Section: A

Task: 01

1.1 The switch in the circuit shown in Figure 01 has been in position a for a long time.
At t= 0, the switch is thrown to position b. Using Laplace transforms

Figure A.1.1

By applying KVL for left side:

100 = 10 103 + +
1 2
1 1
100 = 10 103 + ( + )
0.2 106 0.8 106
5
100 = 104 + (107 )
8

1 = 102 + (102 625)

102 + 625 102 = 1 (1)

Page 1 of 78
Laplace equation:

1
() 625 102 + 102 [() (0)] =

1
() 625 102 + 102 () =

1
() 102 (625 + ) =

102
() = (2)
(625 + )

By partial fraction:

() = +
(625 + )

102 = 625 + +

0 = +

Constant

102 = 625

102
=
625
102
=
625
102 102
() =
625 (625 + )

102
1 () = 102 625
625
102
() = 102 625 (3)
625

Page 2 of 78
 By applying KVL for right side:

1 1
0= + + 5000i
C1 C2
1
0 = 625 104 1 + 5000

Laplace transforms:

0 = 5 103 [1 1 (0)] + 625 104 1

0 = 5 103 [1 )] + 625 104 1

1 (5 103 + 625 104 ) = 5 103

1
1 = 1 () = 5 103 1 [ ]
5 103 + 625 104

1 625104
1 = 5 103 5103
5 103
1 = Q 1250 (4)

From the equation of (3) if t goes to infinite Q will get:

102
Q(s) = 102 e625t (3)
625
102
Q= 102 e625
625
102
Q= = 16 106
625

Q1 = 16 106 1250

Page 3 of 78
a) Find I, V1 and V2 as rational functions of s.

= 0.02 1250

1
= 0.02 ( )
+ 1250
0.02
=( )
+ 1250

1 = 80 1250 V

1
1 = 80 ( )
+ 1250
80
1 = ( )
+ 1250

2 = 20 1250 V

1
2 = 20 ( )
+ 1250
20
2 = ( )
+ 1250

Page 4 of 78
b) Find the time-domain expressions for i, V1 and V2.

1
=

(16 106 1250 )
=

= 0.02 1250

1
1 =
1
(16 106 1250 )
1 =
0.2 106
1 = 80 1250 V

1
2 =
2
(16 106 1250 )
2 =
0.8 106
2 = 20 1250 V

Page 5 of 78
Section: B

Task: 01

1.1
a) Determine the Fourier series for the periodic function.

Which is periodic outside this range of period 2.

1
0 = ()
2
0
1
0 = [ 2 + 2]
2 0

1
0 = {[2]0 + [2]0 } = 0
2

1
= ()

1 0
= [ 2 + 2]
0

1 2 sin 0 2 sin
= {[ ] +[ ] }=0
0

Page 6 of 78
The 1 , 2 , 3 all are equal to zero because 0 = sin() = sin = 0
and therefore no cosine term will appear in the Fourier series:

1
= ()

1 0
= [ 2 + 0 2 ]

1 2 cos 0 2 cos
= {[ ] +[ ] }
0

When (n) is odd:

2 1 1 1 1
= {[() ( )] + [ ( ) ( )]

2 2 2 8
= { + } =

8 8 8
1 = , 3 = 3 , 5 = 5

Therefore:
2 1 1 1 1
= {[() ) + [ ( ) )} = 0

From the equation (1), the Fourier series for the function is given by:

() = 0 +
=1( + )

() = 0 +
=1(0 + sin )

8 8 8
() = sinx + 3 3 + 5 sin5x + ..

8 1 1
( ) = (sinx + 3 3 + 5 sin5x + )

Page 7 of 78
b) For the Fourier series in task1.1 (a) deduce a series for /4 at the point where x
=/2.

8 1 1
() = (sinx + 3 3 + 5 sin5x + )

-2 -

-8
Figure A.1.1.b

When = , () = 1:
2

= =1
2
3
3 = = 1
2
5
5 = =1
2
Therefore:
8 1 1
2= (1 + 3 (1) + 5 (1) + )

1 1
= 1 +
4 3 5

Page 8 of 78
c) For the waveform shown in Figure 02 determine.

i. The Fourier series for the function.

() = 0 < 2

1 2 2

0
2

This function is symmetric around the vertical axis. Therefore the Fourier series
contains only cos in terms. Since the mean value is not zero but 0 is not zero:

B y applying:
1
0 = 2 ()

1 2
0 = [ 2 0. + 1. + 0. ]

2 2
2

1
0 = 2 [0 + [] 2 + 0]

2

1 1
0 = 2 + () = 2

1
= 2 ()

1 /2
= [ 0. . + 2 1. . + 0. . ]
2
2

1 sin 2
= {0 + [ ] } +0

2

1
= {2 sin ( 2 )}

2
= sin ( 2 )

Page 9 of 78
 When (n) is odd:

2 2 2
1 = , 3 = , 5 =
3 5

When (n) is even:

= 0

Therefore:

() = 0 + (
=1

1 2 2
() = + 2/ cosx + 3 3 + 5 cos5x .
2

ii. The sum of the Fourier series at the points of discontinuity.

Discontinuities are at = =
2 2

1 2 2 2
() =
2
+ cosx +
3
3 + 5 cos5x ..

When = :
2

1 1
( ) = +0 =
2 2 2

When = :
2

1 1
( ) = +0 =
2 2 2
Therefore the sum of the Fourier series at points of discontinuing is 0.5.

Page 10 of 78
d) Taking enough number of harmonics of the above question, Task1.1(c)
reconstructs the waveform using Matlab software.

x = 2 pi 0.1 +2 pi

y = (1/2) + (2/pi) (cos(x) (1/3) (cos(3 x)) + (1/5)

(cos(5 x)) (1/7) (cos(7 x)) + (1/9) (cos(9 x)))

plot (x, y)

Figure A.1.1.d

Page 11 of 78
1.2
a) Determine the complex Fourier series for the function defined by:

0, < <0
() = {
2, 0<<

The function is periodic outside of this range of period 2.

The complex Fourier equation is given by:

2
() =
=1

Where Is given by:

2
1 2
= ()


2

Page 12 of 78
The periodic outside this range of periodic 2:

1
= () .
2 0
0
1 2 2
= [ 0 . 2 + 2 . 2 ]
2 0

2
= ( )
2 0

2
= ( ) ( 1)
2

1
= ( 1)

= ( 1)
2

= =

= ( 1)



() = [ ( 1) ]

=1

Page 13 of 78
The complex form of the Fourier series is given the equation:


() = [ ( 1) ]

=1

Then:

2
1
= ().


2

1
= 2.
2
0

1
= (2)0
2
1
= 2
2
= 1

When the = 1:

= ( 1)


1 = (1 1)


= (2)

2
=

Page 14 of 78
When the = 3:

= ( 1)


3 = (1 1)
3

= (2)
3
2
=
3

When the = 5:

= ( 1)


5 = (1 1)
5

= (2)
5
2
=
5

When the = 1:

= ( 1)


1 = (1 1)


= (2)

2
=

Page 15 of 78
 When the = 3:

= ( 1)


3 = (1 1)
3

= (2)
3
2
=
3

The extended complex form of the Fourier series shown below in equation:

2 2 3 2 5 2 2 3 2 5
() = 1 + + + +
3 5 3 5
2 1 3 1 5 2 1 1
() = 1 ( + + + ) + ( + 3 + 5 + )
3 5 3 5

Therefore:


() = [ ( 1) ]

=1

2 1 3 1 5 2 1 1
=1 ( + + + ) + ( + 3 + 5 + )
3 5 3 5

Page 16 of 78
b) Show that the complex Fourier series for the waveform shown in Figure 03, that
has period L=2 may be represented by:

2
() = 2 + ( 1)
=

0

Figure B.1.2.b

1
1 2
= (). .

0

1
1 2
= 4. 2 .
2
0

1
1
= [4. ]
2 0

4 1
= ( ) ( 1)
2

2
= ( 1)

2()
= ( 1)
2

2
= ( 1)

Page 17 of 78


() =
=
0

By evaluate:

2
() = 2 + ( 1)
=

0

Page 18 of 78
c) Determine the exponential form of the Fourier series for the periodic function
defined by:

2,
2

() = +2, +
2 2

2, + +
{ 2

2
() =
=1

Where is given:

2
1 2
= ()


2

The periodic outside this range of periodic 2:

1
= () .
2 0

1 2 2 2 2 2
= [ 2 . 2 + 2 . 2 + 2 . 2 ]
2

2 2

1 2 2
= [ 2 . + 2 . + 2 . ]
2

2 2

Page 19 of 78
 In this time:

= Therefore this equation is known in this same method

given in bellow

= =

1 2 2
= [ 2 . + 2 . + 2 . ]
2

2 2

1 2 2
= {( ) +( ) +( ) }

2 2

1 2 2
= {( ) +( ) ( ) }

2 2

1
= { () + ( ) + ( ) () + ( ) + ( )}
2 2 2 2
1
= {0 + ( ) + ( ) 0 + ( ) + ( )}
2 2 2 2
1
= { ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( )}
2 2 2 2
4
= ( )
2
Therefore now found 0

Page 20 of 78
The exponential from of the Fourier series for the periodic function is

2
() =
=1

4 2
() = [ ( )] 2
2
=1

And then the exponential equation given by:

4
() = [ ( )]
2
=1

Page 21 of 78
d) Show that the exponential form of the Fourier series in Task1.1(c) above is
equivalent to:

8 1 1 1
() = cos cos 3 + cos 5 cos 7 +
3 5 7

These are from above equation:

4
= ( )
2
When the = 1:

4
1 = ( )
2
4
1 =

When the = 2:

4 2
2 = ( )
2 2
4
2 = 0
2
4
2 = 0
2

When the = 3:

4 3
3 = ( )
3 2
4
3 =
3

Page 22 of 78
 When the = 4:

4
4 = 2
4
1
4 = 0

4
4 = 0
2
In this case the even numbers are always will be zero. Therefore dont care about
the even numbers

When the = 5:

4 5
5 = ( )
5 2
4
5 =
5

When the = 7

4 7
7 = ( )
7 2
4
7 =
7

When the = 1:

4
1 = ( )
2
4
1 =

Page 23 of 78
 When the = 3:

4 3
3 = ( )
3 2
4
3 =
3

When the = 5:

4 5
5 = ( )
5 2
4
5 =
5

When the = 7:

4 7
7 = ( )
7 2
4
7 =
7

The waveform is in the odd = 0:

4
() = [ ( )]
2
=1

4 4 3 4 5 4 7 4 4 3
() = + + +
3 5 7 3
4 5 4 7
+
5 7
4 4 4 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 4 7
() = + +
3 3 5 5 7
4 7
+
7

Page 24 of 78
 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 5
() = ( + ) ( 3 + )+( + )
3 3 5 5
4 7 4 7
( + )
7 7
4 4 3 4
() = ( + ) ( + 3 ) + ( 5 + 5 )
3 5
4 7
( + 7 )
7

8 + 8 3 + 3 8 5 + 5
() = ( ) ( )+ ( )
2 3 2 5 2
8 7 + 7
( )
7 2

8 8 8 8
() = 3 + 5 7 +
3 5 7
8 1 1 1
() = [ 3 + 5 7 + ]
3 5 7

Page 25 of 78
e) Find the pair of phases that can represent the fundamental current: i =6sint
+4cost.

= 6 + 4

By using:
1 1
= 2 ( + ) = 2 ( )

The equation is given:

= 6 + 4

1 1
= 6[ ( )] + 4 [ ( + ) ]
2 2

3
= ( ) + 2( + )

3 3
= + 2 + 2

3 3
= + 2 + 2
() ()

3 3
= 2
2 + 2 + 2

Page 26 of 78
 2 is equal to 1, therefore can apply:

= 3 (3) + 2 + 2

= 3 + 3 + 2 + 2

= (2 3 ) + (2 + 3 )

= (2 3) + (2 + 3 )

And then:

3
(2 3 ) tan1 ( )
2
3
= 22 + 32 tan1 ( )
2
3
= 22 + 32 tan1 ( )
2

= 4 + 9 0.98

= 13 0.98

= 3.605 0.98

3.61 0.98

Its same way following another method so the answer is given bellow

3
22 32 tan1 ( )
2

3.61 0.98

Therefore:

= 3.61 0.98 + 3.61 0.98

This compares the phases 3.61 0.98 with rotating anti-clock wise with an angular
velocity if 1 / and a phases 3.61 0.98 rotating clockwise with an angular
velocity of 2/

Page 27 of 78
1.3 A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which
reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to convert
circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice-versa. Figure B.1.3 given below
illustrates the crank mechanism.

Figure B.1.3

0

()

=0 ()

Figure B.1.3.1 (Sketched diagram of above

diagram)

Page 28 of 78
a) Find a formula for x(t) and draw the waveform for few periodic times for the
above given scenario in figure B.1.3. Write the above function x(t) in Fourier
series.

By assume the CD=L and BE=a:

At = 0 the shaft was at position A and at = it is at position c, Let the :

Be the angle rotated by the shaft in a time interval of t(s):

By using =

Therefore:

2
=5
60

=
6
When the shaft is at position B, point D moves to point F

Therefore:

+ = + +

+ = + + 2

= (2 + )

Getting the angle CDO be According to the diagram:

( ) + = + +

+ = + + ()

+ (2 + ) = ( + ) + ()

() = (2 + ) ( + )

Page 29 of 78

By substituting = :
6

() = (2 + ) ( + )
6

In this function there are two variable and t, meanwhile differs in a small range from 0

By assume it to be zero:

We do this because we do not have enough information to represent as a function of t

and if we let it be like that we will have to apply Fourier series for a function with two
variables

Therefore by assuming = 0 cos = 1:

() = (2 + ) ( + )
6

() =
6

() = [1 = + [ ]
6 6
By getting =

=
6
= 5

2 2
= =
2
5 60

= 12

Page 30 of 78
 b) Using Matlab reconstruct the waveform (a), using harmonics which you
calculated for Fourier series.

Draw the graphs of function for the range

0 t 12

Let us draw the waveform of the function () = + [ 6 ] for a few

periods.
X

2
R

3 6 9 1 2 T(s
Figure B.1.3.b2 (Waveform diagram) 4 )

By Applying Fourier series to the given equation,

() = [1 ]
6


() = 0 + ( + )

=1

Where,

1
0 = () .

0

Page 31 of 78
 12
1
0 = [1 ] .
12 6
0

12
6
0 = [ ]
12
6 0

0 = [(12 0) (0 0)]
12

0 = 12
12
0 =

According to the graph above function is symmetrical about the vertical axis (if
its drawn for negative values of t even though they dont exit)

Hence:

= 0 For an even function

2
= (). .

0

12
2
= [1 ] . .
12 6 12
0

12

= [ . ] .
6 12 12 6
0

12
[ ( 12 + 6 ) + ( 12 6 )]
= { ( ) } .
6 12 2
0

12

= {2 ( ) ( + ) ( )} .
12 12 12 6 12 6
0

Page 32 of 78
 12
2 ( ) ( + ) (
=

[ 12 + 12 6 + 12 6 )]
12
( 12 ) ( 12 + 6 ) ( 12 6 )
0

2 ( 12 ) ( 12 + 6 ) ( 12 6 )
= [ ( + + )]
12 ( 12 ) ( 12 + 6 ) ( 12 6 )

2 1 1
[( + + )]
( 12 ) ( 12 + 6 ) ( 12 6 )

2 ( 12 ) ( 12 + 6 ) ( 12 6 )
= [ ( + + )]
12 ( 12 ) ( 12 + 6 ) ( 12 6 )

2 1 1
[( + + )]
( 12 ) ( 12 + 6 ) ( 12 6 )

2() () ()
= [ ( + + )]
12 ( 12 ) ( 12 + 6) ( 12 6 )

2 1 1
[( + + )]
( 12 ) ( 12 + 6) ( 12 6 )

For even values of n

() = 1

Page 33 of 78
Therefore:

= 0

For odd values of n:

() = 1

2 1 1
= [2 (1) ( + + )]
12 ( 12 ) ( 12 + 6) ( 12 6 )

24 12 12
= { }
6 ( + 2) ( 2)

When:

=1

24 12 12
1 = { + }
6 3
32
1 =
6
16
1 =
3

When:

=3

24 12 12
3 = { }
6 3 5
32
3 =
30
16
3 =
15

Page 34 of 78
When:

=5

24 12 12
5 = { }
6 5 7 3
32
5 =
6 35
32
5 =
95

16 16 3 32 5
() = + ( ) ( ) ( )
3 12 15 12 95 12

Now I going to apply my code MATLAB Software for the Fourier series

y = R(1+(16/(3*pi))*sin((pi*x)/12)-(16/(15*pi))*sin((pi*3*x)/12)-
(32/(95*pi))*sin((pi*5*x)/12);

x = 0:0.1:+2*pi

plot (x,y)

After I got the Graph that simulation graph given below

Figure B.1.3.1b (MATLAB Graph)

Page 35 of 78
1.4
a) Determine the Fourier series to represent the periodic function given by the values
in the Table 01, which is up to and including the third harmonic and each
coefficient correct to 2 decimal places. Use 12 ordinates in each case.

Table B.1.4
Angle (degrees) Displacement y (mm)
30 40
60 43
90 38
120 30
150 23
180 17
210 11
240 9
270 10
300 13
330 21
360 32

1
0 =

=1

Firstly find the

=1

= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + + 12

= 40 + 43 + 38 + 30 + 23 + 17 + 11 + 9 + 10 + 13 + 21 + 32

= 287

Page 36 of 78
Let find a0

1
0 =

=1

1
= 287
12
= 23.916

23.92

1
=

=1

When = 1

1
1 = 1 30
12
=1

1
= 40 30
12
=1

1
= 40 0.866
12
=1

1
= (34.64)
12

Page 37 of 78
When = 2

1
2 = 2 60
12
=1

1
= 43 60
12
=1

1
= 43 0.5
12
=1

1
= (21.5)
12
When = 3

1
3 = 3 90
12
=1

1
= 38 90
12
=1

1
= 43 0
12
=1

1
= (0)
12
When = 4

1
4 = 4 120
12
=1

1
= 30 120
12
=1

1
= 30 0.5
12
=1

1
= (15)
12

Page 38 of 78
When = 5

1
5 = 5 150
12
=1

1
= 23 150
12
=1

1
= 23 0.866
12
=1

1
= (19.918)
12
When = 6

1
6 = 6 180
12
=1

1
= 17 180
12
=1

1
= 17 1
12
=1

1
= (17)
12
When = 7

1
7 = 7 210
12
=1

1
= 11 210
12
=1

1
= 40 0.866
12
=1

1
= (9.526)
12

Page 39 of 78
When = 8
p
1
a8 = Y8 Cos240
12
k=1

p
1
= 9 Cos240
12
k=1

p
1
= 9 0.5
12
k=1

1
= (4.5)
12
When = 9
p
1
a9 = Y9 Cos270
12
k=1

p
1
= 10 Cos270
12
k=1

p
1
= 10 0
12
k=1

1
= (0)
12

Page 40 of 78
When = 10

1
10 = 4 120
12
=1

1
= 30 120
12
=1

1
= 30 0.5
12
=1

1
= (15)
12
When = 11

1
11 = 11 330
12
=1

1
= 21 330
12
=1

1
= 23 0.866
12
=1

1
= (18.186)
12
When = 12

1
12 = 12 360
12
=1

1
= 32 360
12
=1

1
= 32 1
12
=1

1
= (32)
12

Page 41 of 78
Page 42 of 78
Page 43 of 78
 =1
2
=

=1

2
1 = 46.88
12
93.76
1 = 7.81
12
2
2 = 1
12
2 0.167

2
3 = 2
12
3 0.33
=1
2
=

=1

2 175.34
1 = 87.67 = 14.61
12 12
2 27.72
2 = 13.86 = 2.31
12 12
2 6
3 = 3 = 0.5
12 12

() = 0 + +
=1

() = 23.92 + 7.81 + 0.1672 0.333 + +14.61

+ 2.312 + 0.53 +

() = 23.92 + 7.81 + 14.61 + 0.1672 + 2.312 0.333

+ 0.53

Page 44 of 78
b) Analyses the periodic waveform of displacement y against angle, in Figure
B.1.4 (a) into its constituent harmonics as far as and also including the third
harmonic, by taking every 30o intervals

Figure B.1.5.b

Page 45 of 78
Page 46 of 78
 =1
2
=

=1

2
1 = 60.948
12
1 = 10.158

2
2 = 7.5
12
2 = 1.25

2
3 = 7
12
3 = 1.16

=1
2
=

=1

2
1 = 67.232 11.21
12
2
2 = 0.866 0.144
12
2
3 = 4 0.66
12

() = 0 + +
=1

() = 9.25 + 10.16 + 1.252 1.163 + 11.21

0.1442 + 0.663 +

() = 9.25 + 10.16 11.21 + 1.252 0.1442 1.163

+ 0.663

Page 47 of 78
c) For the waveform of the current shown in Figure B.1.5.b state why only a d.c.
component and even cosine terms will appear in the Fourier series and determine

the series, using intervals, up to and including the sixth harmonic. Self-
6
criticism of approach must be taken to justify and conclude the answer.

Page 48 of 78
 =1
2
=

=1

2
2 = 26.5 4.416
12
2
4 = 6.5 1.08
12
2
3 = 8 1.32
12
= 48 + 4.4162 + 1.084 1.326

Page 49 of 78
Section: C

Task: 01

1.1
a) An important equation used in thermodynamics is the Benedict-Webb-Rubine
equation of state for the expansion of a gas. With standard notation, it is
represented as:

0 1 1 (1 + 2 ) 1
= + (0 0 2 ) 2 + ( ) 3 + 6 + ( ) 2
2 3
Show that

By partially differentiate above equation:

0 0 3 3
1 2
= + 2 +2 + + 2 (1 + ) ( )
2 3 6 2 3

Therefore:

2 0 4 4
1 2
= 6 + 6 (1 + ) ( )
2 2 2 3

2
2
6[ + ] 60
= 3 5
2 4 2 4

2 6 2
= {[ + ] 0 }
2 2 4 3

2 6 2
= { [1 + ] 0 }
2 2 4 2

Page 50 of 78
b) The radius of a uniform cylinder is increasing at a rate of 8 mm/s and the height is
decreasing at a rate of 15 mm/s. Find the rate at which the volume is changing in
cm3/s when the radius is 40 mm and the height is 150 mm.

r
= = 8 1

h
= = 15 1

Figure C.1.1.d
Volume of the cylinder is () = 2 :

= . + .

= . + .

2 2
= . (8) + . (15)

= 2 8 15 2

= 16 15 2

= (16 15)

Page 51 of 78
 Here applying the conditions

= 40 , = 150

= 40(16 150 15 40)

= 400(16 15 15 4) 103

= 723 1

c) The resonant frequency of a series connected circuit containing inductance L and

capacitance C, equation is given below

1
() =
2

1
=
2

1 1
=
2

1 3
= 2
2

1
=
43

() ()
= +

3
= = 0.03
100

5
= = 0.05
100

Page 52 of 78
 1 1
= (0.03) 0.05
43 43

1 (0.03) 1 0.05
=
23 2 23 2

1 0.03 1 0.05
=
23 2 23 2

= 0.015() 0.025()

= 0.01()

0.01
= () = 1
100

The approximate error in () is a 1%

Page 53 of 78
d) The function which given below has one stationary value. Determine its co-
ordinates and its nature.

= 2 + 2 + + 4 4 + 3

Step A:

= 2 + 2 + + 4 4 + 3

= 2 + + 4

= 2 + 2 + + 4 4 + 3

= 2 + 4

Step B:

2 + + 4 = 0

2 + + 4 = 0

2 + 4 = 0
4
=
2
4
2 + +4=0
2
4 + 4 + 8 = 0

3 = 12

=4
44
=
2
=0

Page 54 of 78
Step C:

Hence the stationary points are (0,0) and (2,0)

Step D:

= 2 + + 4, = 2 + 4

2 2 2
= 2, = 2 = 0
2 2

Step E:

For the point (0,0)

2 2 2
= 2, = 2 = 0
2 2

For the point (4,0)

2 2 2
= 2, = 2 = 0
2 2

Step F:

2
2
( ) = (0)2 = 0

Step G:

(0,0) = 0 2 2 =4

(0,0) = 0 (2) 2 = 4

h. Since

2
(0,0) < 0 ( ) <0
(0,0)

Page 55 of 78
The point is a maximum point and hence the maximum value is zero

Since (0,0) > 0 the point (2,0)is a saddle Point

The value of Z at the:

= 2 + 2 + + 4 4 + 3

= 22 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 4 2 4 2 + 3

= 4+4+4+88+3

= 17

Page 56 of 78
1.2
a) Find the particular solution of the differential equation given below.
2
= cos cos

2
= .

The initial conditions are when

= , = = , = 2

Then integrating partially with respect to y gives:

= . + ()


From the boundary conditions = , =

= . + ()

() =

= . +

Integrating parallel with respect u gives:

= . +

2
= . + + ()
2
From the boundary condition = 2 =

2
2 = + ()
2
2
() = 2
2

Page 57 of 78
 Hence the salutation of

2
= .

Given by:

2 2
= . + + 2
2 2

b) Verify that , = cos + sin satisfies the differential equation

(, ) = cos + sin

= cos + sin

2
= sin
2

= sin + cos

2
= cos sin
2

2 2
+ + cos = sin cos sin + cos
2 2

2 2
+ + cos = 0
2 2

Page 58 of 78
c) Solve = 2 given = 3 = 1

2 = 0

9 = 0

Where the auxiliary equation is given by:

2 9 = 0

= 3

Thus the general solution for 2 = 0:

= 3 + 3

Page 59 of 78
Section: D

Task: 01

1.1
a) Model the wave equation for a string, where the equation of motion is given by:

Where 2 = with T being the tension in a string and being the mass/unit length

of the string.

According to the modal of the wave equation for string .Where the equation of
motion given by:

2 1 2
2
= 2 2
2 =

Where

Tension in a string

The mass /unit lenght of the string

= = +

Wave equation can be written in terms of these new variables by applying the
chain rule: -(, ) = (, )

= + = + (1)

= + = + (2)

Page 60 of 78
Differentiating the equation again:-

2 2 2 2
= + 2 +
2 2 2

2 2
2 2 2
= { 2 + }
2 2 2

Substituting the above equation into wave equation, it can be found that:-

2
=0

When we are apply this condition to the equation

2 =

2 2
2 2
= [ 2 + 2]
2

2 2 2
= [ + ]
2 2 2

Page 61 of 78
b) An elastic string is stretched between two points 40 cm apart. Its center pointed
is displaced 1.5 cm from its position of rest at right at right angle to the original
direction of the string and then released with zero velocity. Determine the
subsequent motion u(x,t) by applying the wave equation which is given below.

3
U (x,0)

U= f(x)
1.5

0
20 40 x (cm)
Figure D.1.1.b

By following the below steps:

Step 1:

Boundary and initial conditions

(0, ) = 0

(40, ) = 0

1.5
(, 0) = () = 0 20
20
1.5
(, 0) = () = +3 20 40
20

() = [ ]=0 = 0

Page 62 of 78
Step 2:

By assuming a solution = :

Therefore:

1
= ; 2 = 9
9

Step 3:

Separating variables

1
=
9

By getting:

1
= = 2 ;
9

Hence:

+ 2 = 0

+ 92 = 0

Page 63 of 78
Step 4:

Solving each equation

= cos + sin

= cos 3 + sin 3

Then:

(, ) = { cos + sin }{ cos 3 + sin 3}

Step 5:

Applying boundary conditions,

(0, ) = 0

{}{ cos 3 + sin 3} = 0

=0

Therefore:

(, ) = { sin }{ cos 3 + sin 3}

(40, ) = 0

{ sin 40}{ cos 3 + sin 3} = 0

sin 40 = 0

=
40

Page 64 of 78
 Therefore:

3 3
(, ) = { sin } { cos + sin }
40 40 40

Or:

3 3
(, ) = sin { cos + sin } ; = , =
40 40 40
=1

Step 6:

2
= () sin

0

20 40
2 1.5 60 1.5
= [ ( ) sin + ( ) sin ]
40 20 40 20 40
0 20

Integration by parts:

12
= 2 2
sin
2

2
= () sin

0

But

() = [ ]=0 = 0

Page 65 of 78
Hence:

= 0

Therefore:

12 3
(, ) = sin { 2 2 sin cos }
40 2 40
=1

12 1 3
(, ) = 2 2 sin sin cos
40 2 40
=1

Page 66 of 78
1.2
a) The ends of an insulated rod PQ, 20 units long, are maintained at 00C. At time t
=0, the temperature within the rod rises uniformly from each end reaching 40C at
the mid-point of PQ. Find an expression for the temperature u(x, t) at any point in
the rod, distant x from P at any time t after t =0.

Assume the heat conduction equation to be as shown in below

2 1 2
= 2 = 1
2 2 2

The initial conditions are

(0,) = 0

(20,) = 0

(,0) = 4

Assuming the solution of the form U = XT then from above:

2 2
= + =

Thus:

The general salutation is given by:

22
(,) = ( + )
2 2
(0,) = 0 Thus 0 =

When P is equal to 0
2 2
(,) = ()

Page 67 of 78
The 2nd initial conditions telling U(20,t) = 0

Thus:
2 2
0 = (20) Since the 0

20 = 0

20 =

=
20
Where

= 1,2,3,4 ..

Hence:

2 2
(,) = .

=1

The finial initial condition given was that at t=0

(,0) = 4

2
; (0 10)
(,0) = () = { 5
(40 2)
; (10 < 20)
5
Hence


() =
20
=1

Page 68 of 78
From the Fourier coefficients

= 2 () =
20
From = 0 = 20

Therefore:
10 40
2 2 40 2
= { ( ) ( ) . + ( ) ( ) . }
20 5 20 5 20
0 0

But
2
= 0 () ( ) . Is always equal to

8
= 2 2
( )
2
Where d = 4

Therefore:

84
= ( )
2 2 2

Page 69 of 78
Finally get the final equation:

2 2
(,) = .

=1

Therefore here we know the , 2 = 2 = 1
20

84 ()2 2
(,) = 2 2
( ) 20 .
2 20
=1

32 1 2 2
(,) = 2 2 ( ) 400 .
2 20
=1

Page 70 of 78
b) A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 3, y = 2. Determine
the potential distribution u(x,y) over the rectangle using the Laplace equation

Subject to the following boundary conditions.

Assume the heat conductions to be as shown below

2 1 2
=
2 2 2

Here take 2 = 1

(,) = () , () Assumed

Were

() =

() =

Page 71 of 78
Simplifying to U = XY determine partial derivatives

Substituting into

2 2
=
2 2

According to the lecture note know how to get this step

2 2
= , =
2 2

Therefore:

The equation given:

2 2
+ =0
2 2

+ = 0

Separating the variable:

+ = 0

Letting each side equal a constant p2 gives the two equation

+ 2 = 0 And 2 = 0

From which:

= +

Page 72 of 78
And

= +

Or = +

Or = ( + )

Hence

(,) = = { + }{( + )}

Or

(,) = { + }{( + )}

Where

= And =

Applying the 1st boundary condition is

(0,) = 0

Hence:

0 = ( + ) From which = 0 hence,

(,) = . ( + )

Page 73 of 78
Applying the 2nd boundary condition is

(3,) = 0

0 = . ( + ) From which = 0

Hence:

= = = =
3

Applying the 3rd boundary conditions is

(,2) = 0, hence

(,) = . (2 + ) From which

(2 + ) = 0, =

Hence:

(,) = . ( 2) = (2 )

Since there are many solutions for integer values of n,

(,) = . ( 2)
=1

(,) = . ( 2)
3 3
=1

Page 74 of 78
Applying the 4th boundary conditions is

(,) = (3 ) = ()

Hence:

() = . (0 2)
3 3
=1

From Fourier series coefficients,

2
= 2 ()
3 3

from = 0 = 3

Page 75 of 78
 Therefore:
3
2 2
( ) = (3 )
3 3 3
0
2
( )
3

( 3 )
27 {[ ( ) ]}
3 3
2
= .
3 2 2

[
3

2. ( ) 2 2 2
[ 3 + (2 ) . ()]
3 9 3

2 2

]0

3
3 2. ( ) 2 2 9 3
( ) 3
3 3
[ + (2 ) . ( 3 )]
27 [( ( ) )] 3 9
3 3
2
=
3 2 2
2 2

{ }

[2. () + (2 2 2 ). ()]
2 27 { [() ()] } 2 54

= [ 2 2 ] + . [ 3 3]
3 3

Page 76 of 78
Even values of n

2
( )=0
3

For odd values of n

2 2 54
. ( ) = 2 . [ 3 3]
3 3
2 72
. ( )= 3 3
3

Hence:

72
( 33) 72 2
= = ( 3 3 ) ( )
2 3
( 3 )

Hence, from equation (a)

(, ) = . ( 2)
3 3
=1

72 1 2
(, ) = ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( ) . (
3 3 3
=1
2)

Page 77 of 78
 Reference
Advance Mathematic lecturer handout of Eng. Ruwan Fernando.(Msc, BEng(Hons)),
lecturer at ICBT-Mount campus Engineering faculty

John Bird, BSc (Hons), CMath, CEng, CSci, (2010). Higher Engineering Mathematics.
6th ed. UK: Elsevier Ltd..

Page 78 of 78