The HKIE YMC Seminar

Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport

into a Three-Runway System

Airport Reclamations then and now

Speaker: Mr Daman Lee

20 January 2016
Since its opening in 1998, Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA)
has grown to become one of the busiest airports in the world.
In 2015, the airport served 68.5 million passengers, handled 4.38 million
tonnes of cargo and accommodated 406,000 air traffic movements.
With more than 100 airlines connecting to approximately
180 destinations worldwide, HKIA is a leading
international and regional aviation hub that helps
maintain Hong Kongs status as Asias World City.
 The current airport platform, situated
over the former islands of Chek Lap Kok
and Lam Chau, encompasses an area
of 1255 ha, of which three-quarters was
reclaimed land.
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3RS Layout

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Land Formation
CMP
CMP CMP

CMP Contaminated
Mud Pits (CMP)
CMP CMP
CMP
CMP
CMP CMP

HKIA

Reclaimed Area: ~650 ha.

Contaminated Mud Pits: ~270 ha. (Covers approx. 40% of the Site)
CMP will be treated by Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) method

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Runways and Taxiways Configuration

New North
Runway
(3800m long)
New Centre
Runway
(4225m long)

Hong Kong
Boundary
Crossing
Facilities

Existing South
Runway
(3800m long)

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Third Runway Concourse Overview

Floor Area: ~283,000m2 Code F 14

Total Aircraft Parking Positions: 57 Code E 23
Code C - 20

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Third Runway Concourse Departure Level

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Terminal 2 Expansion Overview

Floor Area: ~300,000m2

Check-in Counters: 216
Baggage Reclaim Carousels: 8

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Automated People Mover System Overview

APM Interchange Station SkyPier

T2

TRC EH

WH

MFC

TRC-W
New TRC APM Line
Existing APM Line

Station Distance: 2.6km between T2 and TRC

Headway: 2.5 mins
Maximum Train Speed: 80 km/hr.

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Baggage Handling System Overview

T2 BHS SkyPier
TRC BHS
T1 BHS

TRC-W
T2/TRC ICS System
New T1 ICS System
Conveyor System

Individual Carrier System (ICS)

Transport Speed: 25 to 36 km/hr.

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6% of Hong Kong is reclaimed
land, they comprise the majority of
urban development lands.
Reclamation

then and now

 Old Reclamation
SW
L
Existing seabed

Marine
Deposits

Alluvium

Fully dredged
Formation Level +5.5mPD
SW
L
Fill Existing seabed
Rockfill

Sandfill Marine
Dredged Level Deposits

~105m
Alluvium

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Total Construction Period 1993-1998
Reclamation and Site Formation 1993-1995

Total Site Formation Area

12.5km2

CLK and Lam Chau
3.1km2
Reclamation Area
9.4km2

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Distribution of Marine Deposit
Stage 1:
Remove Soft Layer
(Marine Deposit)

Trail Suction Hopper

Dredger (TSHD) 23nos.

Grab Dredger 21 nos.

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Stage 2: Blast and Fill

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Major land earth moving plants:
Large Excavator 15nos
Large Dumper 60nos
Large Dozer 23nos

RH200 Excavator bucket size 22m3 23

30nos. Caterpillar 785 large dumpers - payload 136tons
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Rock and soil fill from
excavation and blasting
of CLK Island and Lam
Chau

CLK Site Formation

End tipping Type

A/B Fill

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CLK Site Formation

Type A Fill (blasted rock 2000mm down)

Type B Fill (excavated soil/rock 300mm down) 26
Marine sand filling

Rainbowing
from TSHD

Hydraulic pumping from TSHD

>14 km of 800mmf hydraulic pipe

 HKIA at CLK
Reclamation & Site Formation
1993-1995

Progress Photos

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Main Site Formation commenced Jan 1993

CLK
Island
Feb 1993 April 1993

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Oct 1993

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Hydraulic marine sand pumping at
west end (Aircraft Maintenance
Area) supported by cutter suction
dredger

Dec 1993 32
Jun 1994

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Oct 1994

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1995
Distribution of Ground Improvements
Surcharge
Rolling Surcharge
Vibrocompaction
Dynamic Compaction

Apron,
APM,
Concourse

Road & AEL

Tank
Farm
Some observations

Large flexibility in work sequence

Can do rainbow filling
Can have seabed as the stockpile area
Borrow areas nearby
Limited ground treatment needed
Few site constraints

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Settlements

Short term compaction of imported sand

and fills;
Long term from below dredged level;
design to cope

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Allowable Residual Settlement
Areas Allowable Residual Allowable Differential
Settlement in 50 years Settlement in 50
(mm) years
Runway 500 1:1000
Taxiways & Aprons 500 1:500
Concourse and 500 1:300
buildings
Transition with existing 200 1:500
platform

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3RS Reclamation and Site Formation
New Challenges

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Completely non-dredge

Environmental reasons
No major disturbance of seabed
Reduce demand for import sand
No dredged mud dumping
Contaminated Mud Pits
Seawall stability
Differential settlement
Site supervision

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Ground Improvement

Deep Cement Mixing

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Contaminated Mud Pits within 3RS Footprint
CMP
CMP CMP

CMP Contaminated
Mud Pits (CMP)
CMP CMP
CMP
CMP
CMP CMP

HKIA

Reclaimed Area: ~650 ha.

Contaminated Mud Pits: ~270 ha. (Covers approx. 40% of the Site)

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Conventional Solution - PVD / Stone columns

Water

soft marine clay

stiff alluvium

rock

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Conventional Solution - PVD / Stone columns

sand fill

soft marine clay

stiff alluvium

rock

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46
DCM in CMPs and under Runway

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DCM Trial

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Ground Improvement for Seawall

Deep Cement Mixing

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Reclamation Schemes Cope Line
Partially Dredged Seawall
Formation Level +5.5mPD
SW
L
Fill Existing seabed
Rockfill

1v:3h 1v:3h Marine

Sandfill
Dredged Level Deposits

~105m
Alluvium
Band drains

Non-dredged Seawall
SW
L
Fill Existing seabed
Rockfill

1v:3h 1v:3h Marine

Deposits

~105m
Alluvium
Band drains

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Possible option: Steel Cells with Stone
Columns

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 52
P281 Detailed Design Progress
Presentation 52
General reclamation

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Surcharge

CPT Testing

Vibrocompaction
Settlement curves under different Surcharge periods

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Ground Improvement A combination of different
methods

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Surcharge Layout Plan

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Other main challenges

Diversion of fuel pipes and CLP cables

Material supply
Cement
Sand
Rock
Constraints from existing airport

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Sand sources

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Alignment of Shenzhen Zhongshan Highway

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Works Adjacent to Existing North Runway Seawall

+30 mPD
+25 mPD

+20 mPD

+8 mPD < 5m +10 mPD

+2.6 mPD
0 mPD

-10 mPD

-20 mPD

Location Key Plan

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Conclusions:

Not just a runway ..

Completely non-dredged, partly within contaminated

mud pits

Soft soil improvement is a critical component

Heavily constrained due to existing airport operations.

Tight programme

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Thank You

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