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1)
1.0 Statistics Mode
2.0 Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC (2.3)
Frequency
P (A and B and C) = probability of independent
nx events A and B and C occurring in sequence
fx = (2.1)
n PA = probability of event A
n!(pk )(qn-k )
Pk = (2.2) Conditional Probability
k!(n-k)!
Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials = (2.5)
p = probability of a success + ~ ~
q = 1 p = probability of failure
P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D
k = number of successes
P(A) = probability of event A occurring
n = number of trials P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur
ES/BE
IED POE DE CEA AE CIM EDD 1
2016 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2016
v16.1
s(12 f) ns2
c2 = a2 + b2 (3.4) Area = n = 180 (3.15)
2 4tan( )
n
a c
sin = (3.5) a
c n = number of sides
b
cos = (3.6)
c
b Trapezoid a
tan = ab (3.7) h
Area = (a + b)h (3.16) h
h
b
4.0 Solid Geometry h
Cube
Sphere
Volume = s3 (4.1) s 4
Volume = r3 (4.8)
3
Surface Area = 6s2 (4.2) s s Surface Area = 4 r2 (4.9)
Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
Volume = wdh (4.3) h r
Volume = r2 h (4.10) h
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh) (4.4) w d
Surface Area = 2 r h+2 r2 (4.11)
A = area of base
Pyramid
Ah h
Volume =
3
(4.7) 5.0 Constants
A = area of base g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32.17 ft/s2
G = 6.67 x 10-11 m3/kgs2
= 3.14159
ES/BE
2016 Project Lead The Way, Inc. IED POE DE CEA AE CIM EDD 2
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2016
v16.1
6.0 Conversions
Mass/Weight (6.1) Area (6.4) Pressure (6.8) Rotational Speed (6.11)
1 atm = 1.01325 bar 1 Hz = 2 rad/sec
1 kg = 2.205 lbm 1 acre = 4047 m2
= 33.9 ft H2O = 60 rpm
1 slug = 32.2 lbm = 43,560 ft2
= 29.92 in. Hg
1 ton = 2000 lb = 0.00156 mi2
= 760 mm Hg
1 lb = 16 oz
Volume (6.5) = 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
1L = 0.264 gal
Length (6.2) 1psi = 2.31 ft of H2O
= 0.0353 ft3
1m = 3.28 ft = 33.8 fl oz Power (6.9) 7.0 Defined Units
1 km = 0.621 mi 1mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc
1W = 3.412 Btu/h
1 in. = 2.54 cm
Temperature Unit = 0.00134 hp 1J = 1 Nm
1 mi = 5280 ft Equivalents (6.6) = 14.34 cal/min 1N = 1 kgm / s2
1 yd = 3 ft *Use equation in section
9.0 to convert = 0.7376 ftlbf/s 1 Pa = 1 N / m2
1 hp = 550 ftlb/sec 1V =1W/A
1 K = 1 C 1W =1J/s
Time (6.3) = 1.8 F Energy (6.10)
= 1.8 R 1W =1V/A
1d = 24 h
1J = 0.239 cal 1 Hz = 1 s-1
1h = 60 min Force (6.7)
= 9.48 x 10-4 Btu 1F = 1 As / V
1 min = 60 s
1N = 0.225 lb = 0.7376 ftlbf 1H = 1 Vs / V
1 yr = 365 d
1 kip = 1,000 lb 1kW h = 3,600,000 J
8.0 SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One Numbers Greater Than One
Power Decimal Power Whole Number
Prefix Abbreviation Prefix Abbreviation
of 10 Equivalent of 10 Equivalent
10-1 0.1 deci- d 101 10 deca- da
10-2 0.01 centi- c 102 100 hecto- h
10-3 0.001 milli- m 103 1000 kilo- k
10-6 0.000001 micro- 106 1,000,000 Mega- M
10-9 0.000000001 nano- n 109 1,000,000,000 Giga- G
10-12 pico- p 1012 Tera- T
10-15 femto- f 1015 Peta- P
10-18 atto- a 1018 Exa- E
10-21 zepto- z 1021 Zetta- Z
10-24 yocto- y 1024 Yotta- Y
P= (9.11)
P = Qp (9.22) Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
P = power absolute pressure = gauge pressure VT = V1 + V2 + + Vn
E = energy + atmospheric pressure (9.23) n
W = work or VT = k=1 Vk (9.37)
p = absolute pressure
t = time F = force V = voltage
= torque A = area VT = total voltage
= angular velocity V = volume I = current
T = absolute temperature IT = total current
Q = flow rate R = resistance
Efficiency v = flow velocity RT = total resistance
Pout
P = power P = power
Efficiency (%) = 100% (9.12)
Pin
Mechanics Thermodynamics
Pout = useful power output d
Pin = total power input s= (9.24) P = Q = AUT (9.38)
t
Q
d P = Q' = (9.39)
v= (9.25) t
Energy: Potential t 1 k
vf vi U= =L (9.40)
U = mgh (9.13) a= (9.26) R
t
kAT
U = potential energy vi 2 sin(2) P= (9.41)
L
m =mass X= (9.27)
-g A1v1 = A2v2 (9.42)
g = acceleration due to gravity
v = vi + at
Pnet = Ae(T2 4 -T1 4 )
(9.28)
h = height (9.43)
d = di + vit + at2 (9.29) PL
k= (9.44)
Energy: Kinetic v2 = vi2 + 2a(d di) (9.30) AT
h x b h
bh3
x= and y = (10.3)
x
2 2
Ixx = (10.1)
12
b Right Triangle Centroid y
b h
x= and y = (10.4)
Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section 3 3
x
about x axis
y
Semi-circle Centroid
Complex Shapes Centroid
4r
xi Ai yi Ai x = r and y = (10.5)
x= and y = (10.2) 3 x
Ai Ai
= stress L
Reaction RA = RB = (12.4)
F = axial force 2
2
L
A = cross-sectional area Moment Mmax = (at center) (12.5)
8
5L4
Deflection max = 384EI (at center) (12.6)
Strain (axial)
Reaction RA = RB = P (12.7)
= (11.2)
L0 Moment Mmax = Pa (12.8)
= strain Pa
Deflection max = 24EI (3L2 -4a2 ) (12.9)
L0 = original length (at center)
= change in length
Pb Pa
Reaction RA = and RB = (12.10)
L L
Pab
Moment Mmax = (at Point of Load) (12.11)
Modulus of Elasticity L
Pab a+2b 3a a+2b
Deflection max = 27EI
(12.12)
E= (11.3)
(at x =
a a+2b
when a>b )
3,
E = modulus of elasticity
(F2 -F1 )L0
E= (11.4) I = moment of inertia
2 1 )A
Deformation: Axial Truss Analysis
E = modulus of elasticity FL0
= 2J = M + R
= stress (12.13) (12.14)
AE
= strain J = number of joints
A = cross-sectional area = deformation M =number of members
F = axial force F = axial force R = number of reaction forces
= deformation L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
AMA
% Efficiency= ( ) 100 (13.3)
IMA
Lever
1st Screw
Class
C
IMA = (13.8)
Pitch
1
2nd Pitch = (13.9)
Class TPI
C = circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
3rd TPI = threads per inch
Class
Compound Machines
dout in out
= = (pulleys) (13.12)
din out in
Compound Gears
Effort at Wheel
B D
GRTOTAL = ( ) (C) (13.13)
A
Pulley Systems
Steel Beam Design: Shear Steel Beam Design: Moment Spread Footing Design
Vn Mn qnet = qallowable - pfooting (14.5)
Va (14.1) Ma (14.3)
v b
pfooting = tfooting 150 lb3 (14.6)
ft
Vn = 0.6FyAw (14.2) Mn = FyZx (14.4)
P
q= (14.7)
A
Va = internal shear force Ma = internal bending moment
Vn = nominal shear strength Mn = nominal moment strength qnet = net allowable soil bearing
v = 1.5 = factor of safety for shear b = 1.67 = factor of safety for pressure
Fy = yield stress bending moment qallowable = total allowable soil
Aw = area of web Fy = yield stress bearing pressure
Zx = plastic section modulus about pfooting = soil bearing pressure
= allowable shear strength
neutral axis due to footing weight
= allowable bending strength tfooting = thickness of footing
q = soil bearing pressure
15.0 Storm Water Runoff P = column load applied
Rational Method Runoff Coefficients A = area of footing
Storm Water Drainage
Categorized by Surface
Q = CfCiA (15.1) Forested 0.0590.2
16.0 Water Supply
C1 A1 + C2 A2 + Asphalt 0.70.95
Cc = (15.2)
A1 + A2 + Brick 0.70.85
Hazen-Williams Formula
Concrete 0.80.95
Q = peak storm water runoff rate (ft3/s) 10.44LQ
1.85
Shingle roof 0.750.95
Cf = runoff coefficient adjustment hf = 1.85 4.8655 (16.1)
factor Lawns, well drained (sandy soil) C d
C = runoff coefficient Up to 2% slope 0.050.1 hf = head loss due to friction
i = rainfall intensity (in./h) 2% to 7% slope 0.100.15 (ft of H2O)
A = drainage area (acres) Over 7% slope 0.150.2 L = length of pipe (ft)
Lawns, poor drainage (clay soil) Q = water flow rate (gpm)
Up to 2% slope 0.130.17 C = Hazen-Williams constant
Runoff Coefficient
2% to 7% slope 0.180.22 d = diameter of pipe (in.)
Adjustment Factor
Return Over 7% slope 0.250.35
Period Cf Driveways, 0.750.85 Dynamic Head
1, 2, 5, 10 1.0 walkways Categorized by Use dynamic head = static head
25 1.1 Farmland 0.050.3 head loss (16.2)
50 1.2 Pasture 0.050.3 static head = change in elevation
100 1.25 between source and
Unimproved 0.10.3
discharge
Parks 0.10.25
Cemeteries 0.10.25
Railroad yard 0.20.40 17.0 Heat Loss/Gain
Playgrounds 0.20.35
(except asphalt or Districts
Business Heat Loss/Gain
concrete)
Neighborhood 0.50.7
Q = AUT (17.1)
City (downtown) 0.70.95
Residential 1
U= (17.2)
Single-family 0.30.5 R
Multi-plexes, 0.40.6 Q = thermal energy
detached
Multi-plexes, 0.60.75 A = area of thermal conductivity
attached
Suburban 0.250.4 U = coefficient of heat
Apartments, 0.50.7 conductivity (U-factor)
condominiumsIndustrial T = change in temperature
R = resistance to heat flow (R-
Light 0.50.8
value)
Heavy 0.60.9
Pipe Size
Flanged Fittings 1/2 3/4 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Regular 90 degree 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.4 3.1 3.6 4.4 5.9 7.3 8.9 12.0 14.0 17.0 18.0 21.0 23.0
Elbows Long radius 90 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.7 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.7 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.4 10.0 11.0
degree 45 degree
Regular 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.6 7.7 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 16.0
Line Flow 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.7 5.2 6.0 6.4 7.2 7.6
Tees
Branch Flow 2.0 2.6 3.3 4.4 5.2 6.6 7.5 9.4 12.0 15.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 34.0 37.0 43.0 47.0
Return Regular 180 degree 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.4 3.1 3.6 4.4 5.9 7.3 8.9 12.0 14.0 17.0 18.0 21.0 23.0
Bends Long radius 180 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.9 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.7 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.4 10.0 11.0
degree
Globe 38.0 40.0 45.0 54.0 59.0 70.0 77.0 94.0 120.0 150.0 190.0. 260.0 310.0 390.0
Gate 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2
Valves
Angle 15.0 15.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 21.0 22.0 285.0 38.0 50.0 63.0 90.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 190.0 210.0
Swing Check 3.8 5.3 7.2 10.0 12.0 17.0 21.0 27.0 38.0 50.0 63.0 90.0 120.0 140.0
X+X=1 (21.8)
X+Y = X Y (21.21)
Associative Law
X(YZ) = (XY)Z (21.12)
X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z (21.13)
Distributive Law
GDP2 - GDP1
Economic Growth = (25.4)
GDP1
distance the substance travels
Rf = distance the solvent travels
(25.5)
Coarse Fine
Grained grained
Run sieve Run LL and
%G > %S analysis %S > %G PL on
minus No.
Gravel 40 sieve
Sand (S)
(G) material
Less Between Between
More than Less than More than LL < 50 LL 50
than 5% 5% and 5% and
12% pass 5% pass 12% pass
pass No. 12% pass 12% pass
No. 200 No. 200 No. 200
200 No. 200 No. 200 Above Above line
seive sieve sieve Below Limits plot Below
sieve sieve sieve line on on
line on in shaded line on
Plasticity Plasticity Plasticity
Run LL area of Plasticity
Dual Run LL and Dual Chart or Chart Chart
Well Poorly and PL on Plasticity Chart
symbol PL on minus symbol and PI>
grade grade minus No. PI < 4 Chart
Well Poorly based on No. 40 sieve based 7
material d d on 40 sieve
graded graded gradation
gradatio material
and
plasticity n and Color or Color or
Below Limits Below Limits odor Inorganic
Above plasticity Above odor
line or plot in line and line or plot in line and Inorganic
shaded shaded shaded shaded shaded shaded
area on area on area on area on area on area on Organi
SW-SM Plasticity Organic c
Plasticity Plasticity Plasticity Plasticity Plasticity
GW-GM Chart Chart Chart SP-SM Chart Chart Chart MH
GP-GM SW-SC ML
GW GP GW-GC GM GM-GC GC SW SP SP-SC SM SM-SC SC OL ML-CL CL OH CH
GP-GC
CEA 7
2016 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2016