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Table of Contents
2.2 Measurement System and Procedure 2.3.1.6 Total Bias Limits ........................ 11
3 2.3.2 Precision Limit ........................... 12
Prepared by Approved
thrust and torque of the propeller corrected for ual measurement systems, measurement of indi-
measured trust and torque of hub and shaft. vidual variables, data reduction and experi-
mental results.
2.2 Measurement System and Procedure
Individual
PROPELLER TEMPERATURE, measurement
SPEED REVOLUTIONS THRUST TORQUE
GEOMETRY DENSITY
systems
Measurement
T0, ,
D, BD VA, BVA n, Bn T, BT Q, BQ of individual
BT0, B
variables
Data
J = VA/(nD), KT = T/(n2D4), KQ = Q/(n2D5) reduction
equations
Figure 2.1 Block diagram for the propeller open water tests.
2
KT KT KT KT
2 2 2
(2-6) The precision limit for a single run can be
D BD n Bn T BT B
calculated according to
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100 ms corresponds to 10 V output. The output The final bias occurs when converting the
from the encoder is calculated with the equation analogue voltage to a frequency that represents
the pulse count over 10 time bases or one second.
c D
V (2-11) This is enabled if correlating the given fre-
8000t quency to a corresponding voltage output. The
bias limit results from approximating a calibra-
where c is the number of counted pulses in
tion (set of data) with a linear regression curve
t=100 ms and D is the diameter of the carriage
fit. The statistic is called standard error estimate
wheel (0.381 m).
(SEE) and is written from Coleman and Steele
The bias limit from blockage effects has not (1999) as
been considered.
N
Y - (aX b)
2
Pulse count (c) i i
SEE i 1
N 2 (2-12)
Calibration:
The optical encoder is factory calibrated It is proposed by Coleman and Steele (1999)
with a rated accuracy of 1 pulse on every up- that a 2(SEE) band about the regression curve
date. This value is a bias limit and represents the will contain approximately 95% of the data
minimum resolution of the 12-bit AD data ac- points and this band is a confidence interval on
quisition card. Therefore, the bias limit associ- the curve fit. The curve fit bias limit is calcu-
ated with the calibration error will be Bc1=1 lated to be 2.5 Hz corresponding to Bc4= 0.25
pulse (10V/212=0.00244 V). pulse (0.000614 V).
Data acquisition: The total bias limit for pulse count will then
be
In the given data acquisition cycle, the speed
data is converted to the PC by two 12-bit con-
Bc Bc21 Bc22 Bc23 Bc24 2
1
Calibration:
V c D 1
= 19.1967
The wheel diameter is measured with a high t 8000 t 2 (2-17)
quality Vernier calliper at three locations at the
periphery of the wheel which are averaged for a The total bias limit can then be calculated as
final value of D. The wheel diameter is consid-
ered accurate to within BD=0.000115 m. 1
BV = Bc BD Bt
c D t The propeller rate of revolution measure-
ment system consists of individual measurement
(2-14)
systems for pulse count (c) and 12 bit AD con-
Using the nominal values of c=1283, version at a time base (t). The rate of rotation
D=0.381 m and t=0.1 s for the mean speed of is sensed by tracking the rotation of propeller
V=1.9197 m/s the partial derivatives can be cal- shaft with an optical encoder. The encoder has a
culated as pulse capacity of 600 due to equally spaced and
sized windows at one revolution. As the wheel
V D rotates, the windows are counted with the en-
= 0.00150 coder. The speed circuit has a 100 ms time base
c 8000 t (2-15)
which enables updates of the signal every 10th of
a second. A 12-bit DA conversion in the pulse
V c count limits the maximum number of pulses in
= 5.0385
D 8000 t (2-16) 100 ms to 4096. The output of the speed circuit
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n 2 n
2 2
Bn = Bc
c t t
minimum resolution of the 12-bit AD data ac- B
quisition card. Therefore, the bias limit associ- (2-21)
ated with the calibration error will be BC1=1
pulse (10V/212=0.00244 V). Using the nominal values of c=840, and
t=0.1 s for the mean speed of n=14.00 rps the
Data acquisition: partial derivatives can be calculated as
Q Q
2 2
B
2
w BF w Bma (2-27)
2.3.1.4 Torque and Thrust F ma
Qw
The axial force (thrust) and the moment
or
around propeller axis (torque) are to be meas-
ured when the model propeller rotates and is
B ma B F B
2 2 2
towed through the water. Qw F ma
(2-28)
The data from the calibration in Tables 2.3 BT (( BTw ) 2 ( BTAD ) 2 ( BTcf ) 2 )
and 2.4 show the mass/volt and moment/volt re-
lations. From these values the 2*SEE can be cal- (0.0050)2 (0.1910) 2 (0.3149) 2 0.3683 N
culated with Eq. (2-12) to BTcf=0.3149 N for
thrust and BQcf=0.0098 Nm for torque. (2-32)
BQ (( BQw )2 ( BQAD ) 2 ( BQcf ) 2 )
Table 2.3 Thrust transducer calibration.
(0.0059)2 (0.0072)2 (0.0098) 2 0.0135 Nm
Thrust Mass Output
(kg) (kg) (Volt) (2-33)
0 0 0.000
10 10 1.255 2.3.1.5 Temperature/Density
20 20 2.509
30 30 3.763 Temperature
40 40 5.017
50 50 6.272 Calibration:
0 0 0.006
-10 -10 -1.248 The thermometer is calibrated by the manu-
-20 -20 -2.503 facturer with a guaranteed accuracy of 0.30 C
-30 -30 -3.758
within the interval -5 to +50 C. The bias error
-40 -40 -5.013
limit associated with temperature measurement
-50 -50 -6.268
is Bt =0.C corresponding to 2 % of the nominal
T(N)= -0.2087+Volt78.247 temperature of 15 C.
Using Eq. (2-35) with t=15 C and Bt = the temperature, the bias limit B3 will be elimi-
0.3 C the bias B1 can be calculated according nated.
to:
2.3.1.6 Total Bias Limits
B 1 Bt 0.1488 0.3 0.04464 kg/m3 In order to calculate the total bias and preci-
t
sion limits, partial derivatives have to be calcu-
(2-36) lated using input values of T = 100.422 N, Q =
3.6747 Nm, n = 14.00 rps, V = 1.9197 m/s,
Data reduction: D=0.2275 m and =1000 kg/m.
The error introduced when converting the For this condition, partial derivatives for KT
temperature to a density (table lookup) can be are,
calculated as two times the SEE of the curve fit
to the density/temperature values for the whole KT T 4
3.3607 (2-38)
temperature range. Comparing the tabulated val- D n 2 D5
ues with the calculated values (Eq. 2-34) the bias
error B2 can be calculated as B2=0.070 kg/m3. KT T 2
0.02731 (2-39)
n D 4 n 3
Conceptual:
KT 1
The nominal density according to the ITTC- 0.001904 (2-40)
T n2 D4
78 method is = 1000kg/m. Using this method
introduces a bias limit as the difference between KT T 1
(15 C) = 999.34 kg/m and = 1000 kg/m 2 4 2 0.000191 (2-41)
nD
such that B3 = 1000.0-999.345 = 0.655 kg/m3
corresponding to 0.0655% of the density.
Partial derivatives for KQ are,
The bias for can then be calculated accord- KQ Q 5
0.6756 (2-42)
n 2 D 6
ing to:
D
B B B KQ
2 2 2
B Q 2
1 2 3 0.004392 (2-43)
n D5 n 3
(0.01488 0.3) 2 0.0702 0.6552
(2-37)
0.660 kg/m3 KQ 1
0.008366 (2-44)
Q n 2 D5
The bias limit for density is thus B=0.660
kg/m3 corresponding to 0.066 % of = 1000 KQ Q 1
0.000031 (2-45)
kg/m. If using the density value determined by n D5 2
2
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Table 2.5 Precision limits of thrust and torque coefficients for all data
Thrust and Torque coef- Thrust and Torque coef- Thrust and Torque coef-
ficient ficient ficient
Series
based on measured val- based on measured val- based on measured val-
/run
ues corrected to ues corrected to ues corrected to
J=0.55 J=0.60 J=0.65
KT KQ KT KQ KT KQ
A1 0.21608 0.03308 0.19220 0.03018 0.16888 0.02735
A2 0.21615 0.03309 0.19259 0.03026 0.16887 0.02736
A3* 0.21615 0.03296 0.19239 0.03009 0.16894 0.02718
B1 0.21658 0.03311 0.19265 0.03024 0.16875 0.02730
B2 0.21651 0.03315 0.19210 0.03017 0.16853 0.02729
B3* 0.21634 0.03298 0.19224 0.03007 0.16893 0.02719
C1 0.21617 0.03311 0.19233 0.03019 0.16890 0.02736
C2 0.21610 0.03307 0.19254 0.03024 0.16862 0.02730
C3* 0.21653 0.03299 0.19263 0.03010 0.16888 0.02719
D1 0.21623 0.03307 0.19239 0.03019 0.16864 0.02735
D2 0.21630 0.03308 0.19233 0.03016 0.16861 0.02729
D3* 0.21632 0.03295 0.19216 0.03006 0.16858 0.02722
E1 0.21660 0.03315 0.19278 0.03024 0.16852 0.02729
E2 0.21610 0.03308 0.19265 0.03024 0.16854 0.02730
E3* 0.21619 0.03294 0.19218 0.03006 0.16897 0.02718
MEAN 0.21629 0.03305 0.19241 0.03017 0.16874 0.02728
SDev 0.00018 0.00007 0.00021 0.00007 0.00017 0.00007
P(S) 0.00037 0.00014 0.00043 0.00015 0.00034 0.00014
(%) (0.17035) 0.43173 0.22150 0.48317 0.20324 0.49654
P(M) 0.00010 0.00004 0.00011 0.00004 0.00011 0.00003
(%) (0.04398) 0.11147 0.05719 0.12475 0.06775 0.12821
* A3,B3,C3,D3 and E3 are the data for the high Reynolds Number Re=0.9106.
ues J=0.55, 0.60 and 0.65 for two Reynolds = 0.0002207 (2-53)
numbers (Re=0.5106 and Re=0.9106).
which is 0.70 % of KT and 0.72 % of KQ.
In the Table 2.5 the mean values, standard
deviation (SDev), precision limits for single run Correspondingly, the total uncertainty for a
Eq. (2-10), and precision limits for multiple runs single run will be calculated as:
Eq. (2-9) have been calculated. The correspond-
U KT (0.001327)2 (0.000426)2 0.001394
ing percentage values have also been given
within brackets. Note that the precision limits (2-54)
used in the following calculations are based on
U KQ (0.0002175) 2 (0.0001458) 2
the standard deviations calculated using results (2-55)
from two Reynolds numbers. 0.0002618
The precision limits of the propeller open- Expressed as relative numbers the bias for
water characteristics curves might be selected at KT represents 90.6 % of the total uncertainty for
a certain Reynolds number or certain Reynolds a single run and 99.3 % of the total uncertainty
number range. The decision depends on the pro- for the mean value of 15 tests. The bias for KQ
pulsion tests and full-scale extrapolation proce- represents 69.0% of the total uncertainty for a
dures. In this case the precision limits based on single run and 97.1 % of the total uncertainty for
both Reynolds numbers have been used. the mean value of 15 tests.
Combining the precision limits for multiple By comparing the bias and precision limits
and single tests with the bias limits the total un- and the uncertainties, the relative contribution of
certainty can be calculated according to Eq. (2- each term can be calculated. This makes it pos-
4) and Eq. (2-5) for J = 0.60. sible to determine where an upgrade in the
measurement system has the largest effect.
The total uncertainty for the mean value of Compare ITTC Procedure 7.5-02-02-02 Rev 01,
15 tests will be calculated as Uncertainty Analysis, Example for Resistance
Test.
U K (0.001327)2 (0.000110) 2 0.001332
T
(2-52)
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