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Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page3
Different Service, Different Technology
1G 1980s 2G 1990s 3G
Analog Digital IMT-2000
AMPS GSM
GSM
UMTS
UMTS
CDMA
CDMA WCDMA
WCDMA
TACS Technologies IS-95
IS-95 Demands
drive drive cdma
cdma
NMT TDMA
TDMA 2000
2000
IS-136
IS-136
Others TD-
TD-
PDC
PDC SCDMA
SCDMA
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z The first generation is the analog cellular mobile communication network in the time
period from the middle of 1970s to the middle of 1980s. The most important
breakthrough in this period is the concept of cellular networks put forward by the Bell
Labs in the 1970s, as compared to the former mobile communication systems. The
cellular network system is based on cells to implement frequency reuse and thus
greatly enhances the system capacity.
z The typical examples of the first generation mobile communication systems are the
AMPS system and the later enhanced TACS of USA, the NMT and the others. The
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) uses the 800 MHz band of the analog
cellular transmission system and it is widely applied in North America, South America
and some Circum-Pacific countries. The TACS (Total Access Communication System)
uses the 900 MHz band. It is widely applied in Britain, Japan and some Asian
countries.
z The main feature of the first generation mobile communication systems is that they
use the frequency reuse technology, adopt analog modulation for voice signals and
provide an analog subscriber channel every other 30 kHz/25 kHz.
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z ITU has allocated 230 MHz frequency for the 3G mobile communication system IMT-
2000: 1885 ~ 2025MHz in the uplink and 2110~ 2200 MHz in the downlink. Of them,
the frequency range of 1980 MHz ~ 2010 MHz (uplink) and that of 2170 MHz ~ 2200
MHz (downlink) are used for mobile satellite services. As the uplink and the downlink
bands are asymmetrical, the use of dual-frequency FDD mode or the single-frequency
TDD mode may be considered. This plan was passed in WRC92 and new additional
bands were approved on the basis of the WRC-92 in the WRC2000 conference in the
year 2000: 806 MHz ~ 960 MHz, 1710 MHz ~ 1885 MHz and 2500 MHz ~ 2690 MHz.
Bands WCDMA Used
z Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
z Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
...
z Frequency channel number=central frequency×5, for main
band:
UL frequency channel number :9612~9888
DL frequency channel number : 10562~10838
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z The WCDMA system uses the following frequency spectrum (bands other than those
specified by 3GPP may also be used): Uplink 1920 MHz ~ 1980 MHz and downlink
2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz. Each carrier frequency has the 5M band and the duplex
spacing is 190 MHz. In America, the used frequency spectrum is 1850 MHz ~ 1910
MHz in the uplink and 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz in the downlink and the duplex spacing
is 80 MHz.
3G Application Service
Error
Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
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z Compatible with abundant services and applications of 2G, 3G system has an open
integrated service platform to provide a wide prospect for various 3G services.
z Features of 3G Services
WCDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000 TD-SCDMA
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP CDMA CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: cdma2000 RTT: TD-SCDMA
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z The cdma2000 system is a 3G standard put forward on the basis of the IS-95
standard. Its standardization work is currently undertaken by 3GPP2. Circuit Switched
(CS) domain is adapted from the 2G IS95 CDMA network, Packet Switched (PS)
domain is A packet network based on the Mobile IP technology. Radio Access
Network (RAN) is based on the ATM switch platform, it provides abundant adaptation
layer interfaces.
2. CDMA Principle
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
z Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
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z In mobile communication systems, GSM adopts TDMA; WCDMA, cdma2000 and TD-
SCDMA adopt CDMA.
Multiple Access Technology
FDMA TDMA
Power
Power
y
nc
ue
Tim eq
e Fr
cy
Tim en
e qu
CDMA Fre
Power
Time ncy
Freque
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z Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available spectrum into
many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel can transmit
one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular system is a typical example of
FDMA structure.
z Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth is
divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot). Each
user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this specified timeslot.
Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This multiple access mode is
adopted in both digital cellular system and GSM.
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Power Time
USER 2
FDD USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
USER 2
UL
DL
TDD DL
USER 1
UL
Frequency
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Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
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WCDMA Network Architecture
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Uu
UE
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z WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core Network). The
RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions, while the CN is used to
process all voice calls and data connections within the UMTS system, and
implements the function of external network switching and routing.
z Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and the PS (Packet
Switched) Domain. UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together constitute the
whole UMTS system
z A RNS is composed of one RNC and one or several Node Bs. The Iu interface is
used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is adopted between RNC and
Node B. Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another through the Iur interface.
The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct physical connections among them
or connect them through the transport network. RNC is used to allocate and control
the radio resources of the connected or related Node B. However, Node B serves to
convert the data flows between the Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the
same time, it also participates in part of radio resource management.
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
CS domain change to HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
GSM/GPRS CN NGN
WCDMA RTT WCDMA RTT 3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
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z The overall structure of the WCDMA network is defined in 3GPP TS 23.002. Now,
there are the following three versions: R99, R4, R5.
z 3GPP began to formulate 3G specifications at the end of 1998 and beginning of 1999.
As scheduled, the R99 version would be completed at the end of 1999, but in fact it
was not completed until March, 2000. To guarantee the investment benefits of
operators, the CS domain of R99 version do not fundamentally change., so as to
support the smooth transition of GSM/GPRS/3G.
z After R99, the version was no longer named by the year. At the same time, the
functions of R2000 are implemented by the following two phases: R4 and R5. In the
R4 network, MSC as the CS domain of the CN is divided into the MSC Server and the
MGW, at the same time, a SGW is added, and HLR can be replaced by HSS (not
explicitly specified in the specification).
z In the R5 network, the end-to-end VOIP is supported and the core network adopts
plentiful new function entities, which have thus changed the original call procedures.
With IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), the network can use HSS instead of HLR. In
the R5 network, HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is also supported, it
can support high speed data service.
z In the R6 network, the HSUPA is supported which can provide UL service rate up to
5.76Mbps. And MBMS (MultiMedia Broadcast Multicast Service) is also supported.
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
z Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
z Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
z Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA
Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page19
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page20
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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z Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
AMR_4.75 4.75
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS
domain
Includes: video codec, speech codec,
data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
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z AMR is compatible with current mobile communication system (GSM, IS-95, PDC and
so on), thus, it will make multi-mode terminal design easier.
z The AMR codec offers the possibility to adapt the coding scheme to the radio channel
conditions. The most robust codec mode is selected in bad propagation conditions.
The codec mode providing the highest source rate is selected in good propagation
conditions.
z During an AMR communication, the receiver measures the radio link quality and must
return to the transmitter either the quality measurements or the actual codec mode the
transmitter should use during the next frame. That exchange has to be done as fast
as possible in order to better follow the evolution of the channel’s quality.
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmitter
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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z Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page24
z During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To guarantee
reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence through the channel
coding which includes block coding, channel coding and interleaving.
z Block coding: The encoder adds some redundant bits to the block of bits and the
decoder uses them to determine whether an error has occurred during the
transmission. This is used to calculate Block Error Ratio (BLER) used in the outer
loop power control.
z The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is used for error checking of the transport
blocks at the receiving end. The CRC length that can be inserted has four different
values: 0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits. The more bits the CRC contains, the lower is the
probability of an undetected error in the transport block in the receiver.
z Note that certain types of block codes can also be used for error correction, although
these are not used in WCDMA.
WCDMA Channel Coding
z Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
z Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
No Coding Uncoded N bits
1/2 Convolutional
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coding
Code Block
of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coded 3N+24 bits
Coding
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z UTRAN employs two FEC schemes: convolutional codes and turbo codes. The idea
is to add redundancy to the transmitted bit stream, sO that occasional bit errors can
be corrected in the receiving entity.
z The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the technology,
many redundant bits will be inserted in original information. When error code is
caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover the original
information. Convolutional codes are typically used when the timing constraints are
tight. The coded data must contain enough redundant information to make it possible
to correct some of the detected errors without asking for repeats.
z Turbo codes are found to be very efficient because they can perform close to the
theoretical limit set by the Shannon’s Law. Their efficiency is best with high data rate
services, but poor on low rate services. At higher bit rates, turbo coding is more
efficient than convolutional coding.
z In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used. Convolution
code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies to high rate data service.
z Note that both block codes and channel codes are used in the UTRAN. The idea
behind this arrangement is that the channel decoder (either a convolutional or turbo
decoder) tries to correct as many errors as possible, and then the block decoder
(CRC check) offers its judgment on whether the resulting information is good enough
to be used in the higher layers.
WCDMA Interleaving
z Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
⎡0 0 1 0⎤
⎢0 0 0 ...⎥⎥ Interleaving periods:
⎢
⎢... ... ... ...⎥ 20, 40, or 80 ms
⎢ ⎥
⎢... ... ... 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 1 1 ⎥⎦
⎡0 1 0 0⎤
⎢0 0 0 ...⎥⎥
00…010…100…10…11 Output bits
Inter-column ⎢
permutation ⎢... ... ... ...⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢... ... ... 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 1 1 ⎥⎦
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z Channel coding works well against random errors, but it is quite vulnerable to bursts
of errors, which are typical in mobile radio systems. The especially fast moving UE in
CDMA systems can cause consecutive errors if the power control is not fast enough
to manage the interference. Most coding schemes perform better on random data
errors than on blocks of errors. This problem can be eased with interleaving, which
spreads the erroneous bits over a longer period of time. By interleaving, no two
adjacent bits are transmitted near to each other, and the data errors are randomized.
z The longer the interleaving period, the better the protection provided by the time
diversity. However, longer interleaving increases transmission delays and a balance
must be found between the error resistance capabilities and the delay introduced.
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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z Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1 ⊗ Correlation = 0
+1 1 1 1 1
C2 Orthogonal signals
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1
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UE1:
UE1: +
+11 -
-11
UE2:
UE2: -1
-1 +1
+1
CC11:: -
-11+
+11-
-11+
+11 -
-11+
+11-
-11+
+11
CC22:: +1
+1+1
+1+1
+1+1
+1 +1
+1+1
+1+1
+1+1
+1
UE1××c1
UE1 c1:
: -
-11+
+11-
-11+
+11 +
+11-
-11+
+11-
-11
UE2×c2:
UE2×c2: -1
-1-1
-1-1
-1-1
-1 +1
+1+1
+1+1
+1+1
+1
UE1××c1
UE1 c1+ UE2××c2
+UE2 c2:
: -
-22 00-
-22 00 +
+22 00 +
+22 00
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z By spreading, each symbol is multiplied with all the chips in the orthogonal sequence
assigned to the user. The resulting sequence is processed and is then transmitted
over the physical channel along with other spread symbols. In this figure, 4-digit
codes are used. The product of the user symbols and the spreading code is a
sequence of digits that must be transmitted at 4 times the rate of the original encoded
binary signal.
Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1××CC11+
UE1 UE2××CC22::
+UE2 -
-22 00-
-22 00 +
+22 00 +
+22 00
UE1
UE1Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc1:
c1: -
-11+
+11-
-11+
+11 -
-11+
+11-
-11+
+11
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result: +
+22 00+
+22 00 -
-22 00 -
-22 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment: + (means+
+44(means 1) -
+1) (means-
-44(means -1)
1)
UE2
UE2Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc2:
c2: +1
+1+1
+1 +1
+1+1
+1 +1
+1+1
+1 +1
+1+1
+1
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result: -2
-2 00 -2
-2 00 +2
+2 00 +2
+2 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment: -4 (means-1) +4
-4(means-1) +4(means+1)
(means+1)
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z The receiver dispreads the chips by using the same code used in the transmitter.
Notice that under no-noise conditions, the symbols or digits are completely recovered
without any error. In reality, the channel is not noise-free, but CDMA system employ
Forward Error Correction techniques to combat the effects of noise and enhance the
performance of the system.
z When the wrong code is used for dispreading, the resulting correlation yields an
average of zero. This is a clear demonstration of the advantage of the orthogonal
property of the codes. Whether the wrong code is mistakenly used by the target user
or other users attempting to decode the received signal, the resulting correlation is
always zero because of the orthogonal property of codes.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code
P(f)
f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
f Spreading code f
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z Traditional radio communication systems transmit data using the minimum bandwidth
required to carry it as a narrowband signal. CDMA system mix their input data with a
fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal. The spreading sequence is
independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband
signal to recover the original data. The dispreading gives substantial gain proportional
to the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal. The gain can be used to increase
system performance and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both. A digital bit
stream sent over a radio link requires a definite bandwidth to be successfully
transmitted and received.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Eb / No = Ec / No ×PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No
Requiremen
t
Max allowed interference
Interference from
other UE
Echip
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Process Gain
z Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain = 10 log( )
bit rate
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z For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of video phone
is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After the
spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
Spreading Technology
z Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
channelization scrambling
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z Spreading means increasing the bandwidth of the signal beyond the bandwidth
normally required to accommodate the information. The spreading process in UTRAN
consists of two separate operations: channelization and scrambling.
z The first operation is the channelization operation, which transforms every data
symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The
number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). Channelization
codes are orthogonal codes, meaning that in ideal environment they do not interfere
each other.
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
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z Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1
horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is
to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper
length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred as “Walsh” code.
z Channelization uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different subscriber
physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code tree illustrated in the following
diagram.
z Channelization code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of the
code, and k is the sequence of code, 0≤k≤SF-1. Each level definition length of code
tree is SF channelization code, and the left most value of each spreading code
character is corresponding to the chip which is transmitted earliest.
WCDMA Channelization Code
z SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates → low SF code
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z For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice services
maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier;
z For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there are 32
voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.
Purpose of Scrambling Code
z Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different
cells in one carrier
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z There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are
assigned by RNC.
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z In UMTS, Gold codes are chosen for their very low peak cross-correlation.
Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling code 0
Group 0 Primary
scrambling code 1
…………
Primary
scrambling Group 1 ……
codes for
downlink Primary
physical … scrambling code 8
channels
Primary
scrambling code
Group 63 8*63
……
Primary
scrambling code
64 primary 8*63 +7
512 primary
scrambling scrambling code Each group consists of 8
codes groups primary scrambling codes
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z There are totally 512 primary scrambling codes defined by 3GPP. They are further
divided into 64 primary scrambling code groups. There are 8 primary scrambling
codes in every group. Each cell is allocated with only one primary scrambling code.
Code Multiplexing
z Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal
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Code Multiplexing
z Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
User 2 signal NodeB
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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z Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2πFt+φ)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2πFt+φ)
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z A data-modulation scheme defines how the data bits are mixed with the carrier signal,
which is always a sine wave. There are three basic ways to modulate a carrier signal
in a digital sense: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and
phase shift keying (PSK).
z In ASK the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.
z In FSK the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.
z The PSK family is the most widely used modulation scheme in modern cellular
systems. There are many variants in this family, and only a few of them are
mentioned here.
Modulation Overview
z Digital Modulation - BPSK
1 0 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Information t
signal
Digital Input
NRZ coding
1
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
fo
Carrier
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modulated
BPSK Waveform
φ=0 φ=π φ=0 BPSK BPSK
signal
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z In binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation, each data bit is transformed into a
separate data symbol. The mapping rule is 1 −> + 1 and 0 − > − 1. There are only
two possible phase shifts in BPSK, 0 and π radians.
I di-Bit Stream 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 -1 -1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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z The quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation has four phases: 0, π/2, π, and
3π/2 radians. Two data bits are transformed into one complex data symbol; A symbol
is any change (keying) of the carrier.
Modulation Overview
±A ±Acos(ωot)
I(t)
NRZ
coding
fo
QPSK
90o
NRZ Q(t)
coding
±A ±Acos(ωot + π/2)
QPSK : A 2 cos( ω o + φ )
φ
1 1 π/4
1 -1 7π/4
-1 1 3π/4
-1 -1 5π/4
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Demodulation
z QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
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WCDMA Modulation
z Different modulation methods corresponding to different
transmitting abilities in air interface
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z The UTRAN air interface uses QPSK modulation in the downlink, although HSDPA
may also employ 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM). 16QAM requires
good radio conditions to work well. As seen, with 16QAM also the amplitude of the
signal matters.
z As explained, in QPSK one symbol carries two data bits; in 16QAM each symbol
includes four bits. Thus, a QPSK system with a chip rate of 3.84Mcps could
theoretically transfer 2 × 3.84 = 7.68 Mbps, and a 16QAM system could transfer 4 ×
3.84 Mbps = 15.36 Mbps. In 3GPP also the usage of 64QAM with HSDPA has been
studied.
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmitter
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page50
z Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
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0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35 Fading
-40
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Fading Categories
z Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
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z Furthermore, with the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay and
phase on various transmission paths vary with time and place. Therefore, the levels of
received signals are fluctuating and unstable and these multi-path signals, if overlaid,
will lead to fast fading. Fast fading conforms to Rayleigh distribution. The mid-value
field strength of fast fading has relatively gentle change and is called “slow fading”.
Slow fading conforms to lognormal distribution.
Diversity Technique
z Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for
combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
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z Diversity technology means that after receiving two or more input signals with
mutually uncorrelated fading at the same time, the system demodulates these signals
and adds them up. Thus, the system can receive more useful signals and overcome
fading.
Diversity
z Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
z Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
z Space diversity
z Polarization diversity
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Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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z When WCDMA system is designed for cellular system, the inherent wide-bandwidth
signals with their orthogonal Walsh functions were natural for implementing a RAKE
receiver. In WCDMA system, the bandwidth is wider than the coherence bandwidth of
the cellular. Thus, when the multi-path components are resolved in the receiver, the
signals from different paths are uncorrelated with each other. The receiver can then
combine them using some combining schemes. So with RAKE receiver WCDMA
system can use the multi-path characteristics of the channel to get signal with better
quality.
Summary
z In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
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Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA Radio
Interface Physical Layer
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Objectives
z Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Outline radio interface protocol Architecture
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Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
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Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
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UTRAN Network Structure
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Uu
UE
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z The UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems connected to the Core
Network through the Iu interface.
z A RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller and one or more NodeBs. A NodeB is
connected to the RNC through the Iub interface.
z Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the RNS can be interconnected together through the
Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over direct physical
connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable transport network.
Uu Interface Protocol Structure
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary
U-plane information
control
RRC L3
control
control
control
control radio bearer
MAC L2/MAC
transport channel
PHY L1
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z The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the
physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating
to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio
(SIR), interference power, transmit power, … It is basically composed of a “layer 1
management” entity, a “transport channel” entity, and a “physical channel” entity.
z The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering,
retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sub-layers: MAC (Medium
Access Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence
Protocol) and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
z The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The
access stratum part is made of “RRC (Radio Resource Control)” entity and
“duplication avoidance” entity. “duplication avoidance” terminates in the CN but is part
of the Access Stratum. The higher layer signalling such as Mobility Management (MM)
and Call Control (CC) is assumed to belong to the non-access stratum, and therefore
not in the scope of 3GPP TSG RAN. In the C-plane, the interface between 'Duplication
avoidance' and higher L3 sub-layers (CC, MM) is defined by the General Control (GC),
Notification (Nt) and Dedicated Control (DC) SAPs.
z Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol
layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control
services.
z The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or the
RNC.
z Many functions are managed by the RRC layer. Here is the list of the most important:
flow control: allows the RLC receiver to control the rate at which the peer RLC
transmitting entity may send information.
z MAC services include:
z The functions accomplished by the MAC sub-layer are listed above. Here’s a quick
explanation for some of them:
Priority handling between the data flows of one UE: since UMTS is
multimedia, a user may activate several services at the same time, having
possibly different profiles (priority, QoS parameters...). Priority handling
consists in setting the right transport format for a high bit rate service and for a
low bit rate service.
Priority handling between UEs: use for efficient spectrum resources utilization
for bursty transfers on common and shared channels.
Access Service Class (ACS) selection for RACH transmission: the RACH
resources are divided between different ACSs in order to provide different
priorities on a random access procedure.
z PDCP
Using these protocols (and new ones) shall be possible without any changes to
UTRAN protocols. In order to perform this requirement, the PDCP layer has
been introduced. Then, functions related to transfer of packets from higher
layers shall be carried out in a transparent way by the UTRAN network entities.
Algorithm types and their parameters are negotiated by RRC and indicated to
PDCP.
Header compression and decompression are specific for each network layer
protocol type.
To accomplish this function, each PDCP-SDUs (UL and DL) is buffered and
numbered. Numbering is done after header compression. SDUs are kept until
information of successful transmission of PDCP-PDU has been received from
RLC. PDCP sequence number ranges from 0 to 65,535.
z BMC (broadcast/multicast control protocol)
Storage of cell broadcast message. the BMC in RNC stores the cell
broadcast message received over the CBC-RNC interface for scheduled
transmission.
Traffic volume monitoring and radio resource request for CBS. On the
UTRAN side, the BMC calculates the required transmission rate for the cell
broadcast service based on the messages received over the CBC-RNC
interface, and requests appropriate .CTCH/FACH resources from from RRC
z The UMTS layer 1 offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these
services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer.
z These services are provided by radio links which are established by signaling
procedures. These links are managed by the layer 1 management entity. One radio
link is made of one or several transport channels, and one physical channel.
z The UMTS layer 1 is divided into two sub-layers: the transport and the physical sub-
layers. All the processing (channel coding, interleaving, etc.) is done by the transport
sub-layer in order to provide different services and their associated QoS. The physical
sub-layer is responsible for the modulation, which corresponds to the association of
bits (coming from the transport sub-layer) to electrical signals that can be carried over
the air interface. The spreading operation is also done by the physical sub-layer.
z These two parts of layer 1 are controlled by the layer 1 management (L1M) entity. It is
made of several units located in each equipment, which exchange information through
the use of control channels.
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC CN
UE
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
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z RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for
transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN.
z RB: The service provided by the layer 2 for transfer of user data between User
Equipment and Serving RNC.
z RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single
UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
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Contents
2. Physical Channels
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
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WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition
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z In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three types of channels:
physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
z Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the carried
services, it is divided into two types: control channel and service channel.
z Transport channel: It is the interface between radio interface layer 2 and layer 1, and it
is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether the
information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for
all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
z Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they
are transmitted on radio interface. Each channel which uses dedicated carrier
frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be
regarded as a physical channel.
Logical Channel
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z In order to carry logical channels, several transport channels are defined. They are:
Broadcast Channel (BCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of system
information into the entire cell.
Paging Channel (PCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of control
information into the entire cell, such as paging.
Random Access Channel (RACH): a contention based uplink channel used
for initial access or for transmission of relatively small amounts of data (non
real-time dedicated control or traffic data).
Forward Access Channel (FACH): a common downlink channel used for
dedicated signaling (answer to a RACH typically), or for transmission of
relatively small amounts of data.
Dedicated Channel (DCH): a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or
downlink.
Physical Channel
z A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
z In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
z Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each
radio frame consists of 15 time slots.
z Two types of physical channel: UL and DL
Physical Channel
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z Now we will begin to discuss the physical channel. Physical channel is the most
important and complex channel, and a physical channel is defined by a specific carrier
frequency, code and relative phase. In CDMA system, the different code (scrambling
code or spreading code) can distinguish the channel. Most channels consist of radio
frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots. There are two
types of physical channel: UL and DL.
Downlink Physical Channel
z Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)
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Paging Channels
PICH--Paging
PICH--Paging Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary
SCCPCH--Secondary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated
DPDCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Data
Data Channel
Channel
DPCCH--Dedicated
DPCCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
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Synchronization Channels (P-SCH & S-
SCH)
z Used for cell search z Primary synchronization code is
z Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH transmitted repeatedly in each time slot
z SCH is transmitted at the first 256 z Secondary synchronization code
chips of every time slot specifies the scrambling code groups of
the cell
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
Primary ac p ac p ac p
SCH
Secondary acsi,14
SCH ac si,0 ac si,1
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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z When a UE is turned on, the first thing it does is to scan the UMTS spectrum and find
a UMTS cell. After that, it has to find the primary scrambling code used by that cell in
order to be able to decode the BCCH (for system information). This is done with the
help of the Synchronization Channel.
z Each cell of a NodeB has its own SCH timing, so that there is no overlapping.
z The SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is
transmitted unscrambled during the first 256 chips of each time slot, in time multiplex
with the P-CCPCH. It is the only channel that is not spread over the entire radio
frame. The SCH provides the primary scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups),
as well as the radio frame and time slot synchronization.
z The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the primary and secondary SCH. These sub-
channels are sent in parallel using code division during the first 256 chips of each time
slot. P-SCH always transmits primary synchronization code. S-SCH transmits
secondary synchronization codes.
z The primary synchronization code is repeated at the beginning of each time slot. The
same code is used by all the cells and enables the mobiles to detect the existence of
the UMTS cell and to synchronize itself on the time slot boundaries. This is normally
done with a single matched filter or any similar device. The slot timing of the cell is
obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.
z This is the first step of the cell search procedure. The second step is done using the
secondary synchronization channel.
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)
Scrambling slot number
Code Group #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
…
Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
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z The S-SCH also consists of a code, the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC)
that indicates which of the 64 scrambling code groups the cell’s downlink scrambling
code belongs to. 16 different SSCs are defined. Each SSC is a 256 chip long
sequence.
z There is one specific SSC transmitted in each time slot, giving us a sequence of 15
SSCs. There is a total of 64 different sequences of 15 SSCs, corresponding to the 64
primary scrambling code groups. These 64 sequences are constructed so that one
sequence is different from any other one, and different from any rotated version of any
sequence. The UE correlates the received signal with the 16 SSCs and identifies the
maximum correlation value.
z The S-SCH provides the information required to find the frame boundaries and the
downlink scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups). The scrambling code (one
out of 8) can be determined afterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile will then
be able to decode the BCH.
Primary Common Pilot Channel (PCPICH)
z Primary PCPICH
Carrying pre-defined sequence
Fixed channel code: Cch, 256, 0, Fixed rate 30Kbps
Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Broadcast over the entire cell
A phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH and
downlink DPCH, Only one PCPICH per cell
Pre-defined symbol sequence
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
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z The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a pure physical control channel broadcasted
over the entire cell. It is not linked to any transport channel. It consists of a sequence
of known bits that are transmitted in parallel with the primary and secondary CCPCH.
z The PCPICH is used by the mobile to determine which of the 8 possible primary
scrambling codes is used by the cell, and to provide the phase reference for common
channels.
z Finding the primary scrambling code is done during the cell search procedure through
a symbol-by-symbol correlation with all the codes within the code group. After the
primary scrambling code has been identified, the UE can decode system information
on the P-CCPCH.
z The P-CPICH is the phase reference for the SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH and PICH. It is
broadcasted over the entire cell. The channelization code used to spread the P-
CPICH is always Cch,256,0 (all ones). Thus, the P-CPICH is a fixed rate channel.
Also, it is always scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell.
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(PCCPCH)
z Carrying BCH transport channel
z Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code (30kbps,Cch, 256, 1)
z The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each
time slot
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
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z The figure above shows the frame structure of the P-CCPCH. The frame structure is
special because it does not contain any layer 1 control bits. The P-CCPCH only has
one fix predefined transport format combination, and the only bits transmitted are data
bits from the BCH transport channel. It is important to note that the P-CCPCH is not
transmitted during the first 256 chips of the slot. In fact, another physical channel
(SCH) is transmitted during that period of time. Thus, the SCH and the P-CCPCH are
time multiplexed on every time slot.
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z The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (30kbps, SF=256) physical
channel used by the NodeB to inform a UE (or a group of UEs) that a paging
information will soon be transmitted on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the S-
CCPCH when it is informed to do so by the PICH. This enables to do other processing
and to save the mobiles’ battery.
z The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user specific and calculated by
higher layers. It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped.
z The frame structure of the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always
contains 300 bits (SF=256). 288 of these bits are used to carry paging indicators, while
the remaining 12 are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted. That
part of the frame (last 12 bits) is reserved for possible future use.
z In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH.
Depending on the configuration of the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can be
multiplexed on one PICH radio frame. Thus, the number of bits reserved for each PI
depends of the number of PIs per radio frame. For example, if there is 72 PIs in one
radio frame, there will be 4 (288/72) consecutive bits for each PI. These bits are all
identical. If the PI in a certain frame is “1”, it is an indication that the UE associated
with that PI should read the corresponding frame of the S-CCPCH.
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
(SCCPCH)
z Carrying FACH and PCH, SF = 256 - 4
Pilot: used for demodulation
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
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4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
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z The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the
network and to carry small data packets. It carries the RACH transport channel. The
PRACH is an open loop power control channel, with contention resolution mechanisms
(ALOHA approach) to enable a random access from several users.
z The PRACH is composed of two different parts: the preamble part and the message
part that carries the RACH message. The preamble is an identifier which consists of
256 repetitions of a 16 chip long signature (total of 4096 chips). There are 16 possible
signatures, basically, the UE randomly selects one of the 16 possible preambles and
transmits it at increasing power until it gets a response from the network (on the AICH).
That preamble is scrambled before being sent. That is a sign that the power level is
high enough and that the UE is authorized to transmit, which it will do after
acknowledgment from the network. If the UE doesn’t get a response from the network,
it has to select a new signature to transmit.
z The message part is 10 or 20 ms long (split into 15 or 30 time slots) and is made of the
RACH data and the layer 1 control information.
PRACH Message Structure
Data
Data N data bits
Pilot TFCI
Control N Pilot bits N TFCI bits
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z The data and control bits of the message part are processed in parallel. The SF of the
data part can be 32, 64, 128 or 256 while the SF of the control part is always 256. The
control part consists of 8 pilot bits for channel estimation and 2 TFCI bits to indicate
the transport format of the RACH (transport channel), for a total of 10 bits per slot.
z The OVSF codes to use (one for RACH data and one for control) depend on the
signature that was used for the preamble (for signatures s=0 to s=15: OVSFcontrol=
Cch,256,m, where m=16s + 15; OVSFdata= Cch,SF,m, where m=SF*s/16.
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
5120 chips
Access slot #1
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #8
Random Access Transmission
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z The PRACH transmission is based on the access frame structure. The access frame
is access of 15 access slots and lasts 20 ms (2 radio frames).
z To avoid too many collisions and to limit interference, a UE must wait at least 3 or 4
access slots between two consecutive preambles.
z The PRACH resources (access slots and preamble signatures) can be divided
between different Access Service Classes (ASC) in order to provide different priorities
of RACH usage. The ASC number ranges from 0 (highest priority) to 7 (lowest
priority).
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
z Carrying the Acquisition Indicators (AI), SF = 256
There are 16 kinds of Signature to generate AI
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
20 ms
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z There are two kinds of uplink dedicated physical channels, the Dedicated Physical
Data Channel (DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH).
The DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel. The DPCCH is used to carry
the physical sub-layer control bits.
Data
DPDCH Ndata bits
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
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z On the figure above, we can see the DPDCH and DPCCH time slot constitution. The
parameter k determines the number of symbols per slot. It is related to the spreading
factor (SF) of the DPDCH by this simple equation: SF=256/2k. The DPDCH SF ranges
from 4 to 256. The SF for the uplink DPCCH is always 256, which gives us 10 bits per
slot. The exact number of pilot, TFCI, TPC and FBI bits is configured by higher layers.
This configuration is chosen from 12 possible slot formats. It is important to note that
symbols are transmitted during all slots for the DPDCH
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH+DPCCH)
z Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time division multiplexing
(TDM).
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z The uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the downlink DPDCH
and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference.
z Basically, there are two types of downlink DPCH. They are distinguished by the use or
non use of the TFCI field. TFCI bits are not used for fixed rate services or when the
TFC doesn’t change.
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH+DPCCH)
z Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
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z We have known that the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the
downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference. The
parameter k in the figure above determines the total number of bits per time slot. It is
related to the SF, which ranges from 4 to 512. The chips of one slot is also 2560.
z Downlink physical channels are used to carry user specific information like speech,
data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned before, the
payload from the DPDCH and the control bits from the DPCCH are time multiplexed
on every time slot. The figure above shows how these two channels are multiplexed.
There is only one DPCCH in downlink for one user.
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-PDSCH)
z Bearing service data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
z SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
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z HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer 2 overhead
bits mapped from the transport channel: HS-DSCH.
z The user data and layer 2 overhead bits from HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or
several HS-PDSCH and transferred in 2ms subframe using one or several
channelization code with fixed SF=16.
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
z Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation
scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport block size
(6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data
indicator (1bit), UE identity (16bit)
z HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
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z HS-SCCH uses a SF=128 and has q time structure based on a sub-frame of length 2
ms, i.e. the same length as the HS-DSCH TTI. The timing of HS-SCCH starts two slot
prior to the start of the HS-PDSCH subframe.
ACK/NACK CQI
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
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z As the HS-DPCCH uses SF=256, there are a total of 30 channel bits per 2 ms sub
frame (3 time slot). The HS-DPCCH information is divided in such a way that the
HARQ acknowledgement is transmitted in the first slot of the subframe while the
channel quality indication is transmitted in the rest slot.
Contents
2. Physical Channels
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page41
Mapping Between Channels
Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels
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z This page indicates how the mapping can be done between logical, transport and
physical channels. Not all physical channels are represented because not all physical
channels correspond to a transport channel.
z The mapping between logical channels and transport channels is done by the MAC
sub-layer.
DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to
DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to
DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
2. Physical Channels
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page43
Synchronization Procedure - Cell Search
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z The purpose of the Cell Search Procedure is to give the UE the possibility of finding a
cell and of determining the downlink scrambling code and frame synchronization of
that cell. This is typically performed in 3 steps:
PSCH (Slot synchronization): The UE uses the SCH’s primary synchronization
code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell. The primary synchronization code
is used by the UE to detect the existence of a cell and to synchronize the mobile
on the TS boundaries. This is typically done with a single filter (or any similar
device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is common to
all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the
matched filter output.
SSCH (Frame synchronization and code-group identification): The secondary
synchronization codes provide the information required to find the frame
boundaries and the group number. Each group number corresponds to a unique
set of 8 primary scrambling codes. The frame boundary and the group number
are provided indirectly by selecting a suite of 15 secondary codes. 16 secondary
codes have been defined C1, C2, ….C16. 64 possible suites have been defined,
each suite corresponds to one of the 64 groups. Each suite of secondary codes
is composed of 15 secondary codes (chosen in the set of 16), each of which will
be transmitted in one time slot. When the received codes matches one of the
possible suites, the UE has both determined the frame boundary and the group
number.
PCPICH (Scrambling-code identification): The UE determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the found cell. The primary scrambling code is
typically identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the PCPICH with
all the codes within the code group identified in the second step. After the
primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be
detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read.
START
Random Access Choose a RACH sub channel from
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
No AI
Get negative AI
Choose a access slot again Check the corresponding AI
Get positive AI
Choose a signature and
increase preamble transmit power Increase message part power by
p-m based on preamble power
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power Send the corresponding message part
increased by Power Ramp Step
N
Report the physical status to MAC
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
END
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page45
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of available
RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones
previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the selected set, randomly select one
uplink access slot corresponding to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC
from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed
selections is chosen with equal probability ;
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC. ;
5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission
power.
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI ≠ +1 nor –1) corresponding to the selected
signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within
the given ASC;
B: select a signature;
C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power;
D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble
Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random
access procedure.
7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the
downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random
access procedure Signature
P-CCPCH – applied – –
SCH applied – – –
S-CCPCH – applied – –
PICH – applied – –
HS-SCCH – applied – –
AICH – applied – –
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page46
z The UTRA specifications divide the transmitter diversity modes into two categories: (1)
open-loop mode and (2) closed-loop mode. In the open-loop mode no feedback
information from the UE to the NodeB is available. Thus the UTRAN has to determine
by itself the appropriate parameters for the TX diversity. In the closed-loop mode the
UE sends feedback information up to the NodeB in order to optimize the transmissions
from the diversity antennas.
z Thus it is quite natural that the open-loop mode is used for the common channels, as
they typically do not provide an uplink return channel for the feedback information.
Even if there was a feedback channel, the NodeB cannot really optimize its common
channel transmissions according to measurements made by one particular UE.
Common channels are common for everyone; what is good for one UE may be bad for
another. The closed-loop mode is used for dedicated physical channels, as they have
an existing uplink channel for feedback information. Note that shared channels can
also employ closed loop power control, as they are allocated for only one user at a
time, and they also have a return channel in the uplink. There are two specified
methods to achieve the transmission diversity in the open-loop mode and two methods
in closed-loop mode
Transmit Diversity - STTD
z Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity
(STTD)
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b0 b1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3
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z These features together make the decoding process in the receiver more reliable. In
addition to data signals, pilot signals are also transmitted via both antennas. The
normal pilot is sent via the first antenna and the diversity pilot via the second antenna.
z The two pilot sequences are orthogonal, which enables the receiving UE to extract the
phase information for both antennas.
z The STTD encoding is optional in the UTRAN, but its support is mandatory for the
UE’s receiver.
Transmit Diversity - TSTD
z Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on
SCH channel
(Tx
acp OFF) acp acp
Antenna 1
i,0 (Tx i,2
acs OFF) acs aci,14
s
Antenna 2
(Tx i,1 (Tx (Tx
OFF) acs OFF) OFF)
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page48
z Time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD) can be applied to the SCH. Just like STTD,
the support of TSTD is optional in the UTRAN, but mandatory in the UE. The principle
of TSTD is to transmit the synchronization channels via the two base station antennas
in turn. In even-numbered time slots the SCHs are transmitted via antenna 1, and in
odd-numbered slots via antenna 2. This is depicted in above Figure. Note that SCH
channels only use the first 256 chips of each time slot (i.e., one-tenth of each slot).
Closed Loop Mode
z Used in DPCH and HS-PDSCH
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z The closed-loop-mode transmit diversity can only be applied to the downlink channel if
there is an associated uplink channel. Thus this mode can only be used with dedicated
channels. The chief operating principle of the closed loop mode is that the UE can
control the transmit diversity in the base station by sending adjustment commands in
FBI bits on the uplink DPCCH. The UE uses the base station’s common pilot channels
to estimate the channels separately. Based on this estimation, it generates the
adjustment information and sends it to the UTRAN to maximize the UE’s received
power.
z There are actually two modes in the closed-loop method. In mode 1 only the phase
can be adjusted; in mode 2 the amplitude is adjustable as well as the phase. Each
uplink time slot has one FBI bit for closed-loop-diversity control. In mode 1 each bit
forms a separate adjustment command, but in mode 2 four bits are needed to
compose a command.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page50
Summary
z This course mainly introduces the basic concept, key
technology and procedures of WCDMA physical layer.
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Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA UTRAN Interface
and Signaling Procedure
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
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Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
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UMTS Network Structure
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Uu
UE
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Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary
U-plane information
control
RRC L3
control
control
control
control radio bearer
MAC L2/MAC
transport channel
PHY L1
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z The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the
physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating
to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio
(SIR), interference power, transmit power, … It is basically composed of a “layer 1
management” entity, a “transport channel” entity, and a “physical channel” entity.
z The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering,
retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sublayers: MAC (Medium Access
Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and
BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
z The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The
access stratum part is made of “RRC (Radio Resource Control)” entity and “duplication
avoidance” entity. The non access stratum part is made of CC, MM parts.
z Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol
layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control
services.
z The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or the
RNC.
General Protocol Mode for UTRAN
Terrestrial Interface
z The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes
are logically independent of each other.
Physical Layer
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z Protocol structures in UTRAN terrestrial interfaces are designed according to the same
general protocol model. This model is shown in above slide. The structure is based on
the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other and, if
needed, parts of the protocol structure may be changed in the future while other parts
remain intact.
z Horizontal Layers
The protocol structure consists of two main layers, the Radio Network Layer
(RNL) and the Transport Network Layer (TNL). All UTRAN-related issues are
visible only in the Radio Network Layer, and the Transport Network Layer
represents standard transport technology that is selected to be used for UTRAN
but without any UTRAN-specific changes.
z Vertical Planes
Control Plane
The Control Plane is used for all UMTS-specific control signaling. It includes the
Application Protocol (i.e. RANAP in Iu, RNSAP in Iur and NBAP in Iub), and the
Signaling Bearer for transporting the Application Protocol messages. The
Application Protocol is used, among other things, for setting up bearers to the UE
(i.e. the Radio Access Bearer in Iu and subsequently the Radio Link in Iur and
Iub). In the three plane structure the bearer parameters in the Application
Protocol are not directly tied to the User Plane technology, but rather are general
bearer parameters. The Signaling Bearer for the Application Protocol may or
may not be of the same type as the Signaling Bearer for the ALCAP. It is always
set up by O&M actions.
User Plane
All information sent and received by the user, such as the coded voice in a voice
call or the packets in an Internet connection, are transported via the User Plane.
The User Plane includes the Data Stream(s), and the Data Bearer (s) for the
Data Stream(s). Each Data Stream is characterized by one or more frame
protocols specified for that interface.
The Transport Network Control Plane is used for all control signaling within the
Transport Layer. It does not include any Radio Network Layer information. It
includes the ALCAP protocol that is needed to set up the transport bearers (Data
Bearer) for the User Plane. It also includes the Signaling Bearer needed for the
ALCAP. The Transport Network Control Plane is a plane that acts between the
Control Plane and the User Plane. The introduction of the Transport Network
Control Plane makes it possible for the Application Protocol in the Radio Network
Control Plane to be completely independent of the technology selected for the
Data Bearer in the User Plane.
Above the ATM layer we usually find an ATM adaptation layer (AAL). Its function
is to process the data from higher layers for ATM transmission.
This means segmenting the data into 48-byte chunks and reassembling the
original data frames on the receiving side. There are five different AALs (0, 1, 2,
3/4, and 5). AAL0 means that no adaptation is needed. The other adaptation
layers have different properties based on three parameters:
Real-time requirements;
The usage of ATM is promoted by the ATM Forum. The Iu interface uses two
AALs: AAL2 and AAL5.
CN
RANAP
RRC RNSAP
UE RNC RNC
NBAP
NodeB
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z RANAP is the signaling protocol in Iu that contains all the control information specified
for the Radio Network Layer.
z RNSAP is the signaling protocol in Iur that contains all the control information specified
for the Radio Network Layer.
z NBAP is the signaling protocol in Iub that contains all the control information specified
for the Radio Network Layer.
z RRC is the signaling protocol in Uu that locate in the Uu interface layer 3.
Iu-CS Interface
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
RANAP Iu UP
Layer
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
ATM
Physical Layer
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The Iu CS overall protocol structure is depicted in above slide. The three planes
in the Iu interface share a common ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
transport which is used for all planes. The physical layer is the interface to the
physical medium: optical fiber, radio link or copper cable. The physical layer
implementation can be selected from a variety of standard off-the-shelf
transmission technologies, such as SONET, STM1, or E1.
The Control Plane protocol stack consists of RANAP, on top of Broadband (BB)
SS7 (Signaling System #7) protocols. The applicable layers are the Signaling
Connection Control Part (SCCP), the Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) and
SAAL-NNI (Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces).
The Transport Network Control Plane protocol stack consists of the Signaling
Protocol for setting up AAL2 connections (Q.2630.1 and adaptation layer
Q.2150.1), on top of BB SS7 protocols. The applicable BB SS7 are those
described above without the SCCP layer.
ATM
Physical Layer
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The Control Plane protocol stack consists of RANAP, on top of Broadband (BB)
SS7 (Signaling System #7) protocols. The applicable layers are the Signaling
Connection Control Part (SCCP), the Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) and
SAAL-NNI (Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces).
The Transport Network Control Plane is not applied to Iu PS. The setting up of
the GTP tunnel requires only an identifier for the tunnel, and the IP addresses for
both directions, and these are already included in the RANAP RAB Assignment
messages.
In the Iu PS User Plane, multiple packet data flows are multiplexed on one or
several AAL5 PVCs. The GTP-U (User Plane part of the GPRS Tunneling
Protocol) is the multiplexing layer that provides identities for individual packet
data flow. Each flow uses UDP connectionless transport and IP addressing.
Iub Interface
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
Layer NBAP Iub FP
NCP CCP
Transport Network
Control Plane
ATM
Physical Layer
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z The Iub interface is the terrestrial interface between NodeB and RNC. The Radio
Network Layer defines procedures related to the operation of the NodeB. The
Transport Network Layer defines procedures for establishing physical connections
between the NodeB and the RNC.
z The Iub application protocol, NodeB application part ( NBAP ) initiates the
establishment of a signaling connection over Iub . It is divided into two essential
components, CCP and NCP.
z NCP is used for signaling that initiates a UE context for a dedicated UE or signals that
is not related to specific UE. Example of NBAP-C procedure are cell configuration ,
handling of common channels and radio link setup
z The user plane Iub Frame Protocol ( FP ), defined the structure of the frames and the
basic in band control procedure for every type of transport channel. There are DCH-FP,
RACH-FP, FACH-FP, HS-DSCH FP and PCH FP.
Iur Interface
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network Iur Data
RANAP
Layer Stream
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
ATM
Physical Layer
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z Iur interface connects two RNCs. The protocol stack for the Iur is shown in above slide.
z The RNSAP protocol is the signaling protocol defined for the Iur interface.
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page13
SRNC / DRNC
CN
Iu Iur
SRNC DRNC
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z Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the Radio Network Subsystems can be interconnected
together through the Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over
direct physical connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable
transport network .
z For each connection between User Equipment and the UTRAN, One RNC is the
Serving RNC. When required, Drift RNCs support the Serving RNC by providing radio
resources. The role of an RNC (Serving or Drift) is on a per connection basis between
a UE and the UTRAN.
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC CN
UE
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
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z RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for
transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN.
z RB: The service provided by the layer2 for transfer of user data between User
Equipment and Serving RNC.
z RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single
UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
UE Working Modes and States
z Idle Mode
z Connected Mode
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
URA_PCH
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z If RRC connection does not exit between UE and RNC, then the UE is in idle mode.
z If RRC connection exits between UE and RNC, then the UE is in connected mode.
z Based on UE mobility and activity UE in connected mode may be allocated to four
different states: CELL_DCH, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH.
z The UE leaves the connected mode and returns to idle mode when the RRC
connection is released or at RRC connection failure.
Idle Mode
z The UE has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data
transfer, a signaling connection has to be established.
z UE camps on a cell
It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN
Location registration
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z When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected and the
UE searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on.
z The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to
provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as
"camping on the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its presence, by means
of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell.
z If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it. If the
new cell is in a different registration area, location registration is performed.
Connected Mode
z When UE is in connected mode
The UE position can be known on different levels:
Cell level (CELL_DCH/CELL_FACH/CELL_PCH)
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z Assuming that there exists an RRC connection, there are two basic families of RRC
connection mobility procedures, URA updating and handover. Different families of RRC
connection mobility procedures are used in different levels of UE connection (cell level
and URA level):
URA updating is a family of procedures that updates the UTRAN registration
area of a UE when an RRC connection exists and the position of the UE is
known on URA level in the UTRAN;
Handover is a family of procedures that adds or removes one or several radio
links between one UE and UTRAN when an RRC connection exists and the
position of the UE is known on cell level in the UTRAN.
z Which type of transport channel is used by UE in connected mode is decided by RNC
according to the UE activity.
Connected Mode
z Cell-DCH
In active state
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z If there is huge data to be transmitted, it must allocate dedicated channel. Thus UE will
be in Cell-DCH. UE in Cell-DCH state is communicating via DCH (downlink and uplink)
with UTRAN.
Connected Mode
z Cell-FACH
In active state
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CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
- Dedicated channel
- Common channel
- Common service,
- PS service with few
such as voice
data to transmit
IDLE
- Monitor paging channel
- Cell re-selection
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z This is the UE states figure. These states are significant only for UTRAN and UE. They
are transparent to CN. Let’s focus on the switch between the states.
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page24
Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.4 Handover
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System Information Broadcast Flow
UE Node B RNC
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Introduction of System Information
z MIB:
PLMN tag
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Introduction of System Information
z SIB1: System information for NAS and the timer/counter for
UE
z SIB2: URA information
z SIB3: Parameters for cell selection and cell re-selection
z SIB4: Parameters for cell selection and cell re-selection while UE
is in connected mode
z SIB5: Parameters for the common physical channels of the
cell
z SIB6: Parameters for the common physical channels of the cell
while UE is in connected mode
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Introduction of System Information
z SIB7: uplink interference level and the refreshing timer
z SIB8: the CPCH static information
z SIB9: the CPCH dynamic information
z SIB10: information to be used by UEs having their DCH controlled
by a DRAC procedure
z SIB11: measurement controlling information
z SIB12: measurement controlling information in connected mode
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Introduction of System Information
z SIB13: ANSI-41 system information
z SIB14: the information in TDD mode
z SIB15: the position service information
z SIB16: the needed pre-configuration information for handover
from other RAT to UTRAN
z SIB17: the configuration information for TDD
z SIB18: the PLMN identities of the neighboring cells to be used in
shared networks to help with the cell reselection process
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System Information Block Type 1
z System information type 1
The NAS system information
CS domain DRX: K=6, then DRX
period is 2^k= 2^6= 64TTI=640 ms
PS domain DRX: K=6, then DRX
period is 2^k=2^6=64TTI =640 ms
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System Information Block Type 2
z System info type 2
URA information
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System Information Block Type 3
z The references for cell selection
and re-selection
Qhyst2s
Sintrasearch
Sintersearch
Sinterratsearch
Qqualmin
Qrxlemin
T reselection
Max Allowed UE TX power
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System Information Block Type 5
z The configuration information for
the following physical channels
and the counterpart transport
channels
PCCPCH
SCCPCH
PICH
AICH
PRACH
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System Information Block Type 7 and 11
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Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.4 Handover
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Paging Initiation
z CN initiated paging
z Establish a signaling connection
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In order to request UTRAN connect to UE, CN initiates the paging procedure, transmits
paging message to the UTRAN through Iu interface, and UTRAN transmits the paging
message from CN to UE through the paging procedure on Uu interface, which will make
the UE initiate a signaling connection setup process with the CN.
When the cell system message is updated: When system messages change, the
UTRAN will trigger paging process in order to inform UE in the idle, CELL_PCH or
URA_PCH state to carry out the system message update, so that the UE can read the
updated system message.
Paging Type 1
z If UE is in CELL_PCH,URA_PCH or IDLE state,the paging
message will be transmitted on PCCH with paging type 1
CN RNC1 RNC2 NODEB1.1 NODEB2.1 UE
PAGING
RANAP RANAP
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z Paging type 1:
After calculating the paging time, the paging message will be transmitted at that time
z As shown in the above figure, the CN initiates paging in a location area (LA), which is covered
by two RNCs. After receiving a paging message, the RNC searches all the cells corresponding
to the LAI, and then calculates the paging time, at which it will send the PAGING TYPE 1
message to these cells through the PCCH.
Paging Type 2
z If UE is in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state,the paging
message will be transmitted on DCCH with paging type 2
CN SRNC UE
PAGING
RANAP RANAP
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z Paging type 2:
z As shown in the above figure, if the UE is in the CELL_-DCH or CELL_FACH state, the
UTRAN will immediately transmit PAGING TYPE 2 message to the paged UE on DCCH
channel.
Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.4 Handover
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Introduction of Call Process
z In WCDMA system, a call process includes the following basic
signaling flows:
RRC connection flow
Direct transfer message flow
Authentication flow (optional)
Security flow (optional)
RAB establish flow
Call proceeding
NAS signaling before correlative bearer release
Correlative bearer release
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RRC Connection Establishment Flow
(CCCH)
Serving
UE
RNC
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z In the idle mode, when the non-access layer of the UE requests to establish a signaling
connection, the UE will initiate the RRC connection procedure. Each UE has up to one
RRC connection only.
z When the SRNC receives an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message from the UE,
the Radio Resource Management (RRM) module of the RNC determines whether to
accept or reject the RRC connection request according to a specific algorithm. If
accepting the request, the RRM module determines whether to set up the RRC
connection on a Dedicated Channel (DCH) or on a Common Channel (CCH) according
to a specific RRM algorithm.
z Description:
Based on the RRC connection request cause and the system resource state, the
SRNC decides to establish the connection on the common channel.
Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters
2. Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP NBAP
Start RX
DCH - FP
5. Downlink Synchronization
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
6. Uplink Synchronization
DCH - FP
Start TX
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UE NodeB RNC CN
Initial DT
RRC RRC
Connect Request
SCCP SCCP
Connect Confirm
SCCP SCCP
Initial UE Message
RANAP RANAP
Common ID
RANAP RANAP
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z After the RRC connection between the UE and the UTRAN is successfully set up, the
UE sets up a signaling connection with the CN via the RNC for NAS information
exchange between the UE and the CN, such as authentication, service request and
connection setup. This is also called the NAS signaling setup procedure.
z For the RNC, the signaling exchanged between the UE and the CN is a direct transfer
message. After receiving the first direct transfer message, that is, the Initial Direct
Transfer message, the RNC sets up a signaling connection with the CN on the SCCP.
The procedure is shown in the above figure:
After the RRC connection is established, the UE sends the Initial Direct Transfer
message to the RNC via the RRC connection. This message carries the NAS
information content sent to the CN by the UE.
After receiving the Initial Direct Transfer message from the UE, the RNC sends
the SCCP Connection Request (CR) message to the CN via the Iu interface.
The message content is the Initial UE Message sent from the RNC to the CN,
and carries the message content sent from the UE to the CN.
If the CN is ready to accept the connection request, then it returns the SCCP
Connection Confirm (CC) message to the RNC. The SCCP connection is
successfully set up. The RNC receives the message and confirms the signaling
connection setup success.
If the CN cannot accept the connection request, then it returns the SCCP
Connection Reject (CJ) message to the RNC. The SCCP connection setup fails.
The RNC receives the message and confirms the signaling connection setup
failure. Then it initiates the RRC release procedure.
z After the signaling connection is successfully set up, the message sent by the UE to
the CN is forwarded to the RNC via the Uplink Direct Transfer message, and the RNC
converts it into the Direct Transfer message to send to the CN. The message sent by
the CN to the UE is forwarded to the RNC via the Direct Transfer message, and the
RNC converts it into the Downlink Direct Transfer to send to the UE.
Common ID
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Authentication and Security Flow
UE RNC CN
DL DT (Authentication Request)
DL DT (Authentication Request)
DL DT (Authentication Response)
DL DT (Authentication Response)
RAB Assignment
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Q.AAL2
AAL2 Setup Rsp Q.AAL2
RRC
RB Setup
RRC
RL Recfg Commit
NBAP NBAP
RRC
RB Setup Complete
RRC
RAB Ass Rsp
RANAP RANAP
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UE to UE CS Call Process (1)
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UE to UE CS Call Process (2)
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UE to UE CS Call Process (3)
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UE to UE CS Call Process (4)
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UE to UE CS Call Process (5)
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UE to UE CS Call Process (6)
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UE to UE CS Call Process (7)
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Activate PDP Context from UE (1)
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Activate PDP Context from UE (2)
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Activate PDP Context from Network (1)
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Activate PDP Context from Network (2)
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Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.4 Handover
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Concepts about Soft Handover
z Soft handover: the signals from different NodeBs are
merged in RNC
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z In the WCDMA system, since the intra-frequency exists among neighboring cells, the
UE can communicate with the network via multiple radio links, and can select one with
good signal quality by comparison when these radio links are merged, thus optimizing
the communication quality. The soft handover can be conducted only in the FDD mode.
The soft handover falls into the following cases according to the locations of the cells.
The first case is the soft handover among difference cells of the Node B. In this case,
the radio links can be merged within the Node B or the SRNC. If they are merged
within the Node B, it is called softer handover. The second case is the soft handover
among different Node Bs within the same RNC and among different RNCs.
z An important issue during the soft handover is the merge of multiple radio links. In the
WCDMA system, the MACRO DIVERSITY technology is adopted for the merge of the
radio links, that is, the system compares the data from different radio links based on
certain standards (such as BER), and selects the data with better quality to send to the
upper layer.
z Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink
z Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Soft Handover Flow (Intra-RNC)
CN CN CN
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z During the soft handover, two or more radio links are connected with UE, and data in
each RL are same.
z The following are some key concepts about the neighboring cell in the soft handover:
Active set: The set of cells currently used by the UE. The execution result of the
soft handover indicates the increase or decrease of the cells in the active set.
Monitor set: The set of cells that are not in the active set but are being observed
by the UE based on the neighboring cell information from the UTRAN. The UE
measures the cells in the observation set. When the measurement results satisfy
certain conditions, the cells may be added to the active set. Therefore, the
observation set sometimes is also called the candidate set.
Detected set: The set of cells that have been detected by the UE but do not
belong to the active set or the observation set. The UTRAN can request the UE
to report the measurement result of the detected set. Since the cells in the
detected set are not listed in the neighboring cell list, this set is also called the
unlisted set.
Soft Handover Flow
Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
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z It is no handover in this slide, only one radio links is connected with UE.
Soft Handover Flow
Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in NodeB
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z It is softer handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to one NodeB.
The NodeB uses the RAKE receiver to combine the data, and the UE also combines
the data in RAKE receiver.
Soft Handover Flow
Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in RNC
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z It is soft handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to one RNC, but
different NodeBs. So the UE can combine the data in RAKE receiver. But in uplink, the
data are combined with selection combination in RNC.
Soft Handover Flow (SRNC-DRNC)
Core Network
Serving RNC
Drift RNC
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in SRNC
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z It is soft handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to different RNCs.
So the UE can combine the data in RAKE receiver. But in uplink, the data are
combined with selection combination in SRNC.
Soft Handover Flow (SRNC Relocation)
Core Network
RNC
Serving RNC
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
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UE RNC
RRC Connection Setup Procedure
Measurement Control
Measurement Control
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z For adding a cell into Active Set, RNC will notify NodeB to prepare the new RL before
sending Active Set Update.
Soft Handover Flow (Del Branch from AS)
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z For deleting a cell from Active Set, RNC sends Active Set Update to UE first. After UE
deleting the RL successfully, RNC will inform NodeB to delete the RL.
Hard Handover
CN CN
SRNC SRNC
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z It is hard handover. The UE disconnects the original radio link, then connects to the
target cell. It happens in intra-frequency, inter-frequency and inter-RAT.
Intra-Frequency Hard Handover
z Intra-Frequency hard handover is triggered by 1D event
UE RNC
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Inter-frequency Handover
UE RNC
Measurement Report(2D)
Decision to enter
compress mode
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Measurement Report
Decision to
setup new RL
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
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z Description:
Step 1 to step 5 is similar with soft handover, the differences are:
The SRNC sends the Physical Channel Reconfiguration message carrying the
target cell information to the UE via the downlink DCCH.
After the UE hands over from the source cell to the target cell, the Node B of the
source cell detects the radio link communication failure and then sends the
Radio Link Failure Indication message to the SRNC, indicating the radio link
failure.
After successfully handing over to the target cell, the UE sends the Physical
Channel Reconfiguration Complete message to the SRNC via the DCCH,
notifying the SRNC that the physical cannel reconfiguration is complete.
The Node B where the source cell is deletes the radio link resources, and then
responds to the SRNC with the Radio Link Deletion Response message.
The SRNC adopts the ALCAP protocol to release the Iub interface transport
bearer of the SRNC and the Node B where the source cell is.
Inter-RAT Handover Flow (UMTS->GSM)
UE RNC 3G MSC 3G MSC BSC
Measurement Report(2D)
Decision to enter
compress mode
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Handover Compltet
Send END
Signal Request
Iu Release Command
Iu Release Complete
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Inter-RAT Handover Flow (GSM->UMTS)
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Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA HSDPA
Principles
www.huawei.com
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References
z 3GPP Release 6 Specification References
TS 25.308 HSDPA overall description stage2
TS 25.211 Physical channel and mapping of transport channels onto
physical channel (FDD)
TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
TS 25.214 Physical layer procedure (FDD)
TS 25.306 UE radio access capabilities
TS 25.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
TS 25.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification
TS 25.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
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WCDMA Evolution
WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA
GSM GPRS
R99 R5 R6
EDGE
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WCDMA Evolution
WCDMA evolved from GSM/GPRS, inheriting much of the upper layer functionality
directly from those systems. The first commercial deployments of WCDMA are based
on a version of the standards called Release 99.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is another system in the GSM/GPRS
family that some operators have deployed as an intermediate step before deploying
WCDMA.
HSDPA was introduced in WCDMA Release 5 to offer higher speed Downlink data
services.
Release 6 introduces the Enhanced Uplink (i.e. HSUPA) that will provide faster data
services for the Uplink.
High Speed Downlink Packet
Access
z What are the benefits of HSDPA
z Higher Data Rates
Peak data rate up to 14Mbps per user
z Higher Capacity
More subscribers and throughput
z Richer Application
Low latency – improvement for
streaming ,interactive, background
applications
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Data Services are expected to grow significantly within the next few years. Current
2.5G and 3G operators are already reporting that a significant proportion of usage is
now due to data, implying an increasing demand for high-data-rate, content-rich
multimedia services. Although current Release 99 WCDMA systems offer a maximum
practical data rate of 384 kbps, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) have
included in Release 5 of the specifications a new high-speed, low-delay feature
referred to as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).
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There are different techniques defined in the Release 99 specification to enable Downlink
packet data. Most commonly, data transmission is supported using either the
Dedicated Channel (DCH) or the Forward Access Channel (FACH).
The DCH is the primary means of supporting packet data services. Each user is
assigned a unique Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code
dependent on the required data rate. Fast closed loop Power Control is
employed to ensure that a target Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is maintained
in order to control the block error rate (BLER). Macro Diversity is supported
using soft handover.
Data transfer can also be supported on the FACH. This common channel employs
a fixed OVSF code. As it needs to be received by all UEs, higher data rates are
generally not supported. Macro Diversity is also not supported and the channel
operates with a fixed (or slow changing) power allocation. Each data block
contains a unique UE identifier that allows a given UE to keep itsown data and
discard that belonging to other UEs.
Release 99 Downlink Limitation
z Dedicated Channel Features ( DCH )
Maximum implemented downlink of 384kbps
OVSF code limitation for high data rate users
Rate change according to burst throughput is slow
Outer loop power control responds slowly to channel
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1. Although WCDMA Release 99 standard allows for maximum data rates of up to 2.0
Mbps, it has only been widely implemented with a maximum data rate of 384 kbps.
This data rate is achieved by allocating a dedicated channel to each user. The use of
dedicated resources can be a limitation, especially for data applications with bursty
characteristics. Each dedicated channel uses an OVSF code. Shorter codes are used
for higher data rates and longer codes for lower data rates. When an OVSF of a
particular length is used, all longer OVSF codes derived from that code become
unavailable. This limits the number of simultaneous high speed data users in a given
cell. The Release 99 standards provide support for a Secondary Scrambling Code,
which eases this limitation, but it has not been widely implemented in commercial
systems and will likely be removed from future versions of the specification. The data
rate of a dedicated channel can be adjusted to accommodate varying requirements of
a data service application, but the procedure for doing so is slow and thus inefficient.
Capacity is controlled both by the maximum amount of PA power that is available and
by the power requirement of each data service. In dedicated mode, fast power control
is used so that a target Eb/No is achieved on the Downlink. However, the required
Eb/No set point changes at a much slower rate. This can result in wasted resources
whereby a better than required Eb/No is achieved for the required BLER.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
z The differences between HSDPA and R99
Set of high data rate channel
Each user may be assigned all or part of the resource every 2ms
“Big shared pipe”
Code multiplexing for HSDPA
Node B
HSDPA user#1
2ms
HSDPA user#2
HSDPA user#3
a set of HS-PDSCHs
HSDPA user#4
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In HSDPA, the NodeB allocates a set of high speed channels. These channels are
assigned to a user using a fast scheduling algorithm that allocates the channels
every 2 ms. All or part of the channels may be assigned to a given user during
any 2 ms period.
The rapid scheduling of HSDPA is well-suited to the bursty nature of packet data.
During periods of high activity, a given user may get a larger percentage of the
channel bandwidth, while it gets little or no bandwidth during periods of low
activity.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
z How will HSDPA figure out the limitations of R99
Adaptive modulation and coding
Fast feedback of Channel condition
QPSK and16QAM
Channel coding rate from 1/3 to 1
Multi-code operation
Multiple codes allocated per user
Fixed spreading factor
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In HSDPA a common channel with fixed power is employed for data transfer. Users
are separated in both the time and code domains. A fixed spreading factor is
employed but multi codes operation is possible for increased data rates.
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) replaces the role of power control so that
the modulation and coding rate are changed depending on the channel condition.
Closed Inner
Fixed Power
Loop at 1500Hz
Power Control & Closed Outer
No with link
adaptation
Loop
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Comparison Summary
DCH and FACH are the two Release 99 channels typically used for packet switched
data in practice. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are
apparent. Whereas DCH is suited for medium high data rates (with a maximum
rate of 384 kbps), rate switching is slow, making it unsuitable and inefficient for
bursty data such as a Web browsing application. By contrast, FACH provides
good support for bursty data but is a common channel without power control or
other mechanism to account for channel conditions. This makes it unsuitable for
higher data rates. Switching from DCH to FACH is slow and inefficient, due in
part to the typical timer values used to detect inactivity
HSDPA is suitable to high date rates for a bursty application, though we will see
that the absence of soft handover makes it more suitable for stationary or low-
mobility users than for highly mobile users. HSDPA typically operates at a fixed
power, but feedback from the UE can instruct the NodeB to use lower power
when the UE is in good channel conditions. Link adaptation is used to adjust
data rate, coding, and modulation to quickly respond to changing channel
conditions.
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
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HSDPA Key Techniques
Block 1 Block 1 Block 2
Block 1? Block 1
+
Block 1?
AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding) HARQ(Hybrid ARQ)with Fast Scheduling based on
CQI and fairness
Data rate adapted to radio condition on 2ms Soft combing
Scheduling of user on 2ms
Reduce round trip time
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding
z AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) in accordance with CQI
( Channel Quality Indicator )
Adjust data rate to compensation channel condition
Good channel condition – higher data rate
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding
z AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) based on CQI
( Channel Quality Indicator )
CQI ( channel quality indicator )
UE measures the channel quality and reports to NodeB every
2ms or more cycle
NodeB selects modulation scheme ,data block size based on CQI
Power Control Rate Adaptation
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CQI mapping table for UE category 10
Transport Number of Reference power
CQI value Modulation
Block Size HS-
HS-PDSCH adjustment Δ
0 N/A Out of range
1 137 1 QPSK 0
2 173 1 QPSK 0
…… …… …… …… ……
13 2279 4 QPSK 0
14 2583 4 QPSK 0
15 3319 5 QPSK 0
16 3565 5 16-
16-QAM 0
17 4189 5 16-
16-QAM 0
18 4664 5 16-
16-QAM 0
…… …… …… …… ……
28 23370 15 16-
16-QAM 0
29 24222 15 16-
16-QAM 0
30 25558 15 16-
16-QAM 0
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The CQI table consists of 30 entries, where each entry indicates a different TFRC.
Transport Format Resource Combination (TFRC) points to the combination of number
of HS-PDSCH channelization codes, modulation scheme, and the HS-DSCH
transport block size. The 5-bit CQI reported by a UE is an index into this table
containing all possible TFRC combinations for that UE category. The TFRC
combinations are different for UEs with different HS-DSCH UE categories because of
the differences in the UE capabilities. Along with TFRC, CQI may also indicate a
power offset relative to the current HS-PDSCH power. The CQI table shown in the
slide is for UE categories supporting up to 15 HS-PDSCH codes (HSDPA terminal
category 10)
HSDPA UE Categories
Maximum Maximum Number of Bits of
Minimum
Number of HS- an HS-DSCH Transport Total Number of Soft
UE Category Inter-TTI
DSCH Codes Block Received Within an Channel Bits
Interval
Received HS-DSCH TTI
Category 1 5 3 7298 19200
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UE Categories
HSDPA is advertised with data rates up to 14 Mbps. However, the actual HS-DSCH
peak data rate depends on the UE’s HS-DSCH category. As shown in the table,
only a category 10 UE can achieve the maximum HSDPA throughput of 14 Mbps
when using all 15 HS-PDSCHs simultaneously.
Inter-TTI interval – Determines the minimum interval (in terms of HS-DSCH TTI)
between two successive HS-PDSCH assignments. The more HARQ processes a
UE supports, the shorter the inter-TTI interval. A minimum inter-TTI of 1 requires at
least 6 simultaneous HARQ processes.
Transport Block size – Determines the maximum size of transport block that can
be sent on HS-DSCH in a TTI. It is dependent on the number of HS-PDSCH codes
and the modulation scheme.
IR buffer size – Determines the maximum number of soft bits that can be buffered
by a UE across all simultaneously running HARQ processes.
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
z Conventional ARQ
In a conventional ARQ scheme, received data blocks that can not be
correctly decoded are discarded and retransmitted data blocks are
separately decoded
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Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
z Example for HARQ
z The use of HARQ with soft combining increases the effective received
Eb/Io for each retransmission and thus increases the probability for
correct decoding of retransmissions, compare to conventional ARQ
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The maximum retransmission amount of HARQ procedure can be set. (NodeB LMT)
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
z There are many different schemes for HARQ with soft
combining
z These schemes differ in the structure of retransmissions
and in the way by which the soft combining is carried out at
the receiver
In case of Chase combining ( CC ) each retransmission is an
identical copy of the original transmission
In case of Incremental Redundancy ( IR ) each retransmission
may add new redundancy
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HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of parity bits if the previous
transmission failed (NACK) and receiver buffer the failed decodes for soft combining with
later retransmission.
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The maximum number of HARQ processes that a UE supports is a function of its HSDPA
category. The minimum number of HARQ processes supported by any UE is 2, which
corresponds to a UE that uses an inter-TTI interval of 3.
Short TTI (2ms)
z Shorter TTI ( Transmission Time Interval ) is to reduce RTT
( round trip time )
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Shared Channel Transmission
z In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced call HS-
DSCH. The idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource
is dynamically shared between HSDPA and Release 99
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Shared channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resource of a cell
(code and power) is seem as a common resource that is dynamically shared between
users.
Shared Channel Transmission
z In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced call HS-
DSCH. The idea is that a part of the total downlink power resource
is dynamically shared between HSDPA and Release 99
DPCH
Time
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Shared channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resource of a cell
(code and power) is seem as a common resource that is dynamically shared between
users.
The NodeB transmit power allocation algorithm is not specified by the standard, but two
possible schemes are likely:
Static – A fixed amount of power is allocated to HSDPA channels (i.e. the HS-PDSCHs
and HS-SCCHs). Remaining power is distributed among common channels and power
controlled dedicated channels. The overall transmit power fluctuates as a function of
the power controlled channels.
The above diagram does not consider the Node B’s power margin, whereby the Node B’s
power fluctuates. The Node Bpower doesn’t really remain constant, due to the peak-to-
average ratio of transmit power.
Shared Channel Transmission
z The codes are assigned to HSDPA user only when they are actually to be
used for transmission, which leads to efficient code and power utilization
z In HSDPA, the idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource is
dynamically shared between a set of HSDPA users
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There can be multiple (up to 15) HS-PDSCHs in a serving cell, which enables use of both
time division and code division multiple access methods.
Higher-Order Modulation Scheme
z HSDPA modulation scheme
QPSK
16QAM
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WCDMA R99 uses QPSK data modulation for downlink transmission. To support higher
data rate, higher order data modulation, such as 16QAM can be used.
Compared to QPSK modulation, higher order modulation is more bandwidth efficient i.e.
can carry more bits per Hertz
Fast Scheduling
z Fast scheduling is about to decided to which terminal the shared
channel transmission should be directed at any given moment
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The basic idea of fast scheduling is to transmit at the fading peaks of the channel in order
to increase the throughput and to use resource more efficiently. But this might lead to
large variations in data rate of the users. The trade-off is between the cell throughput
and fairness against users.
There are a number of scheduling algorithms that take into consideration the trade-off
between throughput and fairness:
Round Robin (RR): radio resource are allocated to communication links on a sequential
basis, not taking into account the instantaneous radio channel conditions experienced
by each link.
Max C/I: for maximum cell throughput ,the radio resource should be as much as possible
be allocated to communication links with the best instantaneous channel condition.
Proportional Fair (PF): allocates the channel to the user with relatively best channel
quality.
Enhanced Proportional Fair (EPF): allocates the channel to the user according to
relatively best channel quality, fairness, guarantee bit rate requirement.
HSDPA New Physical Channels
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Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
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R99 Physical Channels
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Release 99 Channels
This diagram shows possible mappings of logical, transport, and physical channels
in the control and user planes for UMTS Release 99.
Some channels exist only in Physical Layer (CPICH, SCH, DPCCH, AICH, PICH).
These channels carry no upper layer signaling or user data.
Transport channels carry the following types of information:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCH) – Broadcast information that defines overall
system configuration.
Paging Channel (PCH) – Paging notification messages. A Paging Indicator
Channel (PICH) is associated with a PCH to allow a UE to quickly determine
whether it needs to read the PCH during its assigned paging occasion.
Forward Access Channel (FACH) – Common Downlink signaling messages. Also
carries dedicated Downlink signaling and user information to a UE operating in
Cell_FACH state.
Random Access Channel (RACH) – Common Uplink signaling messages. Also
carries dedicated Uplink signaling and user information to a UE operating in
Cell_FACH state.
Dedicated Channel (DCH) – Dedicated signaling and user information for a UE
operating in the Cell_DCH state. DCH is mapped to a Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (DPDCH). An associated Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
carries Physical Layer control information, such as power control commands.
HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
z New HSDPA Channels
High Speed Downlink shared Channel ( HS-DSCH )
Downlink Transport Channel
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HSDPA introduces three new Downlink channels and one new Uplink channel:
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page32
Only dedicated logical user data channels may be mapped to HS-DSCH. When
DTCH is mapped to HS-DSCH, only Unacknowledged Mode (UM) and
Acknowledged Mode (AM) channels may be used.
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A basic WCDMA radio frame is 10 ms long and has 15 slots. HSDPA introduces the
notion of sub-frames within a WCDMA radio frame. An HSDPA sub-frame is 2 ms (3
slots) long and all the HS-channels use this sub-frame timing. The sub-frame allows
fast user switching where the shared channel can potentially be assigned to a different
user every sub-frame. As the HSDPA sub-frame is only 2ms long, it alleviates the need
for power control. HS-DSCH has a fixed TTI of 2 ms. Each HS-DSCH transport block
is mapped to an HS-PDSCH sub-frame. HS-SCCH and HSDPCCH also use the 2ms
sub-frame to transmit control and feedback respectively.
Each HSDPA sub-frame has 3 slots and each slot is comprised of symbols. The number
of symbols in a slot depends on the spreading factor used for that channel. HS-PDSCH,
HS-SCCH,and HS-DPCCH use SF 16, 128, and 256 respectively, giving number of
symbols per slot as 160 (HS-PDSCH), 20 (HS-SCCH), and 10 (HS-DPCCH).
A symbol is made up of 1 or more bits and each bit is spread using SF to an equivalent
number of chips. A QPSK symbol consists of two consecutive bits, one bit each
mapped onto the I and Q branch. A 16-QAM symbol, on the other hand, has four
consecutive bits with two bits on each branch.
HSDPA use 2ms TTI. Shorter TTI mechanism can reduce the latency ,and then increase
fast schedule times. Shorter TTI mechanism can better trace the variation of wireless
environment
HS-PDSCH sub-frame Structure
z HS-PDSCH sub-frame structure
3 time slots constituted one TTI (2ms) , only one TB will be sent during one TTI
Fixed spreading factor ( SF=16 )
May use QPSK or 16QAM modulation scheme
Up to 15 HS-PDSCH may be assigned simultaneously
UE capability indicated max. number of codes it supports
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page34
HS-PDSCH
When the UE decodes the HS-SCCH and determines that there is an HS-DSCH
assignment in the next TTI, it decodes the assigned HS-PDSCHs. Each HS-PDSCH
uses an OVSF of length 16. If multiple HS-PDSCHs are assigned simultaneously to
one UE, they must use consecutive OVSF codes. The HS-SCCH indicates the first
OVSF code and the number of codes for each assignment.
The High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS- PDSCH) is used to carry the
High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
An HS-PDSCH may use QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM modulation symbols. In above figure,
M is the number of bits per modulation symbols i.e. M=2 for QPSK, M=4 for 16QAM
and M=6 for 64QAM.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page35
Xue [16bits]:UE identity, Multiple UEs may be monitoring the same set of HS-SCCHs.
Each UE has an assigned identity called the H-RNTI.
Xccs [7bits]:channelization code set, The HS-SCCH indicates which of the OVSF codes
allocated to the HS-PDSCHs will be used. HS-PDSCH uses multi-code transmission,
which means that multiple OVSF codes may be assigned to one UE at the same time
Xtbs [6bits]:transport block size, The HS-SCCH indicates how much data will be sent
during the next assignment
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page36
HS-DPCCH
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) – The UE measures the channel quality of the
Downlink CPICH and computes a CQI value. The value is an index into a table,
and corresponds to the maximum data rate that the UE can decode with an error
rate of less than 10%, assuming the channel conditions don’t change. UTRAN
may configure the UE to repeat the CQI, up to a maximum of 4 transmissions.
UTRAN may also configure the periodicity of CQI reporting, ranging from 2 ms
to 160 ms.
Uplink HS-DPCCH preamble and postamble
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page37
Advantage of Pre/Postamble
More coding gain is introduced, since Node B could judge whether the data is received
by UE on the basis of more correlative slots
If ensuring the same demodulation performance of ACK/NACK, PO (ACK/NACK) could
be reduced. Accordingly, UL interference to be reduced
Problem of Pre/Postamble
More decoding complexity is introduced
More power is consumed by UE to send Pre/Postamble
Associated physical channel –A -DPCH
z ﹡Besides 3 physical channels on top. There is another physical channel
named DPCH, which is a dedicated channel . DPCH is also called associated
channel used for signalling transmission and power control
z ﹡ DPCH does not carry service generally, sometimes carry real time (RT)
service such as AMR service
HS_SCCH Downlink
DPDCH&DPCCH (i.e.
associated DPCH)
UE
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When a DL RAB is mapped onto the HS-DSCH, UL DCH is set up regardless of the
existence of UL data. UL DCH transmits the UL signaling, UL RLC acknowledgement
message and possible UL service data. DL DCH is set up to transmit the DL signaling.
These DCHs are called associated DCHs.
When the UE is in soft handover or softer handover, the HS-DSCH data can be
transmitted only in the HSDPA serving cell while the DCH data can be transmitted in
all the cells in the active set.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page40
The F-DPCH is a new physical channel in release 6. Huawei RAN10 product support this
physical channel
The F-DPCH is a special case of the Downlink DPCCH. It has only TPC bits information;
no Pilot or data fields are carried. It multiplexes the TCP bits for a maximum of 10 UEs
with different frame offsets. The TPC bits forwarded on the F-DPCH are needed to
control the power of the HS-DPCCH (Uplink channel)
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel
(F-DPCH)
zThe F-DPCH carries control information generated at layer 1 (TPC
commands). It is a special case of downlink DPCCH
z Following figure shows the frame structure of the F-DPCH
Each frame of length 10ms is split into 15 slots, each of length Tslot =
2560 chips, corresponding to one power-control period, SF=256
Each user occupy one Symbol in one slot to bear TPC command, Pilot
and TFCI is not needed
Up to 10 users can be multiplexed on one F-DPCH
(Tx OFF) TPC (Tx OFF)
NOFF1 bits NTPC bits NOFF2 bits
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TPC UE3 2
TPC UE4 3
TPC UE5 4
TPC UE6 5
TPC UE7 6
TPC UE8 7
TPC UE9 8
TPC TPC UE10 9
3 slo ts = 2 m s
3 slo ts = 2 m s
2 slo ts 1 5 slo ts = 1 0 m s
DPCH S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t
τ D PC H
~ 7 .5 slo ts
H S -D P C C H
3 slo ts = 2 m s
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page42
1. The UE measures the Downlink channel quality and sends a CQI report on the HS-
DPCCH. An ACK or NACK from a previously received block may also be included in
this transmission
2. If the NodeB decides to send data to the UE, it will send information on the HS-SCCH
to assign the physical channel and give the UE information about how the data was
encoded. The earliest that this assignment can be made is in the sub-frame following
the end of CQI report.
3. During the next 2ms HS-DSCH transmission time, one or more HS-PDSCHs carry the
UE’s data. The HS-SCCH transmission overlaps the HS-PDSCH transmission
4. After the UE decodes the data, it sends an ACK or NACK on the HS-DPCCH. The UE
must send the ACK or NACK 5ms(i.e. 7.5 slots) after the end of the HS-DSCH
transmission. If the UE sends a NACK, the NodeBmay send the data again during a
later time slot, or may choose not to retransmit the data. A CQI report may also be
included in this transmission
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data
Rate
z Theoretical HSDPA Maximum data rate is 14.4Mbps
z How do we get to 14.4Mbps ?
Multi-code transmission
NodeB must allocate all 15 OVSF codes ( SF =16 ) to one UE
Consecutive assignments using multiple HARQ process
NodeB must allocate all time slots to one UE
UE must decode all transmission correctly on the first transmission
Low channel coding gain
Effective code rate = 1
Requires very good channel conditions to decode
16QAM
Requires very good channel condition
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page43
The theoretical maximum data rate is 14.4 Mbps. The following techniques are used
to achieve this data rate:
Consecutive assignments – The HARQ procedure allows the NodeB to send back-
to-back assignments at 2 ms intervals.
Lower Coding Gain –Higher data rates can be achieved by puncturing more bits for
a higher effective code rate (and thus lower coding gain).
16-QAM – This modulation scheme increases the data rate over QPSK by a factor of
2.
More Data Rate Factors
z More factors that affect HSDPA data rate
Inter- TTI interval
Retransmission
ACK / NACK Repetition
z Assuming
5 OVSF code for HS-PDSCH
Consecutive assignment
QPSK
Turbo code rate =1/3
Retransmission
75% of data block decoded on first transmission
25% of data block decoded on second transmission
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page44
Inter-TTI Interval – The interval between consecutive assignments is called the inter-TTI
interval. If the UE supports an inter-TTI interval of 1, then it is capable of receiving a
new HSDPA assignment every 2 ms. Allowed values of the inter-TTI interval are 1, 2,
and 3
Retransmissions – If the UE NACKs a transmission, the NodeB may retransmit that data
in a subsequent assignment. The retransmission may consist of identical symbols that
were sent previously, or may be a different redundancy version of the turbo coded
output symbols
ACK/NACK Repetition – The NodeB may configure the UE to send the ACK/NACK
transmission up to four times
More Data Rate Factors
z 5 OVSF code for HS-PDSCH
14.4Mbps / 3 = 4.8Mbps
z QPSK
4.8Mbps / 2 = 2.4Mbps
z Turbo code rate =1/3
2.4Mbps / 3 = 0.8Mbps
z Retransmission
0.8Mbps × 0.8 = 640 kbps
1 2 3 4 5
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page45
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
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HSDPA Physical Layer Model-
Downlink
NodeB PHY UE PHY
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In 3GPP Release 5, two new Downlink physical channels have been introduced to enable
HSDPA. In addition, the existing R99 channels are also required for HSDPA operation.
division multiple access methods. HS-PDSCH carries user data and has a transport
channel HSDSCH mapped on it.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page48
In 3GPP Release 5, there is one new Uplink physical channel. The existing R99 channels
are required for the HSDPA operation.
NodeB uses this feedback information to send retransmissions and to schedule HS-
PDSCH transmissions to UEs. HS-DPCCH doesn’t carry any higher layer control or
traffic and doesn’t have a transport channel mapped on it.
Downlink HS-PDSCH
z High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-
PDSCH)
Fixed SF 16 with 3 slots format
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An HS-PDSCH channel carries the actual user payload to the UE. One HS-PDSCH
subframe contains one TTI (2 ms) of HS-DSCH transport channel payload. There is no
transport channel multiplexing in HSDPA so the information contained in HS-PDSCH
subframe is from a single
An HS-DSCH serving cell can have as many as 15 channelization codes assigned to HS-
PDCH. The HS-PDSCH channels are shared among different users by using time
division, code division or a combination of the two multiple access methods. The
number of HS-PDSCHs that can be simultaneously decoded by a UE depends on the
HS-DSCH UE Category.
The phase reference used for demodulating HS-PDSCH is the same as for the associated
DL DPCH. By default, P-CPICH is used as the phase reference.
Downlink HS-PDSCH
z HS-DSCH Processing chain
HS-DSCH interleaving
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The HS-DSCH channel coding involves a number of other functions performed by the
NodeB’s Physical Layer. The main reason for this additional processing is the dynamic
size of the transport block transmitted in an HS-DSCH TTI. Other reasons include
large HS-DSCH payload size and the possible use of 16-QAM modulation for HS-
PDSCH. Comparing the coding chain for the Release 99 channel with the Release 5
HS-DSCH channel, some blocks have been removed and some new blocks have been
added.
1. Concatenation, because there is always only one transport block per HS-DSCH TTI.
The transport block size, however, varies from 137 bits to 27952 bits. In case of
retransmission, the transport block size remains the same as of the original
transmission.
2. First DTX insertion, because HS-DSCH doesn’t support fixed position transport channel
and thus Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD).
3. Second DTX insertion, because there is just one transport channel mapped on to HS-
PDSCH.
4. Radio frame segmentation, because HS-DSCH has a fixed TTI of 2 ms, which is equal
to the HS-PDSCH sub-frame duration.
5. Transport channel multiplexing, because there is just one transport channel mapped on
to HS-PDSCH.
HS-DSCH Channel Coding
z Mac delivers one HS-DSCH TB per TTI to
Physical Layer
z CRC Attachment
24 bits CRC added per TB
z Bit Scrambling
Facilitates uniform distribution of 16- QAM
symbols at receiver
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page51
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page52
FEC Coding – Rate 1/3 turbo coder is used for encoding HS-DSCH bits. FEC coding is
done on one or more code blocks, where code blocks are formed by segmenting bit
scrambled HS-DSCH data (if more than 5114 bits). The output from turbo coder
consists of Systematic bits (original input data bits) and Parity bits. For each input bit,
there is 1 Systematic bit and 2 Parity bits.
First Rate Matching Virtual IR Buffer Second Rate Matching
Systematic
Nsys Nt,sys
bits
RM_S
Parity 1 W
C NTTI Np1 Nt,p1 Ndata
bit bits bit
RM_P1_1 RM_P1_2
separation collection
Parity2
bits Np2 Nt,p2
RM_P2_1 RM_P2_2
Twelve tail bits are added per block after encoding for the trellis termination. The encoded
blocks, when more than one, are serially concatenated and fed to the HARQ block.
The code rate after turbo encoding is 1/3 but the effective coder rate after HARQ rate
matching may be different. An effective code rate of close to 1 is required to achieve
peak throughput of 14.4 kbps.
HS-DSCH Channel Coding
z Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
Combines ARQ with adaptive channel
coding
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Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) – HARQ is a technique combining FEC and ARQ methods that
save information from previous failed decode attempts to be used in the future
decoding. There are two different HARQ schemes, Chase Combine and IR, depending
on which bits are chosen to be sent over the air to UE. The redundancy version (RV)
parameters, r and s, indicate to the UE the HARQ scheme used for the current
transmission.
Both HARQ combining schemes soft combine bits from the previous failed decodes with
the currently received retransmission. Soft combining helps minimize the number of
retransmissions. For a retransmission, HARQ uses the same transport block size and
consequently the same number of HS-DSCH bits that were used in the initial
transmission.
HS-DSCH Channel Coding – Physical
Layer HARQ Functionality
z Physical Layer HARQ consists of two rate matching stages and a
virtual buffer
1st stage: matches number of input bits to the virtual IR buffer size
IR buffer size is determined by UE’s soft memory capability
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page54
Systematic
Nsys Nt,sys
bits
RM_S
Parity 1 W
C NTTI Np1 Nt,p1 Ndata
bit bits bit
RM_P1_1 RM_P1_2
separation collection
Parity2
bits Np2 Nt,p2
RM_P2_1 RM_P2_2
First Transmission
Always self-decodable, RV parameters s = 1
Chase Combining
Each retransmission is self decodable, RV parameter s = 1, Systematic bits are prioritized
Same coded data packet may be sent in each retransmission, Using the same RV
parameter r in each retransmission
Retransmission with a different r value implies different set of punctured bits
Receiver attempts to decode by soft combining multiple copies
Incremental Redundancy (IR)
Retransmissions are not self decodable, RV parameter s = 0, Parity bits are prioritized
Redundant information is incrementally transmitted if initial decoding fails
Each retransmission provides additional redundant bits to the receiver
RV parameter r is different for different set of redundancy bits
Receiver attempts to decode based on accumulated bits
HS-DSCH Channel Coding – HARQ Combining Schemes
HARQ combining refers to the combining of the HS-DSCH soft bits in the receiver
(UE). If an HS-DSCH sub-frame transmission is not correctly decoded (CRC failure) by
the UE’s Physical Layer the soft bits from this failed decode are buffered in the IR
buffer to be combined with the future retransmissions. This type of combining changes
the effective received code rate with each retransmission and helps in minimizing the
number of retransmissions. There are different types of HARQ combining schemes:
The RV parameter signaled to the UE indicates the HARQ scheme used, allowing the UE
to use the same scheme for HARQ combining.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page56
HS-DSCH Channel Coding-16QAM
Constellation Re-arrangement
z Bit Reliability
change with bit position within a symbol
is different for 0 and 1 in case of i2 and q2
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An optional 16-QAM modulation scheme has been introduced for HS-PDSCH to achieve
high data rates. Constellation rearrangement is required in the case of 16-QAM
modulation because two of the four bits in a 16-QAM symbol have a higher probability
of error than the other two bits. The rearrangement occurs during retransmission and
disperses the error probability equally among all the bits when averaged over
retransmissions.
The reliabilities of the bits mapped to the 16-QAM symbols vary from the most significant
bits (i1, q1) to the least significant bits (i2, q2). These variations reduce the
performance of the turbo decoder with respect to having equal bit reliabilities. By
rearranging the signal constellation during retransmissions, the same bit gets placed at
different positions within a symbol across different retransmissions and the bit
reliabilities are averaged out over the retransmissions. For both Chase combining and
IR, the decoder performance increases with the constellation rearrangement due to a
more homogeneous input of log-likelihood values to the turbo decoder.
The bits output from the HS-DSCH interleaver are taken in groups of four consecutive bits
(i1q1i2q2) and then rearranged based on the value of constellation version parameter
b. NodeB signals this parameter to the UE on HS-SCCH channel so that the UE can
undo this bit rearrangement. In case of QPSK modulation, the constellation
rearrangement block is transparent.
Constellation re-arrangement for 16QAM [TS25.212]
constellation
version Output bit sequence Operation
parameter b
0 v p ,k v p ,k +1v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3 None
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After constellation rearrangement (only for 16-QAM) or HS-DSCH interleaving (for QPSK),
the HS-DSCH bits are finally mapped to one or more HS-PDSCH channels. This is
called Physical Channel Mapping. A UE may be assigned one or more HS-PDSCH
codes depending on the UE capability, QoS requirement, and the NodeB’s radio
resource availability. In case of more than one HS-PDSCH channel assigned to a UE,
the number of bits in the given sub-frame on each
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page60
Downlink HS-SCCH
z High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Fixed rate 60kbps (SF 128) channel with one slot format
UE may need to simultaneously monitor up to four HS-SCCHs
More than four HS-SCCHs possible under one cell
QPSK only
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The NodeB transmits control information required for detecting and decoding HS-PDSCH
sub-frames to UEs on HS-SCCH channel. UEs are signaled to monitor a set of HS-
SCCH channels containing up to a maximum of four HS-SCCHs. At any time, only one
of the four HS-SCCHs contains information for a given UE. There may be more than
four active HS-SCCHs under a cell. Multiple users are assigned to the same HS-SCCH
(or set of HS-SCCHs) and thus a
UE can successfully decode the information on this channel only when the information is
intended for that UE. The HS-SCCH information is scrambled with the UE ID, which
enables the desired UE to successfully decode HS-SCCH. The reason for having
multiple HS-SCCHs is to enable NodeB to address multiple UEs in the same sub-
frame.
Downlink HS-SCCH
z HS-SCCH Processing chain
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Convolutional coding and CRC coding are used as the main channel coding schemes by NodeBfor
the HS-SCCH channel. Part 1 and Part 2 of an HS-SCCH sub-frame are individually coded and
mapped to the allocated slots in a sub-frame. Both Part 1 and Part 2 are scrambled with the UE
ID. The UE ID used for scrambling HS-SCCH is a 16-bit HS-DSCH Radio Network Temporary
Identity (H-RNTI).
Channelization Code Set – Contains the number of in-sequence HS-PDSCH codes assigned to a
UE and the offset of the first code.
Transport Block Size – The transport block size used for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame
is signaled as a 6-bit Transport Format Resource Indicator (TFRI). The actual transport block
size in bits is derived from TFRI and depends on the modulation scheme and the number of HS-
PDSCH channelization codes signaled on HS-SCCH.
HARQ Process ID – Contains the HARQ process ID for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame.
There may be one to eight simultaneous HARQ processes running in a UE.
Redundancy & Constellation Version – Contains RV parameters r and s that are used by the
Physical Layer HARQ functionality. If 16-QAM modulation is used, this field also contains the
constellation version parameter b that indicates the rearranged version of 16-QAM constellation
used for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame transmission.
New Data Indicator – Contains 1-bit indicator that toggles every time the NodeB sends new HS-
DSCH data. The indicator is not toggled in case of retransmissions.
HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH Spreading
and Modulation
z HS-PDSCH is spread with SF 16, scrambled with Primary
Scramble Code
z HS-SCCH is spread with SF 128, scrambled with same code as
HS-PDSCH
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The Downlink physical channels (except SCH) are spread to the chip rate with individual
channelization codes and then scrambled with the same scrambling code. All such
channels use QPSK modulation except HS-PDSCH, which can use either QPSK or 16-
QAM.
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Each UE operating in the HSDPA mode has an active Uplink HS-DPCCH along with the
dedicated UL DPCCH. The UE uses UL DPCCH as reference for adjusting the HS-
DPCCH channel power. UE transmits HS-DPCCH at a fixed power offset relative to UL
DPCCH but the offset is different for ACK, NACK, and CQI fields. These power offsets
are signaled to UE by UTRAN and are used by UE’s Physical Layer to calculate the
HS-DPCCH gain factor (βhs). As the HS-DPCCH power is adjusted relative to UL
DPCCH, the Uplink power control is indirectly
Each subframe (2 ms) of HS-DPCCH has one slot for HARQ ACK/NACK and two slots for
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) field. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat each
ACK/NACK and/or CQI report up to three more times in the consecutive subframes. If
there is nothing to acknowledge, i.e., no data received on HS-PDSCH or CRC error on
HS-SCCH, then DTX bits are sent in the ACK/NACK field.
UTRAN configures CQI reporting by signaling CQI feedback cycle parameter to UE.
Based on the feedback cycle parameter, UE may be asked to not send CQI at all or
send CQI at periodic intervals ranging from 2 ms to 160 ms. For example, if the CQI
feedback cycle is 4 ms, the UE reports CQI in every other subframe. Those subframes
not scheduled to report CQI have DTX bits in place of CQI.
CQI value reflect wireless environment quality of previous sub-frame (i.e reference period
in above figure)
HS-DPCCH Channel Coding
z 1 bit ACK/NACK is coded as 10 bits
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Channel coding is done by UE’s Physical Layer to add redundant bits to the HS-DPCCH
information. In general, there are different methods of doing channel coding such as
repetition, convolutional coding, turbo coding, Reed-Muller (RM) coding, etc., but the
basic strategy is to add some redundant bits to the original bit(s). This redundancy
helps the receiver correctly decode the original bits which may have been impaired due
to bad RF channel conditions. The
1-bit ACK/NACK information is coded into 10 bits by repeating the original bit. The 5-bit
CQI information is coded into 20 bits by using RM coding.
HS-DPCCH Spreading and Modulation
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The HS-DPCCH channel is I/Q code multiplexed with UL DPCH. Depending on whether
the number of active UL DPDCHs is even or odd, HS-DPCCH is mapped on to I or Q
branch, respectively. The SF used for HS-DPCCH is 256 with OVSF code number Cch,
256, 64 when there is only one active UL DPDCH. The power offsets ΔACK , ΔNACK ,
and ΔCQI are signaled to UE by UTRAN through higher layer signaling.
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
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UMTS Protocol Stack
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The UMTS signaling protocol stack is divided into Access Stratum (AS) and Non-Access
Stratum (NAS). The Non-Access Stratum architecture evolved from the GSM/GPRS
upper layers and is divided into Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS)
protocols.
2. Layer 2 – Consists of two sub-layers. The Radio Link Control (RLC) sub-layer
provides segmentation, re-assembly and other traditional Layer 2 functions. The
Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer multiplexes data and signaling onto
the appropriate channels and controls access to the Physical Layer.
3. Layer 1 – The Physical Layer transfers data over the radio link.
UTRAN protocol structure to be found in 25.301
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
UuS boundary
C-plane signalling U-plane information
RRC control L3
Radio
control
control
control
control
Bearers
PDCP
PDCP L2/PDCP
BMC
L2/BMC
Logical
Channels
MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY L1
HSDPA Protocol Stack
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2. MAC-hs – Responsible for the high speed HSDPA channels and the only entity
of MAC that resides in the Node B. When a UE operates in HSDPA mode,
MAC-hs maps user data and signaling from DCCH and DTCH onto the shared
HS-DSCH transport channels.
3. MAC-c/sh – Responsible for common and shared logical (PCCH, BCCH, CCCH,
and CTCH) and transport (PCH, BCH, RACH, FACH) channels. MAC-c/sh
resides in the RNC, and there is one MAC-c/sh entity per RNC. When a UE
operates in Cell_FACH state, MAC-c/sh maps user data and signaling from its
DCCH and DTCH onto the common FACH and RACH transport channels.
4. MAC-d – Responsible for mapping data from dedicated logical channels (DCCH
and DTCH) onto dedicated transport channels (DCH). MAC-d resides in the
RNC, and there is one MAC-d entity for each UE to which dedicated logical
channels have been assigned.
UTRAN MAC-hs Architecture
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2. Data enters the UTRAN MAC-hs from a set of MAC-d flows. The data is routed to a set
of priority queues with the following properties:
2. The queue distribution entity maps each MAC-d flow onto one or more priority
queues.The mapping is configured when the HSDPA operation begins.
3. When data is removed from a priority queue for transmission, it is assigned to a HARQ
process.
4. There are a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 8 HARQ processes per UE. The HARQ
process tracks the ACK/NACK signaling for the data block and determines when
retransmission is necessary.
2. For each scheduled UE, whether to send new data from a priority queue or a
retransmission from a HARQ process.
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Mac-hs functions
z Scheduling
The scheduling entity handles the priority of the queues and
schedules the priority queues or NACK HARQ processes of the
HS-DSCH UEs in a cell to be transmitted on the HS-DSCH
related physical channels in each TTI
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Mac-hs functions
z HARQ
The HARQ entity handles the HARQ protocol for each HS-
DSCH UE
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The round trip time at the physical layer is 12 ms. Therefore, it is necessary for one UE to
have multiple parallel instances (HARQ processes) of the stop and wait HARQ
protocol to increase the Uu interface throughput
One problem in the receiver caused by multiple HARQ processes is that, in a specific time
window, the TBs may arrive out of sequence. Therefore, it is necessary to have
reordering functionality on the receiver side
Mac-hs functions
z TFRC selection
The TFRC selection entity selects an appropriate transport
format and resource for the data to be transmitted on HS-
DSCH
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UE MAC-hs Architecture
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1. UE MAC-hs Architecture
1. When the UE Physical Layer decodes a data block addressed to it, the
associated HARQ process determines whether to ACK or NACK the block. If an
ACK is sent, the data block is passed to the assigned re-ordering queue.
3. The re-ordering queue passes the block up to the disassembly entity when it
receives consecutive data blocks. The disassembly entity takes apart the MAC-
hs PDU into its constituent MAC-d PDUs and passes them up to the appropriate
MAC-d flow for processing by the MAC-d layer.
Data Flow Example
z Data Flow
Transmitter (NodeB)
RNC RLC PDU to NodeB priority queue
NodeB Mac-hs PDU assembly
NodeB HARQ Process
Receiver (UE)
UE HARQ process
UE re-ordering queue
UE Mac-hs PDU disassembly
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Data Flow Example
RNC Mac-d PDU to NodeB Priority
Queue
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In this example, two logical channels, DTCH 1 and DTCH 2, are mapped to one MAC-d
flow.
The MAC-d entity in the RNC constructs MAC-d PDUs by prepending a header to each
RLC PDU. The MAC-d header contains a C/T field that identifies the DTCH from which
the data came. The priority DTCH 1 is higher than DTCH 2, so MAC-d selects all the
PDUs from DTCH1, and then all the PDUs from DTCH 2.
The MAC-d flow is mapped to a MAC-hs priority queue. The RNC transfers the data
across the Iub interface to the Node B, where the MAC-hs entity stores the MAC-d
PDUs in the priority queue, preserving the order of the PDUs as sent across the Iub
interface.
Data Flow Example
NodeB Mac-hs PDU Assembly
z Mac-hs PDU structure
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The Node B sends control Information for the HARQ protocol on the HS-SCCH. The first
slot of the HS-SCCH is scrambled with the UE’s H-RNTI, which identifies the UE to
which this HSDPA assignment belongs. A 16-bit CRC masked with the UE’s H-RNTI is
computed over both parts.
Channelization Code Set – Which HS-PDSCH codes to use, and how many channels.
HARQ Process ID – Which HARQ process should decode the next HSDPA
assignment.
Transport Format Resource Indicator (TFRI) – A 6-bit value that maps to the
Transport Block size of the data.
New Data Indicator (NDI) – A 1-bit value that is toggled whenever new data is sent to
a given HARQ process, to allow it to distinguish a retransmission from a new
transmission.
Data Flow Example
UE HARQ Process
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Each UE HARQ process performs operations within the Physical Layer and within the
MAC-hs layer.
When the UE decodes its H-RNTI on the HS-SCCH, it prepares to decode the next HS-
DSCH TTI. The HS-SCCH includes a HARQ process ID. In the Physical Layer, the
HARQ process decodes the associated HS-PDSCHs. If the data is decoded correctly,
the data is routed to the MAC-hs part of the HARQ process.
The MAC-hs HARQ process generates either an ACK or a NACK to be sent in the
subframe numbered 5 in the diagram above. If the UE sends an ACK and the NodeB
decodes the ACK correctly, the earliest that HARQ process 1 can be used for a new
data block is the subframe numbered 8 above. If other data blocks are sent to the UE
during the intervening subframes, they must be assigned to other HARQ processes.
UE HARQ Process flowchart
1. When a data block is received, compare the New Data Indicator (NDI) bit with the value
If NDI is different, flush data in the buffer and store new data
If NDI is the same and the buffer is empty, this data has already been decoded
correctly, so discard it and send an ACK. This can happen if the Node B
interprets an ACK as a NACK, and retransmits the data block.
If NDI is the same and the buffer is not empty, soft combine the new data with
data already in the buffer.
If correctly decoded, deliver the data to the re-ordering queue, flush the buffer,
and send an ACK.
If incorrectly decoded, keep the data in the buffer and send a NACK.
z HARQ Protocol Errors
Errors can occur in the HARQ protocol if the Node B misinterprets the UE’s
ACK/NACK.
If the Node B receives nothing in the HS-DPCCH slot in which it expects
an ACK or NACK, it treats it as a NACK
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When the UE’s HARQ process ACKs the data block, it routes the MAC-hs PDU to a re-
ordering queue, according to the QID given in the MAC-hs header. The re-ordering
queue uses the TSN in the MAC-hs header to put the PDUs in the correct order. The
re-ordering queue routes consecutively received PDUs to the disassembly entity.
If a HARQ process sends a NACK, this can create a hole in the re-ordering queue. The re-
ordering queue buffers subsequent PDUs until either the missing PDU is successfully
received, or the reordering protocol stops waiting for that PDU. Two mechanisms,
timer-based and window-based, are used for stall avoidance. These are examined in
detail in later slides.
This example illustrates a simple case in which consecutive assignments originate from
the same NodeB priority queue and thus are all routed to the same re-ordering queue.
In a more complicated example, data from multiple priority queues can be interleaved
according to the NodeB MAC-hs scheduling decisions.
Data Flow Example
UE Mac-hs PDU Disassembly
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The UE MAC-hs entity disassembles the MAC-hs PDU, using the information in the MAC-
hs header to separate the PDUs. It passes the MAC-d PDUs to the MAC-d entity,
which then delivers the PDUs to the DTCH logical channels, using the C/T field to
differentiate channels.
Re-ordering Protocol
z Features of the MAC-hs Re-ordering Protocol
Each reordering queue operates independently
Control information in MAC-hs header
Queue ID (QID), 3 bits
Transmission Sequence Number (TSN), 6 bits
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Queue Identifier (QID) – Identifies the priority queue in the Node B from which the
data came, and the re-ordering queue in the UE to which the data is being sent.
Size Index Identifier (SID) – When HSDPA operations begin, the RNC sends a
signaling message to the UE that maps valid MAC-d PDU sizes to a set of up to 7 SIDs.
Number (N) – Indicates the number of consecutive MAC-d PDUs of the size given by
the previous SID. The maximum number of MAC-d PDUs in a MAC-hs PDU is 70.
Flag (F) – One-bit flag field to indicate the end of the MAC-hs header.
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When a HARQ process sends a NACK, a hole is created in the re-ordering queue for
which that PDU was intended. As subsequent PDUs are received, the re-ordering
queue buffers those PDUs to prevent them from being delivered out of order to the
RLC layer above MAC-hs.
When the missing PDU is received correctly, the re-ordering queue inserts it into the
correct position in the buffer and delivers it and all subsequent consecutive PDUs that
are awaiting delivery.
Thank you
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