STATISTICS

LAWEND KAMAL ASKAR

DOHUK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
ROADS AND BRIDGES ENGINEERING

Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar 27 November 2014
 Central Measures
Properties of Arithmetic mean
A. The sum of the deviations, of all the values of x, from their
arithmetic mean, is zero.

(xi- ) =0 (Ungrouped or raw data).

fi (xi- ) =0 (Grouped data).

Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar 27 November 2014
 Central Measures
Example 4: Ungrouped or raw data

xi xi-
8 8-7.6= 0.4
3 3-7.6= -4.6
5 5-7.6= -2.6
12 12-7.6= 4.4
10 10-7.6= 2.4
38 (xi- ) =0

Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar 27 November 2014
 Central Measures
Example 5: (Grouped data)
Class Frequency Class fi xi xi- X fi (xi- X)
limits (fi) midpoint
10-12 3 11 33 -3.8 -11.4
13-15 6 14 84 -0.8 -4.8
16-18 5 17 85 2.2 11
19-21 1 20 20 5.2 5.2
fi=15 fi xi=222 fi (xi- X) =0

Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar 27 November 2014
 Central Measures
B. The sum of the squares of the deviations of the values of the
variable with respect to any number is minimized when the
number matches the arithmetic mean.

)2 )2

Example 6: xi=9,8,6,5,7
=35/5=7
(xi- ) =(9- 7)+ (8- 7)+ (6- 7)+ (5- 7)+ (7- 7)=10
Let A=10
(xi- A) =(9- 10)+ (8- 10)+ (6- 10)+ (5- 10)+ (7- 10)=55

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
C. If all values of the variable are multiplied by the same number, the
arithmetic average is multiplied by that number.

yi=xi*k Y=yi/n
Y=X*k
Example 7:
xi=8,3,2,12,10 k=5
Xi=40,15,10,60,50
Y=175/5=35

X=35/5=7
Y=X*k=7*5=35

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
D.
Zi=yi+xi
Z`=Y`+X` Example 8:
xi yi zi
2 5 7
4 10 14
6 8 14
8 7 15
5 10 15
25 40 65
X`=5 Y`=8 Z`=13

Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar 27 November 2014
 Central Measures
D. If all values of the variable are Weighted by different weights , the
arithmetic average is

Where
=Weighted arithmetic mean
x =Values of the items
w =Weight of the item

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
Example 9:
Subject wi xi Wi*yi
Mathematic 4 60 240

Mechanic 4 50 200

Electric 2 70 140

Eng. Drawing 3 50 150

13 730

X=

= 56.153

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
2. The geometric mean (GM)
is relevant on certain sets of data, and is different from the arithmetic
mean. Mathematically, the geometric mean is the nth root of the
product of n numbers.
For Ungrouped data:
GM= 1 2 3
1
GM =(1 2 3 )

1
Log GM= (1+ 2+ 3 + )

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
Example:
Calculate the geometric mean of the following 3,5,8,3,7,2
1
GM =(1 2 3 )
1
GM= (3*5*8*3*72) =4.14 6

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
For grouped data:

log
log G.M=

1 log 1 +2 log 2 + ..+ log

log GM=

Where:
fi:frequancy
xi:Values of the items

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
Example:
Class-limit fi Mid point Log xi Fi*log xi
10-12 3 11 1.04139 3.124
13-15 6 14 1.1461 6.876
16-18 5 17 1.23 6.1522
19-21 1 20 1.3 1.3
15 17.4522

fi log xi
log GM=
fi

17.4522
log GM= = 1.163 GM=14.55
15

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
The Harmonic Mean (HM) : Harmonic mean of a set of observations is defined
as the reciprocal of the arithmetic average of the reciprocal of the given values.
If x1,x2..xn are n observations,

For Ungrouped data:

HM= 1


Example: determine the harmonic mean for values below: 2,2,4,5,8,10
6
HM=1 =1 1 1 1 1 1 =3.58
+ + + + +
2 2 4 5 8 10

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
For grouped data

HM=


Where:
fi:frequancy
xi: mid-point class

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
Example: determine the (Harmonic) mean for data in the table as
show below:
Class limit fi Mid-point fi/xi
10-14 2 12 0.167
15-19 3 17 0.176
20-24 4 22 0.182
25-29 3 27 0.111
30-34 2 32 0.0625
35-39 1 37 0.027
fi=15 Fi/xi
15
HM= = = 20.675
0.7255

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
4.The Quadratic Mean (QM)

For ungrouped data:

)2
QM=

Example: Find the Quadratic mean for data below:

xi=1,4,5,6,8
2 12 +4 2 +52 +62 +82
QM= = =5.33
5

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Central Measures
For grouped data
2
QM=

Example: Find the Quadratic mean for data shown in table:

Class fi xi fi
limit
2
20-22 6 21 441 2646 QM=

23-25 15 24 576 8640
59868
26-28 30 27 792 21876 QM=
29-31 20 30 933 18000 79

32-34 8 33 1089 8712 QM=27.5286

=79 59868

27 November Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar
2014
 Thank You

Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar 27 November 2014