converter.
When the boost switch is turned on, the inductor current builds
up, and energy is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor,
whereas the boost diode is reverse biased, and the capacitor
supplies power to the load. This is the first mode of operation.
As soon as the boost switch is turned off, the power circuit
changes mode, and the stored energy in the inductor, together
with the energy coming from the input ac source, is pumped to
the output circuitry (capacitor-load combination). This is mode 2
of the circuit. In mode 1
vi, - L -dzin =0
dt
whereas in mode 2 ,
If the switching frequency is much higher than the frequency
of the input voltage, a quantity d , which defines the average
off-duty ratio of the switch in one switching period, can be
introduced. Therefore, (1) and (2) can be combined:
(3)
where d = 0 for mode 1 , and d = 1 for mode 2 .
In (3), Vi, is the full-wave rectified sinusoidal input voltage,
Zin the current through the inductor, and V, the output voltage.
It is accepted that the output capacitor should be large enough to
 I I

KAZERANI et al. : NOVEL ACTIVE CURRENT WAVESHAPING TECHNIQUE 13

I n4c
wt
Va 1t m w a

Va. rmf

Fig. 1 . dc/dc converter with solid-state input power factor conditioner.

vo. fm
I
Fig. 2. ‘Bang-bang’ hysteresis current waveshaping technique: (a) Input
current waveform; (b) boost switch gating signal.

4c
VaInput
1tmwe
”)

I va.rwr

Fig. 3. dc/dc converter using the proposed current waveshaping technique.

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 74 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 38, NO. I , FEBRUARY 1991

+ ..................+.................+.................+................. . INPUTCURRENT
TABLE I
HARMONICCOMPONENTS,THD (BASEDON THE
FIRSTNINEHARMONICS),
AND INPUTPOWERFACTORFOR
P CONTROLLER OPTIONS
AND PI CONTROLLER

P-Controller P-Controller
Harm. Normalized Harm. Normalized
T r i a n g u l a r Waveform j No. Component No. Component
\
1 1.000e + 00 1 1.000e 00 +
2 7.348e - 05 2 2.758e - 04
3 3.782e - 02 3 1.544e - 03,
4 1.018e - 04 4 3.255e - 04
5 2.138e - 02 5 1.697e - 03
Switch G a t i n g S i g n a l
? t 6
7
1.424e - 04
1.464e - 02
6
7
3.641e - 04
1.518e - 03
n : 1.789e - 04 8 5.919e - 04

.
8
9 1.050e - 02 9 1.120e - 03
+.. ............+.................+.................+................. THD = 4.7% THD = 0.31%
p.f. = 0.998997 p.f. = 0.999995
Fig. 4. Principles of operation of the proposed current waveshaping ~

technique.
zero level, and therefore, an on-duty ratio of lower than 50%
results.
In this way, the error is forced to remain between the maxi-
mum and the minimum of the triangular waveform, and as a
, Imaglnary
result, the inductor current follows the reference closely.
In fact, the use of the triangular waveform forces the error to
remain within a band dictated by the amplitude of this wave-
form. Therefore, the inductor current is always restricted within
the amplitude margin defined by the reference with the superim-
posed triangular waveform (Fig. 5).
A . Controller Options
One option is to let the current controller shown in Fig. 3 be
simply a proportional one. In this case, there will be a band
about each zero crossing of the current, within which, the
current is in discontinuous mode (Fig. 7). This band, which can
+- .......... ..+-.. . . .......................................... be reduced in width by appropriate choice of circuit components
Fig 5. Proposed active current waveshaping technique with its imaginary and parameters, is produced due to the following:
hysteresis window.
1) In the beginning of each half cycle, the input voltage is
small; thus, the slope of the current during the on state of
be able to supply power to the load when the switch is on,
the switch (whose maximum at each instant is determined
and/or when there is some temporary problem in the ac supply
by the value of Vi, and L ) will be small. Therefore, the
voltage, without any considerable dip in the output voltage.
current cannot reach the reference before switching should
Therefore, V, is composed of a dc component and a very small
take place.
ac component at twice the ac line frequency. Since the value of
2) When the switch is turned off, the negative slope of the
the capacitance is chosen to be large, the requirement of having
decreasing current is highest in the beginning of the half
enough stored energy in each half cycle of the ac line voltage, to
cycle since Vi, is small, and therefore, the difference
take care of the difference between time-varying input power and
between the output voltage (which is assumed to be con-
fixed output power, is fulfilled.
stant for this analysis) and Vi,, which is placed across the
In order to obtain a sinusoidal input current in phase with
inductor, is high. Therefore, the current falls to zero
input voltage, the control unit should act in such a way that Vi,
before the next switching can take place.
sees a resistive load equal to the ratio of Vi, and Zi,. This has
been done by comparing the actual current passing through the In addition, in the case of a simple proportional controller, the
inductor with a current reference, which is derived from Vi, and real current will overshoot the reference current around the peak
has an amplitude determined by the output voltage controller. (Fig. 7). In fact, in this zone, the current touches the upper limit
The error is then compared with a triangular waveform to of the imaginary window introduced in Fig. 5.
generate the necessary gating signal to control the boost switch In spite of both of the above shortcomings, the results are
operation (Fig. 3). quite satisfactory for the P-controller option (Table I). Both
The principles of operation can be explained from Fig. 4.On problems, i.e., a discontinuous band around each zero crossing
an average per-switching period basis, Zref is compared with the and an overshoot around the peak, can be removed by introduc-
center line through the z f b k waveform. If Zref > z f b k , a v e , the ing an integration effect in the current controller. In fact, by
average of error waveform lies above zero line and, when integrating the error, any difference between ZTef and the center
triangulated, results in higher than 50% on-duty ratio. In the line through I f b k will be kept in the memory of the integrator
case zrff= z f b k , the error is centered about zero level, and until it is brought to zero (Fig. 8). The time constant of the
the switch will be operated at 50% duty ratio. Finally, if integrator is taken to be in the range of the period of the
Iref> I f b k , o v e , the average of error waveform will lie below triangular waveform or the switching period.

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 KAZERANI et al. : NOVEL ACTIVE CURRENT WAVESHAPING TECHNIQUE 75

switch per half cycle of the ac input voltage. On the other hand,
+P I-Cont r 0 ; :e r the line current can be increased to its higher limit (which is
16 determined by VI, and the resistance in the loop containing Vi,,
1 the boost inductor, and the boost switch) by increasing the
I4
average on-duty ratio of the switch per half cycle of the ac input
voltage. For Iref values corresponding to higher line current
values, the actual current will be independent of the current
reference. The upper level of the line current can almost never
be reached since the ratings of the components in the power
circuit and the saturation levels of the components in the control
circuit are usually well below this level.
To protect the circuit against overcurrent and short circuit, a
proper fuse is necessary in the path of the input current. In
2 ..... ..........,. ............................................ A ..................... , . .......................................... addition, to limit the in-rush current at startup, a current limiting
0
resistor can be placed in series with the boost inductor, which
will be bypassed by a contactor or thyristor subsequent to the
initial transient.
Amplitude of t r i n g u l a r waveform ( p . u . 1
Fig. 6. Total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line current versus the 111. DESIGNEXAMPLE
amplitude of the triangular waveform. The power circuit is designed to meet the following specifica-
tions:
B. The Eflect of Amplitude of the Triangular Waveform
Output power Po = lOOOW
The total harmonic distortion of the line current is affected by Output voltage Vo = 220 V
the amplitude of the triangular waveform. In fact, as the ampli- Output voltage ripple 5 2 %
tude of the triangular waveform is increased, the THD of the Input voltage V,, = 115 V, RMS
input current will increase. This effect can be explained with Input current ripple 5 5%
reference to the fact that the error between Zref and I f b k , a v e , Unity input power factor
which is a measure of how closely the actual current follows the Line frequency f = 60 Hz
current reference, is kept within the band defined by the maxi- Switching frequency f,, = 40 kHz.
mum and minimum of the triangular waveform. Obviously, as
the width of the band is increased, the average error is free to The switching frequency is determined by switching losses of
vary in a wider range, resulting in higher low-frequency error the commercially available power switches used (MOSFET), the
between the actual current and the current reference. This, in inductor current ripple, and the quality of reference current
turn, will lead to higher low-order harmonics in the line current tracking. The chosen value has been found to give good overall
and, therefore, higher THD. Fig. 6 shows the effect of changes performance.
in the amplitude of the triangular waveform on the input current Base values are defined as:
THD (taking into account only the first nine harmonics). PB = Po = 1OOOVA
It is clear from Fig. 6 that the THD is less affected by the
changes in the amplitude of the triangular waveform in the VB = V, = 115 V (RMS)
PI-controller option than in the P-controller option because of ZB = PB/ VB = 1000/115 = 8.7 A (RMS)
the additional control on the size of the low-order harmonics
introduced by the PI-controller. Z , = VB/ZB= 115/8.7 = 13.22 !l
Based on the above facts, for best results, the amplitude of the f B = fline = 60 HZ
triangular waveform should be kept as small as possible. The
lower limit is determined by the maximum slope of the error, 13.22 lo6 = 35062.87 pH
LB = -
which is in turn fixed by the maximum slope of the current (60)
(assuming that the switching frequency is much higher than the
1
line frequency). Reducing the amplitude below this value will lo6 = 200.67 pF.
CB =
cause multiswitching and disturb the operation of the switch. (13.22) (2II) (60)
It is worth noting that since the switching frequency is usually
chosen to be very high compared with the line frequency, the Given the above specifications and base values, and assuming
effect of any phase or frequency drift in the triangular waveform the converter to be lossless, Zin = 1 pu, V, = 1.91 pu, and the
is negligible; thus, in practice, no synchronization is needed for load resistance = 48.4 !l (3.66 pu). The desired input current
the triangular waveform with respect to the input voltage. In and output voltage ripple values will then dictate the size of the
addition, the frequency of switching does not need to be an inductance and capacitance.
integer multiple of the line frequency. A . Design of L
C. The Range of Current Control The inductor current is controlled by two voltages; one is the
rectified sinusoidal input voltage which is applied to one side of
Since there is an output voltage controller in the system of the inductor, and the other one is the voltage across the switch,
Fig. 3 keeping the output voltage at the desired level, the which varies between zero and V, due to switching and is
inductor current (and, as a result, the line current) can be applied to the other side of the inductor. The voltage that
reduced to zero by decreasing the average on-duty ratio of the contributes to the ripple is the voltage across the switch. In other

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 I ,

76 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 38, NO. I , FEBRUARY 1991

words, it can be said that the ripple current is produced by an As as result, C can be found in terms of r to be
equivalent square wave of amplitude Vo/2 and frequency equal
to switching frequency. To consider the worst case for ripple, (4 - r ’ y
the duty cycle of the switch is taken to be 50% for this analysis. C = (9)
2rRw
Based on the above assumptions, output voltage V,, switching
frequency f,,, inductance value L , and RMS value of the To get a ratio of less than 2 % , a capacitor with C = 2740 pF
fundamental component of current ripple at 50% duty cycle Zlr (13.65 pu) would be adequate.
are related through the following:
IV. CONTROL
OUTPUTVOLTAGE LOOP
(4) A . Steady-State Analysis
Note that ( V , /2)(4/ IIa)is the RMS value of the funda- Since the break frequency of the output filter is very low, one
mental component of the switched voltage for a 50% duty cycle. can say that the output voltage is controlled only by the average
In addition, the fundamental or switching frequency component value of the okduty ratio of the switch in a half cycle of the ac
of the current ripple represents more than 99% of the total RMS input voltage D:
current generated by the square-wave voltage ripple.
The maximum permitted amount of ripple is 5%; therefore,
I,, = 0.05 Z, (where Z is the RMS value of the 120-Hz compo-
nent of the inductor current). Therefore In addition, if d is the average off-duty ratio of the switch in
one switching period, the boost diode and the inductor currents
(5)
can be related as follows:
With the values chosen before, L is found to be 0.9 mH
(0.026 pu). ID = dz,. (11)
The minimum value for the amplitude of the triangular wave- Assuming that perfect sinusoidal current is drawn from the ac
form can be readily found from the maximum value of V,, and line, (which can be well approximated using the PI-controller
the value of L . The maximum slope of the inductor current is option)
Vin,- sin ut - o L Z i n , ~ c out
s
mmaT= V,,,, / L = (~)(115>/(0.oooS) d = (P) (12)
VO
= 180705.06 A/s .

-
where P is equal to 1 in the positive half cycle of the ac input
For f,, = 40 kHz, the switching period is 25 ps/ Therefore, voltage and - 1 in the other half cycle.
the following relation gives the amplitude of the triangular Combining (1 1) and (12) and assuming Zin = Z,, I sin w t I ,
waveform that corresponds to this slope of current: the average of the diode current over a half cycle of the ac input
voltage is found to be
A,, = (25/4)(10-6)(180705.06) = 1.13 A
= 0.13 pu.
B. Design of C In addition, the average of the inductor current over a half
To find the value of C for a desired output voltage ripple, we cycle of the ac input voltage is
note that the capacitor-resistor combination at the output of the - 2
converter acts as a low-pass filter for the current through the ‘in = E Z i n , - .
boost diode. This current can be thought of as being supplied by
a current source Zs, whose value is controlled by the output Equations (lo), (13), and (14) yield
voltage controller. Furthermore, Fourier analysis of the diode
current shows that this current is of a sinusoidal nature, consid- n2 - _
fD = -(I - D)z,in
ering only its dc and fundamental components. Therefore 8
I, = k(1 - c o s 2 w t ) . (6)
However,
- = -Vo
The gain of the filter for the dc component of the current I, is D -
R , whereas its gain for the ac component is R
R Therefore, (lo), (M), and (16) give
IGACI = (7) - 16Vin,- 1
((2RCw)’ + 1)”’ 1. =--
” l13R ( 1 - 0)’ ’
Therefore
Knowing that Zref and Zi, are related by a constant

‘in = K~Zref
the following relation can be derived using (17) and (18)
where r is the output voltage ripple, which is defined as the ratio
of the peak-to-peak value of the ripple component to the dc
component of the output voltage.

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 / I

KAZERANI et al.: NOVEL ACTIVE CURRENT WAVESHAPING TECHNIQUE

Equations (10) and (19) yield

Knowing that Zref is obtained by scaling a sample of V,,

( K , V,), using the output of the voltage controller ( e )

or
V, = K & (22)
where
/.......+.......+ .......+.......+.......+........ t
...
...
.+.
...
... +.*
Oms 2ms 41s 6ms Ems lOms 12ms 14ms 16ms

Fig. 7. Typical simulation results for P-controlleroption: (a) Input current

and voltage waveforms (per unit); (b) boost switch gating signal.
The above equation is nonlinear and is therefore linearized
around the operating point defined by E and V,: 2.0 .
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
.t
..
.
..
..
+
..
..
.
..
+.
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
+.
.
..
..
.
+.
..
. +

1 0
1
ac Vo = - K E - ' / ~ ~ .
2
0.0

B. Voltage Controller
Since the voltage loop is working at the frequency below the
output filter comer frequency, the phase shift of the converter-
filter combination is minimal, and a simple PI controller will
allow the compensation of the voltage loop.
In the_ experimental setup, the linearization was performed
around V, = 220 V, which corresponds to E = 0.98 ( K , = 2.5,
K , = 0.03, and K = 223.61).
The stability is achieved around an operating point and as-
sumes small variations. The transient behavior of the system can
be significantly improved by adding a feedforward signal from
the load current to the output of the voltage controller. How-
ever, the voltage loop transient response is dictated mainly by
the output capacitor value and not the current loop, which has a
much faster response.
V. SIMULATION
RESULTS
In order to more clearly expose the operation of the proposed
technique, a ratio of switching frequency to line frequency lower
than the one given in the design specifications and example was
used for simulation purposes.
Fig. 7 shows the simulation results for the P-controller option.
As seen, the input current waveform is almost sinusoidal and is
in phase with the ac input voltage. However, the use of a
P-controller results in a small phase displacement of the funda-
mental component of the current (Fig. 7). This, together with
the current waveform distortion due to switching and crossover
distortion, contributes to some degradation in the power factor.
Still, the results for option 1 are satisfactory (Table I).
Fig. 8 shows the simulation results for the PI-controller
option. It is seen that the current waveform is much closer to an
ideal sinusoidal waveform than it is with the P-controller option.
The power factor is improved because of reduction in both phase
displacement and waveform distortion (Table I). The transient
response of the current loop to changes in reference current is
very fast, almost instantaneous with a P controller (about 1 cycle
of the switching frequency), and very fast for a PI controller
(about five cycles of switching frequency).
-1 0
-2 0
+ ....+--......+ .......+.... ...+........ +... ....+.......+--- .....+....i
18ms 20ms 22ms 24ms 26ms 28ms 30ms 32ms
Fig. 8. Typical simulation results for PI-controller option: (a) Input current
and voltage waveforms (per unit); (b) boost switch gating signal.
A lower switching frequency results in a larger inductance for
the same ripple current specification. Tracking is not as good,
and cross-over distortion is more pronounced, resulting in a
lower power factor and sluggish transient response. The choice
of a high switching frequency is dictated by inductor size and
power factor considerations. However, a high switching fre-
quency does not improve the voltage loop transient response,
which is limited by the high value of the output capacitor.
VI. EXPENMENTAL
RESULTS
A 1-kVA converter using the parameters given in the design
example was set up in the laboratory. The waveforms of the
input current and ac input voltage obtained for both P controller
and PI controller options are shown in Fig. 9(a) and Fig. 10(a),
respectively.
The frequency spectrums of the input current for both control
options are shown in Fig. 9(b) and Fig. 10(b), respectively.
Experimental results show that for small load and input voltage
variations, the voltage loop operates properly. Experimental
results are found to be consistent with the simulation results.
VII. CONCLUSION
Nearly unity power-factor operation with constant switching
frequency is obtained with single-phase diode rectifiers using the
proposed input current waveshaping technique. Harmonic distor-
tion power drawn from the ac line is reduced to a minimum. The

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 78 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 38, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1991

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I
1 1
I l l 1 1 II ’ I ’ h W r l 111111 111111 Y 1 M l l l l l l l l l l l l I11111 1 1 1 1 I I I II 1111111 111 1111111 I 1 l l l l r l l l 111 1111 1111111111111 I U I I I 1111’111 111 11111 11111111’11 111111111 111 11111111111 11111 1111111

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