1. Write the ratio of compression to breath for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

(PC2.1) 30 compressions: 2 breaths

10. Explain the ARC guidelines for provision of CPR to infants, children and adults

(PC2.1) Answer:

Lay persons and healthcare professionals should use unresponsiveness

and absence of breathing to identify the need for resuscitation. Palpation of
a pulse is unreliable and should not be performed to confirm the need for
resuscitation.
Infants: 30 compressions to 2 breathes at a rate of 100 compressions per
minute
Children: 30 compressions to 2 breathes at a rate of 100 compressions per
minute
Adult: 30 compressions to 2 breathes at a rate of 100 compressions per
minute

2. Describe the first aid procedures for the following scenarios:

a) Abdominal injury
(PC2.2) b) Heat stroke
c) Minor cuts and abrasions

Answer:
Students response should demonstrate similar meaning as:

Abdominal injury
Lie patient down and assess injury draw up both knees for relief of pain
and spasm
Loosen tight clothing
Control bleeding and cover wound do not replace visible intestines
Do not allow patient to eat, drink or smoke
Observe patient until assistance arrives

Heat stroke
Call 000
DRABCD
Place child in cool environment and apply cool moist cloths or spray
Fan repeatedly
Apply ice packs

Minor cuts and abrasions

Clean the wound with sterile gauze and apply antiseptic (eg Betadine)
If there is embedded dirt clean as well as possible then apply a surfactant
antiseptic (eg Savlon) rinse wound after five minutes with saline or tap
water
Cover wound with non-stick sterile dressing

3. Provide two examples of how you ensure that when you are providing first aid you
are acting respectfully towards the casualty.
(PC2.3)
Answer:
Students response can include:
 Keep bystanders away except for those people who are known (and
wanted) by the casualty and those who are providing first aid/emergency
services etc
Maintain the modesty of the casualty by ensuring they are covered
As the casualty permission to provide first aid if they are able to provide this
Tell the casualty everything that you are about to do
Respect cultural differences
Respect the right to refuse first aid
4. Choose the correct answer:
As a Good Samaritan you have just finished performing CPR (including mouth-to-
(PC2.3) mouth) on a stranger at a shopping centre. Which of the following would be
inappropriate for you to do now?
a) Assist the centre staff in completing an Incident Report
b) Consider options for caring for your own emotional and physical well-being
such as visiting your local doctor
c) Take photos of the patient on the ground
d) None of the above.

Answer:

c) Take photos of the patient on the ground

5. Is it necessary to obtain consent to treat a first aid patient? Why?

(PC2.4) Answer:
Students response can include:

Yes, if the patient is conscious and responsive it is necessary to seek consent prior
to commenting treatment. If the patient is unconscious but there is a partner or
family member present you should seek consent from them as an alternative.

6. Fill in the blanks:

First aid equipment should be operated according to _____________________
(PC2.6)
Answer:

manufacturers instructions
7. Give three body reactions that occur in the clonic phase of major seizures.

(PC2.7) Answer:
Students response can include:
sudden, violent jerking movements of the limbs
the eyes may roll
the teeth may clench
saliva may drool from the mouth
breathing could be loud
lose control of the bladder or bowel
8. Write three symptoms/signs of a spinal injury.

(PC2.7) Answer can include:

a) Pain or tenderness in the neck or back.
b) Signs of a fracture in the neck or back.
c) Loss of control of limbs at or below the site of injury.
d) Loss of feeling in the limbs.
e) Sensations in the limbs, such as pins and needles or burning.
 f) Breathing difficulties.
g) Incontinence.
9. Mention two ways to minimise the risk of over breathing and regurgitation when
rescue breathing.
(PC2.7)
Answer:
Students response can include:
a) Use backward head tilt and chin lift
b) Ensure airway is clear
c) Ensure chest falls completely between each ventilation
d) Avoid direct pressure over the stomach area

10. DRSABCD is the acronym used to help you remember the process for basic life
support. What does DRSABCD stand for?
(PC1.1)
Answer:
D: danger
R: response
S: send for help
A: airway
B: breathing
C: compressions
D: defibrillation
11. Choose the correct answer:
What is the first step you will take if you see a person in a restaurant choking on his
(PC1.1) food? (P.C 1.1)
a) Hold the person tightly from behind, clasp your hands on their chest
and squeeze hard
b) Ask the person to lean forward and try to cough the food out
c) Make the person sit and press their chest
d) Rub the persons back

b) Ask the person to lean forward and try to cough the food out
12. In referring to danger, who are three people/groups of people who are being
(PC1.2) protected by identifying and removing dangers?

Self, uninjured others, the patient

13. Choose the correct answer:
Whilst in your workplace you have discovered a colleague who is unconscious and
(PC1.2) not breathing normally so you decide to commence CPR. You instruct a passer-by
to call Triple Zero (000) and request an Ambulance. Which of the following pieces
of information would the passer-by need to know?
a) Where you are
b) What is wrong with the casualty
c) What treatment has been commenced
d) All of the above

d) All of the above

14. Choose the correct answer:
Basic life support should be commenced on someone when:
(PC1.3) a) They are sleeping
b) They do not respond to you
c) The person is unresponsive and is not breathing normally
d) None of the above
 c) The person is unresponsive and is not breathing normally
15. When assessing breathing what 3 things should you do?

(PC1.3) Students response should be:

1. Early access. 2. Early CPR. 3. Early defibrillation. 4. Early advanced care.

16. Write the correct answer.

The number to call in the event of an emergency is?
(PC1.4, a) 911
1.5) b) 999
c) 000
d) 100
Answer:

c) 000
17. Write the initial steps you would undertake when managing a person with heat
stroke.
(PC1.4)
Answer:

Answer may include:

a) Move the patent to a cool place
b) Remove as much clothing as possible discreetly
c) Call 000

18. Provide two examples of how you can maintain confidentiality of records and
information following administering first aid on a patient?
(PC4.3)
Answer:

Students must demonstrate similar meaning as follows:

Not leave incident reports or other paperwork lying around, store information securely
where it cannot be easily accessed, seek consent from the patient prior to discussing
with other parties (if required), not discussing information on the phone where it can
be easily overheard by others.

19. What privacy and confidentiality requirements are required during and after a first
aid event?
(PC4.3)
Answer:
Students must demonstrate similar meaning as follows:
Patients are entitled to privacy and confidentiality at all times. During a first aid
event bystanders should be removed as much as is practicable. Following the first
aid event staff should maintain confidentiality about what happened. Many well-
wishers will ask what happened and how the patient is however they should be
politely told that it is not possible to discuss details with them. While staff may have
a need to debrief with other colleagues this should be done respectfully and
confidentially.

20. Before the arrival of medical assistance, mention some first responders to a first aid
situation in a school?
(PC3.1)
Students must demonstrate similar meaning as follows:
First aid providers provide emergency aid until medical assistance arrives:

Teachers
Physical educators
Coaches
Administrators who are certified first aid givers.
21. How can you monitor access and extrication procedure in an emergency situation?
(PC 3.4) Answer:
Be of concern primarily on the safety of victim/patient and personnel.
Constantly monitor progress of access/extrication to ensure welfare of the
victim/patient and safety of personnel.
Constantly monitor victim/patient to detect any change in condition.
Constantly monitor all conditions and factors impacting on safe
access/extrication and victim/patient welfare.
Modify access/extrication plan as necessary to ensure safety and the welfare of
the victim/patient.
22. Mention the information details that are required to be conveyed to the emergency
(PC services
4.1,4.2) Answer:
Name of the person making the call
Location of the emergency
What has exactly happened(Direct observation)
Whether an immediate threat, such as fire or flood or physical threat by
someone.
Number of people who need assistance.
Victims name and age
Obvious injuries and every victims apparent condition.
First aid measures that have already taken place.
The physical characteristics of the scene of the incident.
23. List some procedures that can be implemented to enable safe access and
(PC 3.5) extrication

Answer:
Request additional personnel and equipment or arrange as the need dictates.
Implement access/extrication plan using equipment and personnel necessary to
ensure safe access/extrication and victim/patient welfare.
Negotiate and maintain means of safe access and extrication according to
national OSH standards, as well as service policies and procedures.
Act in accordance with local ambulance standard operation procedures.
Utilize available resources as necessary.
Familiarize the use of carry chairs
24. What is a critical incident? Mention some changes that can occur to your thinking
(PC 5.1) process and what should you do if you experience a critical incident?
Answer:

A critical incident is any event or that occurs suddenly, is unexpected, presents a

threat, and causes a significant emotional response.

Changes to your thinking

Confusion and inability to concentrate or remember things;
Can't think clearly or make decisions;
 difficulty remembering the incident or you keep on trying to remember the
event;
preoccupied with the event and sudden memories of the event;
you may be preoccupied with how the event happened and who is to blame;

Following a critical incident the most important immediate need is to be safe

and supported, following are the things you should do :

Remember that you are normal, and that it is normal to have strong reactions to
distressing events.
Talk to someone. It is important that people that you live with or close family or
friends are aware that you have experienced a critical incident. You can also
talk to a counsellor or consult your general practitioner. Spending time with
people and sharing your feelings and supporting others can help you to manage
your responses to the incident.
Maintain as normal a schedule as possible, trying to sleep, exercise, and eat a
healthy balanced diet at the normal times.
Spend time doing things that you enjoy
25. What is debriefing? Mention some steps used in this process?
(PC 5.2) Answer:
Debriefing is an information-sharing and event-processing session conducted as a
conversation between peers. Group members become informants to each other
about a situation or event that occurred to them as a group.

1. Introduction: The facilitator establishes the group goals and rules and
reinforces the need for confidentiality about anything that transpires within
the group.
2. Fact gathering: Each staff person describes what happened and facts are
gathered.
3. Reaction phase: Led by the facilitator, the group examines its feelings,
thoughts, and responses to the event experienced. If the debriefing session
happens soon after the event occurred, there might not be any symptoms.
4. Symptom phase: If some time has elapsed since the event, group members
may be experiencing symptoms. The facilitator helps the group examine
how these reactions have affected personal and work lives.
5. Stress response: The facilitator teaches group members about their stress
response.
6. Suggestions: The facilitator offers guidance on how to cope with stress
related to the incident.
7. Incident phase: Group members identify positive aspects of the event.
8. Referral phase: The facilitator concludes with this phase, whereby specific
individuals who require additional support are referred for individual follow-
up.
26. What is an incident management plan? List some details that should be included in
(PC 5.3) the plan?
Answer:
This plan details how the incident will be managed from occurrence to back-to-
normal operation and provides information about the structure of the Incident
Management Team.

The following should be considered for inclusion in an IAP:

Incident goals (where the response system wants to be at the end of response)
Operational period objectives (major areas that must be addressed in the
specified operational period to achieve the goals or control objectives)
 Response strategies (priorities and the general approach to accomplish the
objectives)
Response tactics (methods developed by Operations to achieve the objectives)
Organization list with ICS chart showing primary roles and relationships
Assignment list with specific tasks
Critical situation updates and assessments
Composite resource status updates
Health and safety plan (to prevent responder injury or illness)
Communications plan (how functional areas can exchange information)
Logistics plan (e.g., procedures to support Operations with equipment, supplies,
etc.)
Responder medical plan (providing direction for care to responders)
Incident map (i.e., map of incident scene)
Additional component plans, as indicated by the incident.
27. What are contingency plans? Mention some points while making basic checklist of
(PC 5.4) safety precautions and procedures you should review and understand prior to any
event?
Answer:
A contingency plan is a backup plan, activated in the event of a disaster that
disrupts normal work of an event.

Automatic fire doors

Visual alarms
Auto link to fire station
Ventilated stairwells
Emergency maps in guest rooms and hallways
Automatic external debrillators (AEDs) available on site
Video surveillance in public areas, elevators, entrances and hallways
Emergency power source
Standard operating procedure for power outages
List of personnel who speak languages other than English
Written emergency plan for extreme weather conditions
Procedures for dealing with terrorist or bomb threats
28. Mention some of the support services that can be offered as an assistance to the
(PC3.6) person involved in an incident?
Answer:

Clinic support services.

Metropolitan hospitals.
Chronic care facilities.
Human service providers.
University health centres.
Voluntary organisations
29. List some points you should keep in mind in while keeping first aid resources at the
(PC3.2, required locations in a workplace?
3.3) Answer:

The response times for emergency services.

First aid equipment and facilities should be located at convenient points and in
areas where there is a higher risk of an injury or illness occurring.
A large workplace may require first aid to be available in more than one location
if:
o work is being carried out a long distance from emergency services
o small numbers of workers are dispersed over a wide area
o access to a part of the workplace is difficult
o The workplace has more than one floor level.