Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
The upper mantle and lower crust (lithosphere) are referred to as the
asthenosphere.
*Note that plate tectonics is a theory. It is not something that we can directly
sample or touch, or for that matter prove. That is why we will refer to it as
a theory.
*In 1915, a Bavarian scientist named Alfred Wegener (later referred to as the
"Father of Plate Tectonics") noticed, while working near the North Pole,
that his compass needle did not point to where north "should" have been. In
other words, true north and magnetic north were in two separate localities.
Wegener theorized that the poles (both North and South) were
"wandering" with time. He called this "Polar Wandering".
*Subsequent to his theory, he began to also notice how continents fit together
like a jigsaw puzzlemost notably the western coast of Africa and the
eastern coast of South America. In addition, rocks from these localities
were the same rock type, same age, and contained the same age and type of
fossils. His revised theory became known as "Continental Drift", because he
realized that it was not the poles that shifted, but the continents
themselves.
*Wegener died of a heart attack on a voyage studying glaciers near the North
Pole in early 1930 and his work was virtually forgotten for several decades.
2011/10/21 @ By Dr.Muhammad Edisar, MT 8
History of Plate Tectonics
Fit of coastlines recognized early
Sir Francis Bacon (1600s)
No mechanism for motion
*In the late 1960's and early 1970's, two scientists, revisited Wegener's
findings and combined them with Hess' discoveries to formulate a new
package called "Plate Tectonics". Robert Palmer and Donald Mackenzie are
credited with naming and
2011/10/21 @ synthesizing the
By Dr.Muhammad theory
Edisar, MT of plate tectonics. 18
History of Plate Tectonics
Problem with continental drift?
No sound mechanism for the drift!
Wegner hypothesizes spin of earth or tides..
*There are several geological processes that occur where plates meet (called
plate boundaries or margins):
1. Volcanoes tend to erupt at plate margins as a result of a process called
subduction
2. Earthquakes occur where plates grind against or over one other
3. Mountain building occurs as one plate is pushed over another
4. Seafloor spreading occurs where two oceanic plates pull apart
Divergent
Convergent
Transform
A. Volcanic Arc
2011/10/21 @ By Dr.Muhammad Edisar, MT 33
B. Oceanic Rift Zone C. Transform Fault Zone
Volcanic Zones Depicting Plate Boundaries
Landscape features:
land: rift valleys,
volcanic mountains,
thinning crust
ocean/sea: rift valleys,
mountain ranges
1. Subduction zones
a. Continent vs. ocean collision (ex.: Andes Mts., Pacific NW of U.S
Ocean vs. ocean collision (ex.: Japan, Philippines); Basaltic rocks
Plate Dynamics
12-15 major lithospheric plates; includes both oceanic and continental crust
Three types of plate boundaries or margins:
Convergent: compression
Divergent: tension/extension
Transform: strike-slip horizontal motion
Transform boundaries
Ridge-ridge faults - in oceanic setting
Strike-slip faults - continental setting (San Andreas Fault in California)
Miscellaneous
Gondwanaland - S. America, Africa, Antarctica, and Australia bunched at S.
Pole 300+ million years ago
Pangaea: "Super continent" that split apart 200 million years ago;
next "Pangaea" in 250 million years from now
2011/10/21 @ By Dr.Muhammad Edisar, MT 54
Key Terminology
Oceanic crust Continental crust
Lithosphere Asthenosphere
Mantle Magma
Inner Core Outer Core
Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho) Polar Wandering
Continental Drift Alfred Wegener
Harry Hess Seafloor Spreading
Echo Sounding Mid-Oceanic Ridge (Rift) Zone
Glomar Challenger Magnetic Reversal
Frederick Vine Drummond Matthews
Robert Palmer Donald MacKenzie
Plate Tectonics Convection
Conduction Push-Pull Slab
Convergent Divergent
Transform Plate Boundary (Margin)
Subduction Zone Deep Sea Trench
Volcanic Arc Volcanic Island Arc
Hot Spot Volcanism Collision Zones
Benioff Zone East African Rift Zone
Gondwanaland Pangaea
2011/10/21
Ocean Drilling Program @ By Dr.Muhammad Edisar, MT 56
The Ocean Drilling Program home page with links to related agencies and institutions.
Ocean Floor Ages Map
A great global map illustrating ocean floor ages from NOAA.
Paleomap
This Web site illustrates plate tectonics development of the ocean basins and continents, including projections for the future.