W hat is lexical semantics ?

-Branch of liguistics that studies the meaning of the words.

Reflected meaning
-When a word has more than one conceptual meaning or multiple conceptual meaning.
Dear can mean 1) expensive but also 2)beloved. The meaning that is more frequent or more familiar
has dominant suggestive power.

The semantic relation between lexical item denoting a part and that denoting the corresponding whole
is thermed MERONOMY.

Figures of speech

Homonymy is the relation between words with identical forms but

different meanings. Homonyms: homographs (same spelling different meaning) and
Homophones(pronounced in the same way but different meaning)

Hyponymy is the type of lexical relation which corresponds to the inclusion of one class in another. (
dog, cat, cow are included in animals)
Hypernym upper term hyponym lower term
Monkey is hypernym of chimpanzee and chimpanzee is hyponym of monkey.

Different types of lexical sense relations.

Homonomy
Hyponymy
Antonymy
Synonymy
Taxonymy
Polysemy
Meronymy
Compatibility
Incompatibility

Antonymy means oppositeness ofmeaning. Words that are opposite are antonyms ( handsome-ugly,
clean dirty).
Minor types of antonyms are antipodals and reversives.
Antipodals in a pair of antipodals one member of the pair is an extreme in one direction and the other
represents the other extreme ( east-west, top bottom)
Reversives one member of the pair represents movement in one direction and the other movement in
the opposite direction ( push pull) REVERSE ANTONYMS

Thematic meaning messages can be organized so that they differ in terms of ordering, focus and
emphasis. The meaning associated with this kind of situation is referred to as thematic meaning.
(I do not know this. This I do not know.)

EUPHISM A figure of speech in which an unpleasant or coarse phrase by a soffer expression is called
EUPHISM.
Two key concepts of the functional approach to meaning are context and distribution.
Context is the minimal stretch of speech determining each individual meaning of the word.
Context: same words in different context (Put those scissors down there. You need to put some work in
it)
Distribution ( blue sky sky blue, child problem problem child)

NONCE WORDS A word coined and used only for particular occasion and according to the productive
rules formation to cover same immediate need is called NONCE WORDS. A nonce word (also called
an occasionalism) is a lexeme created for a single occasion to solve an immediate problem of
communication.

Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing
word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as -ness or un-. For
example, happiness and unhappy derive from the root word hap.

Eponym - a word based on or derived from a person's name

Achilles heel, America, Tesla, Amper, Davis Cup, Amazon, Adams apple,
Cyrillic)

Denotation tends to be described as the definitional, literal, obvious or

commonsense meaning of a sign. The term CONNOTATION is used to refer to
the socio-cultural and personal associations of the sign.
Handsome denotation having an attractive, well proportioned appearance
suggestive of health and strength, good loking, a handsome man.
Handsome connotation a man who is handsome has an attractive face. He is
tall, dark and undeniably handsomeman.

In linguistics, productivity is the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical
process, especially in word formation. It compares grammatical processes that are in frequent use to
less frequently used ones that tend towards lexicalization. Generally the test of productivity concerns
identifying which grammatical forms would be used in the coining of new words: these will tend to
only be converted to other forms using productive processes.
A process (word-forming or inflectional) is said to be productive if it can produce new words and
word-forms. Different processes are productive to a different degree: some are
Fully productive ( like some inflectional processes)
Semi productive (like word-forming processes)
No longer productive

AN Analogical formation is a new formation clearly modelled on one already existing lexeme.
(tablescape is based on landscape, Monicagate is based on Watergate)

PALINDROM (RACE CAR RACE CAR) Same word when u red in reverse order.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech which is an exaggeration.

Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration used to make a point
Ive told you a million times I had a ton of homework