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Abstract The research have been done production methyl ester then there are some things to consider include the type
laurate from virgin coconut oil via transesterification and of catalyst (alkaline, acid or enzyme), molar ratio of
distillation methods. Determination of optimum conditions alcohol/oil, temperature and purity of the reactants. The
through the application of influence methanolysis stirrer results showed that the conversion of methyl ester reached
agitation and the reaction time of the mass fraction of fatty 60-90%. The using of sodium methoxide catalyst and
acid methyl esters are formed. Agitation stirrer and the ethanol in the transesterification of animal fat methoxide
reaction time effect on fatty acid methyl ester methanolysis significant influence on the conversion of methyl ester and
products with optimum conditions found on the stirrer
ethyl ester produced [3]. Conversion of methyl ester, namely
agitation 500 rpm and reaction time 50 minutes. In these
conditions the mass fraction of fatty acid methyl esters reached 87.7%, 86.7%, and 86.3%, whereas the conversion of ethyl
100%. Methyl ester which was obtained in every treatment was ester is 78.4%, 82.6%, and 82.7%. Results of the study [4]
separated, washed and filtered, which was then characterized reported that the use of catalysts ZnO and SO42-/ZnO2 for
by GC, and then methyl ester was analyzed GC and GC-MS transesterification of palm kernel oil and coconut oil,
separated by distillation method to obtain methyl laurate. produced methyl esters above 90%. While the results of the
The results of the fatty acid methyl ester fractionation produce study [5] reported that the methyl ester conversion is
6 fractions, 3 fractions (fractions I, II and VI) containing achieved at the optimum conditions the ratio of
methyl laurate lower than original VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil), methanol/ethanol 4: 2, the ratio of alcohol/oil 6: 1, reaction
3 fractions (fractions III, IV and V fraction) containing methyl
conditions for 1 hour, and at a temperature of 50oC. The
laurate above VCO (virgin coconut oil) origin (in up 70%).
Fractionation back combined fractions III to V yield fractions results showed that the conversion of methyl ester reached
containing 93% methyl laurate. If distilled up to 99% yield of 98.10%. Kinetics of catalytic transesterification of palm oil
methyl laurate. using sodium hydroxide and sodium methoxide studied by
[6], in which the optimum condition is achieved at a ratio of
Index Term-- fatty acid methyl ester, methyl laurate, virgin oil / methanol 1:10, catalyst concentration 0.125 mol/kg of
coconut oil, methanolysis oil, and a temperature of 60.5 oC. The results showed that
the conversion of methyl ester reached 99%, and the rate
I. INTRODUCTION constant of methyl ester at 0.163 liter mol/min. Study [7]
Transesterification (called alcoholysis) is the exchange reported that in order to get the maximum conversion of the
between the alcohol with an ester to form another ester in a methyl ester then some other factors that influence the type
process similar to hydrolysis, except for the use of alcohol of catalyst, the ratio of oil/alcohol, temperature, stirring
to displace the water. This process has been widely used to speed, and free fatty acid content. Optimum conditions
reduce the viscosity of triglycerides. Transesterification achieved in methanol-oil molar ratio of 10: 1, temperature of
reaction shown by the following general equation: 65.5C, reaction time 7 minutes, stirring speed of 150 rpm.
Where conversion of methyl ester produced 85%.
The materials used in this study is virgin coconut oil Separation of methyl ester of lauric fatty acid products
from PT. Tropica Nucifera Industry Indonesia. The methanolysis performed using fractionation distillation
following analytical grade chemicals were used: method (Figure 3). At this stage fractionation with 6
a. Methanol (Merck, Germany) fractions of each fraction I, II, III, IV, V and VI fraction.
b. Sodium hydroxide (Merck, Germany) Fraction I through V are accommodated fraction distilled
c. Hydrochloric acid (Merck, Germany) consecutive 10% of the volume of distilled (each 10 ml),
d. Sodium sulfate anhydrous (Merck, Germany) whereas fraction VI is not distilled fraction (volume 50 ml).
Each fraction was analyzed composition of fatty acid methyl
The tools used in this study are as follows: a set of esters using GC. Fractions containing methyl laurate above
laboratory glassware, machinery stirrer RW 16 basic brand- 50% expressed as methyl laurate rough and made
IKAWERE (stirre propeller), a set series of fractionation redistillation to get methyl laurate with a higher degree of
distillation apparatus, Gas Chromatography, and Gas purity.
Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS QP2010S
Shimadzu).
Methods
120
100 100 100 100 100
Rendemen fatty acid methyl ester
100 90.34
78.27
80 63.88
60
(%)
40
20
0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
stirrer agitation (rpm)
Fig. 4. The results of measurements of the fraction of the mass of fatty acid methyl esters of various stirrer agitation
reaction time has reached a maximum at 50 minutes,
because at that time the yield of fatty acid methyl esters
Findings stirrer 500 rpm agitation resulting fatty acid methyl reached 100%, the same as the reaction time of 60 minutes.
ester yield 100% takes place at a lower reaction time of 60 Thus the conditions of production of fatty acid methyl ester
minutes. To know the exact time of the reaction in the in the reactor was stirred at 500 rpm stirrer agitation with a
production of fatty acid methyl ester applied treatment effect reaction time of 50 minutes and on the composition of
of reaction time on the mass fraction of fatty acid methyl methanol/VCO/NaOH 1: 2: 0.02 based on v / v /w.
esters are formed. The results obtained (Figure 5) shows the
120
100 100
Rendemen fatty acid methyl ester (%)
97.23
100 84.07
75.4
80 65.09
60
40
20
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
reaction time (minutes)
Fig. 5. The measurement results yield fatty acid methyl esters from different reaction time at 500 rpm stirrer agitation
Findings about 50 minutes of reaction time on the use of expected to lower production costs, increase yield and
stirring 500 rpm agitation has proved preconception that reduce energy costs, such as the cost of electricity is
reaction time may be shorter than the reaction time of 60 required.
minutes. With reduction (reduction) reaction time would be
Efforts to improve the content of lauric acid in fraction III to laurate 93-99%, which means the fraction is a product
V, made by redistillation. The results obtained (Table 2, and distilled methyl laurate.
Figure 6) shows that no distilled fraction containing methyl
Table II
The composition of fatty acid methyl ester redistillation
No. Type of fatty acid methyl ester Composition of fatty acid methyl ester (%)
fraction
I II
1. Methyl caprylate 22,56 0
Fig. 6. Chromatogram from redistillation method of fraction methyl laurate stage III
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Conditions reaction to produce fatty acid methyl esters [5] Baroutian, S., Aroua, M.K., Raman, A.A., and Sulaiman, A.,
2009, RBD Palm Olein-Based Methyl/Ethyl Esters, Journal of
are using 500 rpm stirring speed and reaction time 50
Oil Palm Research.,21, 659-666.
minutes. In these conditions the reaction methanolysis [6] Foon, C.I., May, C.Y., Ngan M.H., and Hock, C.C., 2004,
reached the maximum mass fraction of methyl esters of fatty Kinetics Study on Transesterification of Palm Oil, Journal of
acids by 100%. Separation of methyl laurate in Oil Palm Research.,16,2, 19-29.
[7] May Choo Yuen., 2004, Transesterification of Palm Oil :
methanolysis reaction products (methyl fatty acid esters)
Effect of Reaction Parameters, Journal of Oil Palm
with fractionation-distillation technique yielded three Research.,16,2, 1-11.
fractions of 6 fractions containing methyl laurate above
70%, and further fractionation-distillation produces methyl
laurate with 93-99% purity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This investigation was supported by PT. Tropical
Nuciferra Industry Yogyakarta Indonesia, and by
Laboratory Facilities from the Department of Physical
Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University
of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
REFERENCES
[1] Darnoko, D., and M. Cheryan., 2000, Kinetics of Palm Oil
Transesterification in a Batch Reactor, J. Am. Oil Chem.Soc.,
77, 12631267.
[2] Demirbas, A., 2005, Biodiesel production from vegetable oils
via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol
transesterification methods Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science., 31, 466487.
[3] Garca, M., Gonzalo A, Snchez J.L., Arauzo, J., and Simoes,
C., 2011, Methanolysis And Ethanolysis Of Animal Fats: A
Comparative Study Of The Influence Of Alcohols, Chemical
Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 17,1, 9197.
[4] Jitputti, J., Kitiyanan, B., Bunyakiat, K., and Rangsunvigit, P.,
2004, Transesterification of Palm Kernel Oil and Coconut Oil
by Difference Solid Catalysts, The Joint International
Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE),
Thailand.