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GUA GRAMATICAL
Y DE CONTENIDOS
TO BE
The verb to be is used in a number of dierent ways in English. Normally we use the verb to be to show the
status or characteristics of something or someone. It says what I am, what you are or what something is.
El verbo to be se utiliza de diferentes formas en ingls. Normalmente utilizamos el verbo to be para
mostrar el estado o las caractersticas de algo o alguien. Dice lo que yo soy, lo que t eres o lo que algo es.

The verb be is used in the following patterns: El verbo be se utiliza de las siguientes formas:

1. with a noun: My mother is a teacher.

2. with an adjective: This soup is very tasty.
2.1 with the -ing form to make the continuous aspect: We were walking down the street.
2.2 with the -ed form to make the passive voice: The street is called Montagu Street.
3. with a prepositional phrase: The owers are on the table.

1. con un nombre: My mother is a teacher.

2. con un adjetivo: This soup is very tasty.
2.1. con la forma -ing para hacer la forma continua: We were walking down the street.
2.2. con la forma -ed para hacer la voz pasiva: The street is called Montagu Street.
3. con una frase preposicional: The owers are on the table.

Here are the forms of the verb in present tense: Aqu estn las formas verbales del verbo en tiempo presente:

+ - ?

I am British I am British Am I
I
I'm British I'm British the winner?

You are Japanese You are not Brazilian Are you

you
You're Japanese You're not Brazilian Chinese?

Larry is American Sally is not short Is Tom

he/she/it
Larry's American Sally isn't short British?

David and Hiroko Anna and Dimitri are not Russian. Are we
we/they
are from London Anna and Dimitri aren't Russian ready?

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To Be
Use capital I. Im your teacher. Not im.
You is used for singular and plural.
Use he for a man, she for a woman, and it for a thing.
Use they for people and things.
In contractions = a missing letter, e.g. m= am.
Use contractions in conversation.
To make negatives put Not after the verb.
Utiliza I mayscula. I'm your teacher. No i'm.
You se utiliza para el singular y el plural.
Utiliza he para un hombre, she para una mujer e it para una cosa.
Utiliza they para gente y cosas.
En contracciones ' = una letra que falta, ej. 'm = am.
Utiliza contracciones en una conversacin.
Para hacer negaciones pon not despus del verbo

You can also contract are not and is not like this: You are not Italian Youre not Italian
Tambin se puede contraer are not e is not as: You are not Italian Yo re not Italian

The verb to be is used to create simple yes/no questions by simply inverting the order of subject and the
To be verb: Are you Spanish? / Where are you from?
El verbo to be se utiliza para crear preguntas simples de si/no simplemente invirtiendo el orden del
sujeto y el verbo "To be": Are you Spanish? / Where are you from?

Dont use contractions in short answers: Are you French? Yes I am, Not Yes Im.
No utilices contracciones en respuestas cortas: Are you French? Yes I am, Not Yes Im.

R T I C L E A / A N
DE FIN I T E A

We use the indenite article a or an with singular nouns such as apple, dog.
Se utiliza el artculo indenido 'a' o 'an' con nombres en singular como 'apple', 'dog'.

We use a before a consonant sound such as a tree and an before a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u) such as
an orange. Here are some examples:
Se utiliza 'a' antes de un sonido consonante como 'a tree' y 'an' antes de un sonido vocal (a, e, i, o, u)
como 'an orange'. Algunos ejemplos son:

Its a boy!
I eat an apple every day.
When I have no time I eat an egg for breakfast.
Theres an umbrella in the kitchen.

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 When there's an adjective before the noun we use the same rule:
Cuando hay un adjetivo antes de una palabra se utiliza la misma regla:

a big house
an old friend
an easy exam
an open door

Dont use a/an with plural nouns. Add s to make plural nouns.
No utilices a/an con palabras en plural. Aade -s para hacer palabras en plural.

Its a pen/ Theyre pens.

R T I C L E T H E
DEF IN I T E A

We often use the before nouns when we know which (door, windows) with singular and plural nouns:
A menudo se utiliza 'the' antes de nombres cuando sabemos a qu nos referimos (door, windows) con
nombres en singular y plural.

Open the door /close the windows

Its a nice day. Shall we go to the park?

We use article 'the': Se utiliza el artculo 'the':

with some phrases with `go to:

con algunas frases con 'go to':

go to the cinema
go to the beach

with some phrases with prepositions:

con algunas frases con preposiciones:

at the weekend
in the morning
in the afternoon

with superlatives: con superlativos:

the biggest
the best
the most beautiful
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 A D J E C T I V E S
PO S S E S S I V E
O N O U N S
AND PR

We use possessive adjectives and pronouns to talk about possession. They are often confusing because most of them
are very similar in form and one has exactly the same form for both the adjective and the pronoun.
Se utilizan adjetivos y pronombres posesivos para hablar sobre posesin. Usualmente son confusos porque la mayora
de ellos son muy similares en forma y alguno tiene exactamente la misma forma para ambos, el adjetivo y el pronombre.

Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns

Its my car Its mine
Its your car Its yours
Its his car Its his
Its her car Its hers
Its its car ---------*
Its our car Its ours
Its their car Its theirs

A possessive adjective is usually used to describe a noun, and it comes before it, like any other adjectives:
my car is bigger than her car.
Un adjetivo posesivo es normalente utilizado para acompaar a un nombre, y va delante de l, como
cualquier otro adjetivo: my car is bigger than her car.

Possessive adjectives dont change with plural nouns: our students, NOT ours students
Los adjetivos posesivos no cambian con palabras en plural: our students, NOT ours students

his = of a man, her =of a woman, its = of a thing, their = of men, women, or things.
his = de un hombre, her = de una mujer, its = de una cosa, their = de hombres, mujeres o cosas.

Use possessive pronouns in place of a possessive adjective + noun. A possessive pronoun can be used to
replace any noun that is also accompanied by a possessive adjective.
Utiliza pronombres posesivos en lugar de un adjetivo posesivo + nombre. Un pronombre posesivo
puede ser utilizado para reemplazar cualquier nombre que vaya acompaado por un adjetivo posesivo.

A. Whose book is it? Is it yours?

B. Yes, its mine.

I > my > mine

That's my camera/ That camera is mine!

you > your > yours

That's your laptop/ That laptop there is yours.

he/she > his / her > his / hers

That's his book/ That book is his.
Thats her bag/ That bag is hers.

*There is no commonly used possessive pronoun for it. *No hay un pronombre posesivo comunmente utilizado para it.

we > our > ours

This is our house.
This is ours.
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 a n d P r o n o u ns
ve Adjective s
Possessi The dog is wagging its tail.

they > their > theirs

That's their car.
That car's theirs.

Be careful with its and its. They are pronounced the same, but they have
dierent meanings and grammar. Ten cuidado con it's e its.
Se pronuncian igual pero tienen gramticas y signicados diferentes.

There are no apostrophes in possessive pronouns and adjectives.

No hay apstrofes en los pronombres y adjetivos posesivos.
Its= it is / its not my dog.
Its= possessive / the dog is wagging its tail.

S E N T S I M P L E
TH E PRE

We use present simple for things that are generally true or habitually happen.
Se utiliza el presente simple para cosas que son generalmente verdad o que suceden habitualmente.
We use the present simple to describe people, their jobs and places. Remember the -s with he / she / it.
Se utiliza el presente simple para describir personas, sus trabajos y lugares. Recuerda la '-s' con he / she / it.

Li lives in Seoul.
Nadine works in South Africa.
This phone takes great pictures!

To make negatives use dont/ doesnt + the innitive. Para hacer negaciones utiliza don't / doesn't + el innitivo.

He doesnt work. NOT He doesnt works

Remember word order = ASI (Auxiliary, subject, innitive) or QUASI (question word, auxiliary, subject, innitive).
Recuerda el orden de las palabras = ASI (Auxiliary, subject, innitive) o QUASI (question word, auxiliary, subject, innitive).

Do I work? / Yes, I do / No, I dont

Where do you live?

What food does Jenny like?

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 r e s e n t S i m p le
The P

+ - ?

I do not work at the weekend. Do I

I I work in an office.
I don't work at the weekend. like my job?

You do not work at home. Do you

you You walk to work.
You don't work at home. speak Chinese?

She eats lunch Polly does not go to university. Does it

he/she/it
at her desk. Polly doesn't go to university. cost much?

We do not use email. Do they

we/they They talk every day.
We don't use email. like the boss?

Contractions: dont = do not, doesnt= does not.

S S E S S I V E S
PO
Use s with a person to talk about relatives and possessions. E.g. Shes Johns mother.
Utiliza 's' con con una persona para hablar sobre sus familiares y posesiones. Ej. Shes Johns mother.

Use s with irregular plural people, men, women, children, people. E.g. Thats my childrens school.
Utiliza 's' con personas irregulares en plural, men, women, children, people. Ej. Thats my childrens school.

Use s with regular plural people. E.g. Theyre my parents friends.

Utiliza 's' con personas regulares en plural. Ej. Theyre my parents friends.

Dont use s with things. E.g. The end of the film, Not The films end.
No utilices 's con cosas. Ej. The end of the film, Not The films end.

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 I S O R H A S

There are three main uses of s: Hay tres usos principales de s:

Possession
This is Johns sister, Anna.

s = is
Annas from Portugal.

s = has
Shes got two children.

C Y A DV E RB S
FREQ U E N

We use adverbs of frequency to indicate how often we do something. The adverb usually goes before
the verb except verb to be.
Se utilizan adverbios de frecuencia para indicar lo a menudo que hacemos algo. El adverbio normalmen-
te va delante del verbo excepto del verbo to be.

Use adverbs of frequency to answer the question How often?

Utiliza adverbios de frecuencia para responder a la pregunta "How often...?"

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 e n c y A d v e rb s
Freq u

The most common adverbs, in order of frequency, are: Los adverbios mas comunes, en orden de
frecuencia, son:

ALWAYS
USUALLY
OFTEN
SOMETIMES
RARELY , HARDLY EVER
NEVER

I always eat lunch at one oclock.

He never arrives on time.
She hardly ever watches TV.
I sometimes get up before 9.

Frequency adverbs go after the verb to be: Los adverbios de frecuencia van despus del verbo to be:

I am usually busy on Saturdays.

They are often early.

In negative sentences, we can only use always, usually and often : En frases negativas, slo se puede
utilizar always, usually and often:

I dont often go out on Sunday evenings.

In sentences where there are two parts of a verb, the adverb goes in the middle: En oraciones en las que
hay dos partes de un verbo, el adverbio va en medio.

We have never seen that film / I can never remember her name.

Use an armative verb with never and hardly ever: Utiliza un verbo armativo con never y hardly ever.

He never smokes. NOT He doesnt never smoke.

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CAN/ C A N T
Can + innitive has dierent meanings. We use can/ cant to talk about abilities and to express that
something is or isnt possible. It is also used for requests and oers. Can + innitivo tiene diferentes
signicados. Se utiliza can/can't para hablar sobre habilidades y para expresar que algo es o no posible.
Tambin se utiliza para ofrecimientos y peticiones.

1. I can = I know how to.

I cant = I dont know how to.

2. I can = Its possible for me.

I cant = Its impossible for me.

3. You can = Its OK / Its not permitted.

You cant = Its not OK / Its not permitted.

4. Can you? = Please do it.

Can I? = Is it OK if I do it?

+ - ?

I I can speak English. I can't drive. Can I help?

you You can play rugby. You can't speak Russian. Can you drive?

David can use Can your phone

he/she/it Joe can't come on Tuesday.
his computer. take photos?

Can Jamal and

we/they We can visit tomorrow. They can't use the photocopier.
Sue see the screen?

Can and cant are the same for all persons (I, you, he, etc). NOT He cans. Can y can't son iguales para
todas las personas (I, you, he, etc...). NO He cans.

Dont use to after can: I can swim. NOT I can to swim. No utilices to despus de can: I can swim. NO I
can to swim.

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LIKE
Like as a verb is used mainly to talk about enjoyment, preferences and habits. We use the verb like with
nouns such as 'chocolate', 'cats'. Like como verbo se utiliza principalmente para hablar sobre gustos,
preferencias y hbitos. Se utiliza el verbo like con palabras como 'chocolate', 'cats'.

We always use the form of the verb like + the ing-form of the following verb. The verb like always requires
the ing-form when you talk about things you enjoy such as 'reading', 'walking'.
Siempre se utiliza la forma del verbo like + la forma -ing del siguiente verbo. El verbo like siempre requiere
la forma -ing cuando se habla sobre cosas que te gustan como 'reading', 'walking'.

+ - ?

I do not like eggs.

I I like chocolate. Do I like New York?
I don't like eggs.

You do not like working.

you You like singing. Do you like camping?
You don't like working.

Roberta does not like studying. Does Elena like

he/she/it Massimo likes Japan.
Roberta doesn't like studying. orange juice?

Gill and Vicki do not like ice cream. Do your mum and
we/they We like Chinese food.
Gill and Vicki don't like ice cream. dad like watching TV?

I like chocolate.

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 E G O T / H AV E
HAV
We use have got or have to talk about physical descriptions, family and possessions.
Se utiliza have got o have para hablar sobre descripciones fsicas, familia y posesiones.

Shes got two cats = She has two cats.

To talk about meals and other activities, we can only use have : Para hablar sobre comidas y otras
actividades, slo se puede utilizar have :

I dont have breakfast; Do you want to have a game of tennis?

Have got is more common in the UK and have is more common in the USA and in international English.
Have got es ms comn en el Reino Unido y have es ms comn en EEUU y el ingls internacional.

Ive got a bike =I have a bike / Have you got a car? = Do you have a car?

We often use the contracted form: A menudo se utiliza la forma contractada:

'Ive got', 'hes got'.

+ - ?

I have got blue eyes. I have not got long hair. Have I got your
I
I've got blue eyes. I haven't got long hair. email address?

You have got long hair. You have not (haven't) got a brother. Have you got
you
You've got long hair. You haven't got a brother. a smart phone?

He has got a laptop. Shirley has not got a car. Has it got
he/she/it
He's got a laptop. Shirley hasn't got a car. a big screen?

Nimisha and Martin They have not got a computer. Have we got your
we/they
have got a big house. They haven't got a computer. phone number?

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 O M PA R AT I V E
THE C
We use comparatives to compare two people or things. When we
compare two things in the same sentence we use than after the
adjective. Se utilizan comparativas para comparar dos personas o
cosas. Cuando se comparan dos cosas en la misma frase se utiliza
than despus del adjetivo.

1. For one syllable adjectives we add -er and than: Para adjetivos
de una slaba se aade -er y than:

Its colder than yesterday!

My car is newer than his car.

2. For adjectives ending in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) and consonant (t,

r, s) we double the consonant: Para adjetivos acabados en vocal
(a, e, i, o, u) y consonante (t, r, s) se dobla la consonante:

Ive got a bigger house than him.

3. For one syllable adjectives ending in y we change the y to an i:

Para adjetivos de una slaba que terminen en -y, se cambia la -y por
una -i.

This exam is easier than the last exam.

Shes prettier than her sister.

4. For adjectives with two or more syllables, we use more:

Para adjetivos con dos o mas slabas, se utiliza more:

This book is more interesting than his last book.

The opposite of more is less. Lo opuesto de more es less.

The holiday in Phuket is more expensive/ The

holiday in Bangkok is less expensive.

We can also use more with nouns: Tambin se puede utilizar

more con nombres:

There are more rooms in that hotel.

Some adjectives have an irregular comparative form: Algunos

adjetivos tienen una forma comparativa irregular:

This is a better camera than my old one.

The traffic is always worse in the evenings.
Milan is farther from the sea than Rome.

good better
bad worse
far farther/further
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IMPER AT I V E S

Use imperatives to give orders or instructions. Add please to be polite. Dont use a pronoun with imperatives.
Utiliza imperativos para dar rdenes o instrucciones. Aade please para ser educado. No utilices un
pronombre con imperativos.

Armative imperative = verb (innitive): Imperativo armativo = verbo (innitivo):

Open the door, please; Turn right.

Negative imperatives = dont +verb (innitive): Imperativo negativo = don't + verbo (innitivo):
Dont stop; Dont worry.

We often use be + adjective: A menudo se utiliza be + adjetivo:

Be quiet, Be careful, etc.

S H A L L W E . . . ?
LET S ,
Use Lets + verb (innitive) to make suggestions: Utiliza Let's + verbo (innitivo) para hacer sugerencias:
Lets go home, Lets wait.

Use Lets not + verb to make a negative suggestion: Utiliza Let's not + verbo para hacer sugerencias negativas:
Lets not wait.

Shall is also used to suggest in dierent situations: Shall tambin es utilizado para sugerir en distintas situaciones:

James: Im hungry - lets eat!

Brian: OK. Shall we go to a restaurant?

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 F M OV E M E N T
T I O N S O
PREPOSI

We use prepositions of movement to describe and express the direction that someone or something is
moving in, to or from a place.
Se utilizan preposiciones de movimiento para describir y expresar la direccin en la que, desde la que o
hacia la que alguien o algo se est moviendo.

along the road. (the length of a road) (la longitud de un camino)

over the bridge. (from one side of an open space to another. To pass above something.) (desde un
lado de un espacio abierto hacia otro. Pasar sobre algo.)

across the river. (From one side to the other) (De un lado al otro)

into the room. (From outside a space to inside a space) (Desde fuera de un espacio hacia dentro de un espacio)

out of the theatre. (From inside a space to outside a space) (Desde dentro de un espacio hacia fuera de un espacio)

up / down the stairs. (can also be used for increase and decrease, in addition to physical movement)
(tambin puede ser utilizado para "incremento" y "decremento", adems de para movimiento fsico)

Up the stairs

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 R A S A L V E RB S
PH
A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a preposition or an adverb; the combination creates a meaning dierent
from the original verb alone. The preposition or adverb that follows the verb is sometimes called a particle.
Phrasal verbs are an important part of the English language. However, they are mainly used in spoken English
and informal texts.
Un phrasal verb es un verbo seguido por una preposicin o un adverbio; la combinacin crea un signicado
diferente al del verbo original en solitario. La preposicin o adverbio que sigue al verbo a veces se llama
partcula. Los phrasal verbs son una parte importante del ingls. Sin embargo, se utilizan principalmente en
ingls hablado y textos informales.

To get = to obtain I need to get a new battery for my camera.

To get together = to meet Why dont we all get together for lunch one day?

In this way, some verbs have two words: The rst word is the verb: listen, be, switch, turn. The second
word is the preposition or adverb: to, into, on, down.
De esta forma, algunos verbos tienen dos palabras. La primera palabra es el verbo: listen, be, switch, turn.
La segunda palabra es la preposicin o adverbio: to, into, on, down.

listen to: What music do you listen to?

be into: Im into jazz.

switch on: Lets switch on the TV.

turn down: Can you turn down the music please?

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 A S T S I M P L E :
THE P G U L A R V E RBS
L A R A N D I RRE
REGU

We use the past simple to talk about actions completed in the past. Its the same for all subjects:
I/ You/ He / She/ It/ We/ They/ played tennis yesterday.
Se utiliza el pasado simple para hablar sobre acciones completadas en el pasado. Es igual para todos los
sujetos: I/You/He/She/It/We/They played tennis yesterday.

There are two kinds of verbs: regular and irregular. For most verbs we add ed to form the past such as
walked, lived, played. These are called regular verbs.
Hay dos tipos de verbos: regulares e irregulares. Para la mayora de verbos se aade -ed para formar el
pasado como en walked, lived, played. Estos se llaman verbos regulares.

We have to use did/ didnt + innitive for negative past and interrogatives.
Se tiene que utilizar did/didn't + innitivo para negaciones y preguntas.

There are spelling rules for regular verbs: Most regular verbs: add ed: worked, started, wanted.
Hay reglas ortogrcas para verbos regulares: La mayora de verbos regulares, aaden -ed: worked,
started, wanted.

Regular verbs ending in e: add d: lived, hated.

Los verbos regulares que acaban en -e, aaden -d: lived, hated.

Regular verbs ending in consonant + y: -y -i and add ed: studied, married.

Los verbos regulares que acaban en consonante + y, -y -i y aaden ed: studied, married.

Regular verbs ending in consonant + vowel + consonant: double the consonant: stopped.
Los verbos regulares que acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante, doblan la consonante: stopped.

There are no rules for irregular verbs. No hay reglas para los verbos irregulares.

+ - ?

I/you/he/she He did not walk home.

He walked home. Did he walk home?
it/we/they He didn't walk home.

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 p a s t s i m p l e :
The l a r v e rbs
i r r e g u
regular and

Some common verbs have an irregular form in the simple past. We use the irregular past form only in
armative sentences: I saw a lm yesterday. Use the innitive after did/ didnt for negatives and interro-
gatives: Did you see a lm last night? Algunos verbos comunes tienen una forma irregular en el pasado
simple. Se utiliza la forma irregular del pasado solo en frases armativas: I saw a lm yesterday. Utiliza el
innitivo despus de did/didn't en negaciones y preguntas: Did you see a lm last night?

Here are some common irregular verbs: Estos son algunos verbos irregulares comunes:

bring brought
buy bought
come came
eat ate
find found
go went
have had
hear heard
read read
run ran
see saw
sleep slept
tell told

The past of can is could. The negative is couldnt , NOT didnt can. The interrogative is: Could you?
NOT Did you can? El pasado de can es could. La negacin es couldn't, NO didn't can. El interrogante
es: Could you...? NO Did you can...?

The verb to be has two forms in the simple past: was/were. The contraction in the negative form is:
wasnt = was not, werent = were not. El verbo to be tiene dos formas en el pasado simple: was/were.
La contraccin en la forma negativa es: wasnt = was not, werent = were not.

+ - ?

Polly was not at school yesterday. Was Sally at work

I/he/she/it I was happy yesterday.
Polly wasn't at school yesterday last week?

You were not late last night. Were Sue and Jane
you/we/they You were tired yesterday.
You weren't late last night. on holiday last week?

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 p a s t s i m p l e :
The l a r v e rbs
i r r e g u
regular and

Past time phrases:

Ago: We use ago to talk about a time in the past. We use it with the Past Simple:
Ago: Se utiliza ago para hablar sobre un tiempo pasado. Se utiliza con el Pasado Simple: I went to
Mexico two years ago.

- I went to Mexico two years ago.

Last: We use last to say the day, week, etc. in the past that is nearest to now:
Last: Se utiliza last para decir el da, semana, etc., en el pasado que est ms cercano a ahora: I went
dancing last Saturday.

- I went dancing last Saturday.

We also use last with days (last Tuesday), months (last March) and in these phrases:
last night, last week, last weekend, last month, last year, last century.
Tambin se utiliza last con das (last Tuesday), meses (last March) y en estas frases: last nigth, last week,
last weekend, last month, last year, last century.

In: We use in with years (in 2005) and months (in May).
In: Se utiliza in con aos (in 2005) y meses (in May).

- My son was born in 2006.

We also use in with decades (in the nineties) and centuries (in the twenty-rst century).
Tambin se utiliza in con dcadas (in the nineties) y siglos (in the twenty-rst century).

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 H E RE I S / A RE
T
We use there is/ there are to say that somebody or something exists. We use there is + a singular noun
and there are + plural nouns. Se utiliza there is/there are para decir que alguien o algo existe. Se utiliza
there is + un nombre singular y there are + nombres en plural.

There is is often contracted to Theres. There are is not usually contracted.

There is a menudo se contrae como There's. There are no suele contraerse.

SINGULAR PLURAL

Theres a garage. There are some pictures on the wall

There isnt a swimming pool There arent any plants in the room.
Is there a bathroom downstairs? Are there any neighbours with children?
Yes, there is Yes, there are
No, there isnt No, there arent

When we talk about a list of things we use there is if the rst word in the list is singular or there are if
the rst word in the list is plural: Cuando se habla sobre una lista de cosas se utiliza there is si la primera
palabra en la lista es singular o there are si la primera palabra en la lista es plural.

In my bedroom theres a bed, two chairs and a desk.

In the living room there are two armchairs and a sofa.

There was/there were is the past form of there is/ there are.
There was / there were es la forma pasado de there is / there are.

Theres a garage.

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 O N T I N U O U S
PRE SE N T C

We can use the present continuous to describe things that are happening now:
Puede utilizarse el presente continuo para describir cosas que estn sucediendo ahora:

Its raining; the baby is crying.

We use the present tense of the verb be (am, is, are) and the ing form of the verb (writing, feeling, doing).
Se utiliza el tiempo presente del verbo 'be' (am, is, are) y la forma -ing del verbo (writing, feeling, doing).

There are spelling rules for the ing form: Hay reglas ortogrcas para la forma -ing:

Most verbs add ing: go= going; play= playing

La mayora de los verbos aaden ing: go = going; play = playing

Verbs ending in -e: take o e and add ing:Los verbos que acaban en -e, quitan la -e y aaden ing:
smoke = smoking, write = writing

Verbs ending in consonant + vowel + consonant: double the last consonant and add ing:
Los verbos que terminan en consonante + vocal + consonante, doblan la ltima consonante y
aaden ing: sit= sitting; run= running

+ - ?

Im writing this
I Im not feeling very well today. Am I doing this right?
on the computer.

you Youre looking good! You arent eating. Are you feeling OK?

he/she/it Its raining. Paul isnt shopping, he's here. Whats Alison wearing?

Bill and Sue arent talking, Where are Elena

we/they Were waiting for you.
it's quiet there. and Polly sitting?

Its raining
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 O R F U T U RE
E S E N T CO N TINUOUS F
P R

We use the present continuous verb form I am (Im) going to talk about future events when we know
that they are arranged or xed plans. Se utiliza la forma verbal del presente continuo 'I am (I'm) going'
para hablar sobre eventos futuros cuando se sabe que estn organizados o son planes jos.

Common expressions where we use present continuous for future arrangements are: tonight, next
month (year, week) tomorrow, this weekend, etc. Expresiones comunes donde se utiliza el presente
continuo para planes futuros son: tonight, next month (year, week...), tomorrow, this weekend, etc.

Im playing football at four oclock.

Hes coming home tomorrow.
Theyre not going to London next summer.
Are they arriving on the next train?

RE P L A N S
B E G O I N G T O FOR FUTU

We use be going to+ innitive to talk about a future plans which is already decided:
Se utiliza be going to + innitivo para hablar sobre planes futuros que ya estn decididos:

Im going to meet Tony in town.

We often use future time expressions with going to: tomorrow, next week, next year, etc.
A menudo se utiliza expresiones en tiempo futuro con going to: tomorrow, next week, next year, etc.

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 r f u t u r e p l a n s
g o i n g t o f o
Be

+ - ?

I am going to watch TV. Am I going to pass

I Im not going to speak to Nimisha.
I'm going to watch TV. the exam?

You are going to win! Are you going

you You arent going to lose the game!
You're going to win! to tell Sandy?

Jenny is going to play football. Is the weather going

he/she/it Rajeev isnt going to understand.
Jennys going to play football. to get better?

We are going to make a cake. They arent going to live Are Gill and Dean going
we/they
Were going to make a cake. in the city centre. to stay in a hotel?

We can also use be going to + verb (innitive) for predictions: Tambin puede utilizarse be going to +
verbo (innitivo) para predicciones:

(I think) Theyre going to be very happy/ (I think) Its going to rain.

They arent going to live in the city centre.

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 N G T H E T I M E
TELL I
The common question forms we use to ask for the time are:
Las formas comunes que se utilizan para preguntar la hora son:

What time is it? or What is the time?

The common question forms we use to ask at what time a specic event will happen are:
Las formas comunes que se utilizan para preguntar a qu hora suceder un evento especco son:

What time...? or When...?

What time does the ight to New York leave?

When does the concert begin?

Giving the Time

We use It is or It's to respond to the questions that we ask for the time.
Se utiliza It is o It's para responder a la pregunta de qu hora es.

It is half past five (5:30)

It's ten to twelve (11:50)

We use the structure AT + time when giving the time of a specic event.
Se utiliza la estructura AT + hora cuando se da la hora de un evento especco.

The bus arrives at midday (12:00)

The ight leaves at a quarter to two (1:45)

We can also use subject pronouns in these responses.

Tambin se pueden utilizar pronombres como sujeto en estas respuestas.

It arrives at midday (12:00)

It leaves at a quarter to two (1:45)

We can use the adverbs exactly or about.

Se pueden utilizar los adverbios exactly o about.

14:00 : Its exactly two oclock.

14:28: Its about half past two.

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 t h e T i m e
Telling
There are two common ways of telling the time: Hay dos formas comunes de decir la hora:

1) Say the hour rst and then the minutes. (Hour + Minutes)
Decir primero la hora y despus los minutos (Hora + Minutos)

6:25 - six twenty-ve

8:05 - eight O-ve
9:11 - nine eleven
2:34 - two thirty-four

2) Say the minutes rst and then the hour. (Minutes + PAST / TO + Hour)
Decir primero los minutos y depus la hora. (Minutos + PAST/TO + Hora)
For minutes 1-30 we use PAST after the minutes. Para los minutos 1-30 se utiliza PAST tras los minutos.
For minutes 31-59 we use TO after the minutes. Para los minutos 31-59 se utiliza TO tras los minutos.

2:35 - twenty-ve to three

11:20 - twenty past eleven
4:18 - eighteen past four
8:51 - nine to nine
2:59 - one to three

When it is 15 minutes past the hour we normally say: a quarter past

Cuando son 15 minutos depus de una hora, normalmente se dice: a quarter past

7:15 - a quarter past seven

When it is 15 minutes before the hour we normally say: a quarter to

Cuando son 15 minutos antes de una hora, normalmente se dice: a quarter to

12:45 - a quarter to one

When it is 30 minutes past the hour we normally say: half past

Cuando son 30 minutos pasados de una hora, normalmente se dice: half past

3:30 - half past three (but we can also say three-thirty) (pero tambin se puede decir three-thirty)

We use o'clock when there are NO minutes. Se utiliza o'clock cuando NO hay minutos.

10:00 - ten o'clock

5:00 - ve o'clock

For 12:00 there are four expressions in English. Para las 12:00 hay cuatro expresiones en ingls.

twelve o'clock
midday = noon
midnight

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 t h e T i m e
Telling
When we have to write the time we have to consider that we don't normally use the 24-hour clock in
English. Cuando se tiene que escribir la hora se tiene que considerar que normalmente no se utiliza el
formato de 24 horas en ingls.

We use a.m. (am) for the morning and p.m. (pm) for the afternoon and night.
Se utiliza a.m. (am) por la maana y p.m. (pm) por la tarde y la noche.

3am = Three o'clock in the morning.

3pm = Three o'clock in the afternoon.

Its three oclock

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