IMMUNE MECHANISM

1. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
is the immunity developed by the body itself.
This immunity occurs when a person immune to a disease after vaccination with
a germ. If immunity is obtained after people get sick because of the infection of
a germ, it is called active immunity naturally.
2. IMMUNITY Passive
immunity is created in the body of another organism.
Each antigen has a unique molecular surface and can stimulate the formation of
various types of antibodies. The immune system can respond to the millions of
kinds of microorganisms or foreign objects. Babies can acquire immunity
(antibodies) from their mother while still in the womb. Then the baby has an
immune system against diseases such as immune-owned mother. Passive
immunity after birth if the baby is protected from the disease after injection with
a serum that contains antibodies, for example, ATS (Anti Tetanus Serum). The
immune system before birth to the infant can not yet fully operational, but the
body is still dependent on the mother's immune system. Passive immunity only
lasts a few days or a few weeks.

DIFFERENCES IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Active Immunity:
Active immunity developed when a person's cells produce antibodies in
response to infection or vaccine.
Active immunity providing relief after a long period of time.
Active immunity has no side effects.
Active immunity durable, and sometimes for life.
Passive Immunity:
Passive Immunity is developed when antibodies are produced in other
organisms are injected into a person's actions against antigens such as snake.
Passive immunity provides immediate relief.
Passive immunity can cause a reaction.
 Passive immunity is not long lasting

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBODY
1. Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
There are some parts of the body covered by mucous membrane, such as nose,
eyes, lungs, and intestines. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) are also found in blood
and other body fluids, such as tears, saliva, breast milk, gastric and intestinal
secretions. These kinds of antibodies also protects the fetus from various
diseases. IgA is found in breast milk protects the baby's digestive system to
microbes because it is not contained in the body of a newborn baby.

2. Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Type D or IgD immunoglobulin antibody is an antibody that very little amount
contained in the blood, lymph, and on the surface of B cells is to activate the
function of IgD IgD B cells act to attach itself to the surface of T cells and help
capture antigen ,
3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Immunglobulin E or IgE is a type of antibody in the body that circulates in the
bloodstream and are involved in defending the body against parasites and
allergens. Some kinds of antibodies also cause acute allergic reactions in the
body. Therefore, the body of a man who is experiencing allergies typically have
high levels of IgE. IgE is important against parasitic infections,
4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Type IgG antibodies circulating in the body and there is lots of blood, the lymph
system, and intestines. IgG formed 2-3 months after infection, then the levels
are elevated in a month, declining slowly, and there over the years with a
relatively low level. These compounds will be brought directly to the blood
stream where antigens are detected and obstructing so.
This type of antibody in the body has a strong antibacterial effect as well as
viruses, and neutralize toxins. IgG is also able to sneak between the cells and
get rid of microorganisms that get into cells and skin.
Type IgG antibodies in the body is the only antibody which can be transferred
through the placenta of pregnant women to the fetus in the womb to protect the
fetus from infection likely caused the death of a baby before birth. Furthermore
immunoglobulins in colostrum (milk or milk first came out), provide protection
to infants against infection to the baby's immune system can produce its own
antibodies.

5. Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
These antibodies found in the blood, lymph, and on the surface of B cells At the
time of the antigen into the body, immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first antibody
produced by the body to fight against these antigens. IgM is formed
immediately after infection and persist for 1-3 months, then disappear.
The fetus is capable of producing IgM at the gestational age of six months. If
the fetus is infected with germs, fetal IgM production will increase. There are
many types of IgM antibodies in the blood, but not normally found in an organ
or tissue. To determine whether the fetus has been infected or not, it can be seen
from IgM levels in the blood.
VACCINATION
Is a vaccine that is inserted into the body. The vaccine is an antigen that is
injected or given orally (by mouth) and led to the development of immunity
(immunity) is active from individuals who were given the vaccine. A small
amount of antigen is introduced into a person's body that stimulate the
production of antibodies, such as during a natural infection. Immune through
vaccination durable nature because the body is able to produce memory cells
that will 'remember' antigen into the body tubuh.sebelum given to the
individual, the antigen to be a harmless vaccine first.
The vaccine is derived from the following sources.
1. Microorganisms deadly switched off.
For example the bacteria that causes whooping cough. Microorganisms are
terminated by heating or the provision of chemical compounds which denature
the enzymes microorganism cells. Pathogens that have died will not cause
disease, but still memilliki antigen on the cell surface are recognized by T
lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, resulting in the formation of antibodies by the
body receiving the vaccine.
2. Strain life that is not deadly. For example those that cause rubella. Named
inactivated vaccine. Attenuated pathogens to ensure it does not cause severe
infection. Another example is the BCG vaccine used to fight tuberculosis.
3. The modified toxin, such as a vaccine used against diphtheria and tetanus.
Toxic compounds produced by bacteria used are not harmful, and then used to
stimulate the production of antibodies with no risk of infection
4. Antigen isolated, apart from the pathogen, such as influenza vaccine. Antigen
is important is separated from pathogenic microorganisms through solving the
structure and take glycoproteins. The influenza vaccine contains a mix of
antigens from different strains of influenza virus, with the goal of defeating the
many variations of existing influenza virus strains.
5. Antigen genetically modified, such as hepatitis B vaccine antigen is produced
by extracting the gene encoding specific antigens of the pathogen, and then
inserted into plasmids and other microorganisms, such as bacteria harmless. The
bacterial cells will then replicate to produce large amounts of antigen
BLOOD CLASSIFICATION
Blood classification can be based by:
1) The ABO system, influenced by antigens and antibodies in blood.
2) The Rhesus system, influenced by Rhesus protein antigen.
Aglutinogen is attached to the surface antigens of erythrocytes.
Agglutinins are antibodies contained in blood plasma that will react with
different aglutinogen of aglutinogen contained in the blood. This will cause
agglutination.
How to determine blood type:
1) If the blood drops of serum anti-a,
a. Agglutination occurs, class A / AB.
b. Not occurred agglutination, class B / O.
2) If the blood drops of serum anti-b,
a. Agglutination occurs, class B / AB.
b. Not occurred agglutination, class A / O
Is the universal donor blood type O because it can provide blood to all blood
groups.
Recipients of blood group AB is universal because it can receive blood from
all blood groups.
In fact, blood transfusions of different blood groups is avoided, because the
greatest risk.

CAUSE DISEASES
Microbe that causes the disease called bacterial diseases (pathogens). The
microbes can be bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Bacteria and fungi most useful for
human life. But in contrast with the virus, which is pathogenic properties can
cause disease. The nature of the virus always live on other living organisms (as
parasites). In the body of another organism, the virus is able to multiply very
fast pace and can be continuously changed to form a new strain that is resistant
to the drug. Examples of diseases caused by the activity of the virus is influenza
and AIDS.
Why the human body can be a suitable place for the proliferation of
microorganisms? The human body has a relatively stable temperature, pH-
neutral approach, providing a constant supply of food, and always provide
oxygen. The situation is as it is ideal for the growth and development of
microorganisms.
These microorganisms can cause disease in part. Microorganisms that cause
disease are called pathogens. Microorganisms can be said as a pathogen with
the proviso able to get inside the body, grows in colonies in the body, resistant
to the body's defenses and cause damage to body tissues that are occupied.
Germs can cause pain in ways as follows.
a. Damage tissues, eg Tuberculosis damage lung tissue.
b. Remove toxins, eg, Salmonella bacteria that produce toxins in food. Germs
can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person. As a form of
prevention, you are advised to always be careful and maintain health by doing
some of the following business.
a. Wash hands before handling food to be eaten.
b. Wash your hair with shampoo.
c. Routine daily bath.
d. Regular brushing.
DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM:
1. Allergy (hypersensitivity), which excess body's immune response to
allergens (foreign objects and antigen) either harmful or not. Allergies in
developing countries are generally triggered by dust mites produced,
whereas in developed countries triggered by pollen.The symptoms caused
by allergies such as rash, runny nose, watery eyes and sneezing.

2. Anapylactic shock, namely a high level of allergy, where the whole body
is inflamed.
 3. Immune deficiency, that does not work or disruption of any or all
components of the immune system. Example:
SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency), is the failure of humoral
immunity and cell-mediated immunity to work.
AIDS. AIDS is a group of diseases as a result of a weakened immune system.
Immune system can weaken due under attack from HIV (Human
Immunodeviciency Virus). Note Figure 11.10. The virus is able to attack and
destroy the white blood cells so that the body's ability to fight germs is reduced.
People infected with the HIV virus do not always say AIDS-positive disease but
it could be just a carrier (career). HIV can be transmitted by people to others
through blood or semen (sperm) and vaginal fluids. When a healthy person
having sexual intercourse with a person with HIV career then likely to be
infected with the HIV virus. In addition to sexual intercourse, the HIV virus can
also be transmitted from an infected mother to her unborn child through the
placenta. Syringes used arbitrarily also potentially be a means of transmission of
the HIV virus. This can occur if a person with HIV virus using a syringe
subsequently reused by others. This usually occurs in those drug users who use
needles together.
Syringe that has been used can be exposed to the blood of those who wear
them, while the blood can be a means of transmission of the HIV virus.
Prevention can be done by using a condom during sex, always use sterile
needles and careful during a blood transfusion. HIV infects a cell surface CD4
molecule as a receptor found. Infection begins when the HIV glycoprotein CD4
receptor to form a patch. Viruses enter cells and begin replicating (multiplying).
Infected cells can generate new forms of the virus. T cells are the main target of
this virus, so that its main effect is on the immune system.
HIV attaches to the CD4 receptor on the surface of T cells and enter cells
by endocytosis, then multiply. Furthermore, out of the T cells by means of
lysing cells or it can also be a way of exocytosis. After eight years with HIV
were infected with the AIDS, and other types susceptible to disease, such as
tuberculosis, cancer, weakening of memory, and loss of body coordination
system.
Why do people infected with HIV virus can only be know after a few
years? This is because for approximately 8 years after infection with HIV, the
patient does not feel pain symptoms. The HIV virus is dormant in the human
body, but when having sex with someone else, then this virus will be infected
other people. Terinfeks one can know whether or not to perform blood tests and
body fluids. It should be noted also that HIV is not transmitted through physical
contact. The HIV virus will quickly die if located outside the human body, so as
to be transmitted to another human being, semen, vaginal fluids, and blood must
immediately move to the other person's body.

4. autoimmune diseases, namely the failure of the immune system to

distinguish foreign antigens by the antigen in the body. Autoimmune
diseases are a result of the immune system to attack the body
itself.Examples of autoimmune diseases:
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or SLE, attacking the vital organs of the
body and can cause kidney damage.
 - Rheumatoid arthritis, attacks the joints are attacked by bacteria.

- Multiple sclerosis, attacks the nervous system (the myelin sheath of the
nerve cells).
- Anemia pernisisus, attacking the blood cells.
5) Rejection of the transplant because the body considers the transplanted
organ as foreign substances or antigens. For the body to accept the transplant,
the patient is usually given immunosuppressants to suppress the immune system
temporarily.
6) Erithroblastosis fetalis, namely disorders arising from the marriage of
husband and wife is different Rhesus (Rh wife with -), usually occurs in
pregnancy after pregnancy babies with Rhesus +.