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1, , , 2, 2, 3
Entonces
11 + 22 + + es peridica de periodo.
Notacin de sumatoria
0 + 1 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 2 + = 0 + ( + )
=1
Taller #1
(Grupo de 8 estudiantes)
Desarrollo
1) =
=
1
=
=
1
= |
1
= [ () ()]
1
= [0]
=0
2)
1
=
1
= ( )|
1
= [ () + ()]
1 1
= +
=0
3)
=
= 2
1
= (1 + 2 )
2
1 1
+ 2
2 2
1 1
( + ) + 2|
2 4
1 2 (2)
+ [ ]
4 2
=
4)
=
= 2
1
= (1 2 )
2
1 1
= 2
2 2
1
= | 2|
2 4
1
=[ + ] [ 2 (2)]
2 2 4
1
[ 2 (2)]
4
5)
(cos( + ) + ( + ) cos )
= |
2( + )
(cos( + ) 2 + ( + ) cos 2 ) (cos( + ) 2 + ( + ) cos 2 )
=
2( + ) 2( + )
Series de Fourier: sea ()una funcin peridica de periodo
= 2 que puede ser representada mediante una serie
trigonomtrica.
() = 0 + ( + )
=1
1
0 = ()
2
1
= () ; = 1,2
1
= () ; = 1,2
{
() = 0 + ( + )
=1
; < < 0
() = {
; 0 < <
Solucin:
Coeficientes
1
0 = ()
2
0
1
0 = [ + ]
2 0
1 0
0 = [| + | ]
2 0
1
0 = [(0) + () + (0)]
2
0 = 0
1
= ()
1 0
= [ + ]
0
1 1 0 1
= [ | + | ]
0
0
= | + |
0
= ( (0) ()) + ( (0))
= 0
1
= ()
1 0
= [ + ]
0
1 1 0 1
= [ | | ]
0
0
= | |
0
= ( (0) ()) + ( + (0))
= (1 cos + 1)
= (2 2)
2
= [1 (1) ]
4 4 4
1 = ; 2 = 0; 3 = 3; 4 = 0; 5 = 5
() = 0 + ( + )
=1
4 4 4
= sin + sin 3 + sin5 +
3 5
4 1 1
= (sin + sin + sin + )
3 5
4 1
= 1 sin(2 1)
2
=1
1 1 1 1
Para = 1, 3 , ,7, , {La Serie de Leibniz
2 5 9
Ejemplo N3
1
0 = ()
2
3
1 2 2
0 = [ + ( )]
2
2 2
3
3
1 1 2 2 2 2
0 = [ | + ()]
2 2
2 2 2
3 3
1 1 2 2 1
2 2| 2 ]
0 = [ (( ) ( )) + |
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 3 1 32 2
0 = [0 + ( ) (( ) ( )]
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2
0 = [ 2 ]
2
0 = 0
1
= ()
3
1 2 2
= [ + ( )]
2 2
3 3
1 1 2 2 2
= [ + () ()]
2 2 2
3
1 1 2 2 1 32
= [ + 2 | + | ()]
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 3 1
= [( + 2 ) ( + 2 ) + ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
1 2
+ | ]
2
3
1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2
= [2 2 + ( ) + ( + )
2 2 2 2
1 2
( )]
2
1
= ()
3
1 2 2
= [ + ( )]
2 2
3 3
1 1 2 2 2
= [ + () ()]
2 2 2
3
1 1 2 2 1 32
= [ + 2 | + | ()]
2 2 2
1 1 1
= [( cos + 2 ) ( + 2 )
2 2 2 2
3
1 3 1 1 2
+ ( ) + | ]
2 2
2
1 1 1
= [( cos + 2 ) ( + 2 )
2 2 2 2
3
1 3 1 1 2 2
+ ( ) + ( ))]
2 2
() = 0 + ( + )
=1
4 4 4
() = + + 5
3 5
4 1 1
() = [ + 3 + 5 ]
3 5
4 1
() = (2 1)
2 1
=1
= = 1,2,3
2
1 1 1 1 1
1, 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 Conocida como serie de Leibniz
Convergencia de la serie de Fourier
(0 +) + (0 )
2
Donde
1
0 = ()
2
1
= ()
1
= ()
Funciones Pares e Impares
Ejemplo:
Propiedad
Ejemplos
Propiedad
Con coeficientes
1 2
0 = () = ()
Con coeficientes
2
= ()
Ejemplos de funciones arbitrarias
0 2 < < 1
() { 1 < < 1 p=2L L=2
0 1<<2
1
0 = ()
2
1 1
0 =
4 1
1
0 = ( )
4 1
0 = +
4 4
0 =
2
1
= ()
1 1
=
2 1
2 1
= [ ]
2 2 1
= [ + ]
2 2
2
= [ ]
2
1
= ()
=
2 2
2 1
= [ ]
2 2 1
= [ ]
2 2
= [0]
= 0
2 2 2 2
1 = ; 2 = 0 ; 3 = ; 4 = 0 ; 5 = ; 6 = 0 ; 7 =
3 5 7
() = 0 + ( + )
=1
2 2 3 2 5
() = + [ + ..]
2 2 3 2 5 2
2 1 3 1 5
() = + [ + ..]
2 2 3 2 5 2
2 (1)21 (2 1)
() = +
2 (2 1) 2
=1
() = 2 0<< ; ( + ) = ()
1
0 = ()
2 0
1 2
0 =
0
1 3
0 = ( )
3 0
1 3
0 = [ 0]
3
2
0 =
3
42
0 =
3
1
= 2
0
2 2 2
=
0
2 2 2 2
= [ 2 ]
2 2 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
= [ 2 2 ]
2 2 2 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= [ 2 2 + ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 0
22
= [ 2 2 2]
2
2
= [ 2 2 ]
2 2 2
=
0
2 2 2 2
= [ 2 ]
2 2 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
= [ + 2 2 ]
2 2 2 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= [ + 2 2 + ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 0
22
= [ 2 2 2]
2
2
= [ 2 2 2]
, < <0
{
, 0<<
1
0 = ()
0
1
0 =
0
1 2
0 = |0
2
0 =
2
0 =
2
2
= () cos ( )
0
2
= () cos ( )
0
2 1
= [ sin sin ]
0
2 1 1
= [ sin + 2 cos 0 2 cos 0]
2 1 1
= [ 2 cos 2 ]
2
= [cos 1]
2
Ejemplo:
1
0 = ()
2
1 /2
0 =
2 /2
1 /2
0 = []/2
2
1
0 = [ ( ) ( )]
2 2 2
1
0 = [ ( + )]
2 2 2
1
0 = () = 1
2 2 = () cos()
1 2 2
= [ cos() + 0 cos() ]
2 2
2 () 2
1 = , = [ ]|
2
2 = 0,
= [ ( ) + ( )]
2 2
2
3 = 2
3 = ( )
2
4 = 0
2 2 2
() = + [ 3 + 5 + ]
2 2 3 5
5 =
5
2 3 5
() = + [ + + ]
2 1 3 5
2 (1)1
() = + cos(2 1)
2 (2 1)
=1
() = () < < 0
As se tendr : [, ]
( + ) = ()
Donde:
1 2
0 = () = () cos ( )
0 0
() = () < < 0
( + ) = ()
Donde:
2
= sen ( )
0
Ejemplo N 1:
2
; 0 < <
() = { 2
2
( ); < <
2
1
0 = ()
0
2 2 2
0 = [ + ( ) ]
0
2
1 2 2 2 2
0 = [ . |0 + 2 |
2 2
1 2 2
2
0 = [ ( ) 0] + 2 [ ] [() ( ) ]
2 2 2
1
0 = [ + +2 + ]
4 4
1 2
0 = [ ]=
4 2
2
= () cos ( )
0
2 2 2 2
= [ cos ( ) + ( ) cos ( ) ]
0
2
2 2 2 2 2
= [ cos ( ) + 2 cos ( ) cos ( ) ]
0
2 2
= ; = ; =
= ; = ; = cos ( ) ; = ( )
2 2 2
2 ( ) 2 ( )
= [ cos() + 2 cos() + ]
0 /2
2
2 2 2 2 2 ( ) 2
= [ [ ( )]0 ) + [ ( )] ) + () ( ) ]
2 /2
2 2 2 2 ( ) 2
= [ [ ( ) (0) ) + [() ( )) + [cos( )] ]
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 ( ) 2 2
= [ ( )+ () ( ) cos() + cos ( )]
2 2 2
4
= (2 cos ( ) cos( 1))
2 2 2
Sea () = 0 +
=1( cos() + sin(); = 2
Donde {
1
0 = ()
2
1
= ()cos()
1
= ()sen()
= cos() + ()
= cos() ()
Luego
= cos() + () ; =
= cos() ()
Sumando y restando respectivamente observamos
= cos() + ()
= cos() + ()
= cos() + ()
+
= cos() ()
+ = 2cos() = 2()
+
= cos() = ()
2 2
1 1
cos() = 2 ( + ) () = 2( )
Por lo tanto
1 1
cos() + () = ( + () ) + ( + () )
2 2
1 1 1 1
= + +
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= ( + ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
= ( ) + ( + )
2 2 2 2
1 1
= ( ) + ( + )
2 2
Denotamos:
1
0 = 0 = ()
2
1 1 1
= ( )
= [ () cos() ()() ]
2 2
1
= ()(cos() ())
2
1 1
= ( + ) = ()
2 2
Entonces
() = + ( + )
=1
= = 1,2,3
Entones
() =
= Series de Fourier en la forma compleja
Donde
1
= ()
2
Note que:
Ya que
1 1
= ( ) =
= ( + )
2 2
= +
= (
) = 1,2,3
0 = 0
Ejemplo:
Solucin:
1
= ()
2
1 ()
=
2
1
=
2
1 (1)
=
2
1 1
= . (1) |
2 1
1 1
= . [ . . ]
2 1
Pero
1 1
= . [ . (1) . (1) ] 2 = 1
2 1
(1)
= ( )
(1 )
(1)
= [ ]
(1 ) 2
(1) 1 +
= (). ( )
(1 ) 1 +
(1)2 (1 + )
=
(1 + 2 )
=0
()
0 =
As pues:
() (1)
() = + ()(1 + ).
(1 + 2 )
=
(1)
= ()(1 )
(1 + 2 )
0 = 0
(1) (1)
= ( ()(1 + ) ()(1 ))
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 )
(1) ()
= [1 + 1 + ]
(1 + 2 )
2 2 (1) ()
=
(1 + 2 )
2(1)+1 ()
=
(1 + 2 )
(1) (1)
= ( ()(1 + ) + ()(1 ))
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 )
(1) ()
= [1 + + 1 ]
(1 + 2 )
(1) 2()
=
(1 + 2 )
As la serie de Fourier Reales:
() = + cos() + ()
=1
() (1) 2() cos() 2(1)+1 ()()
() = + +
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 )
=1
() 2() (1) cos() (1)+1 ()()
() = + +
1 + 2 (1 + 2 )
=1
2() (1) cos() (1)+1 ()
() = + +
1 + 2 1 + 2
=1
() = < <
() = 2
() =
=
1
= ()
2
() = = 2
1 1
= () =
2 2
1 1
= [ | + ]
2
1
= | + |
2() 2()
()
= [ ]+[ ]
2 2() 2()2 2()2
1 + 1
= [ ]+ [ ]
2 2()2 2
1 1
= cos() + ()
2()2
1 1 1 1
0 = () = = 2 | = [()2 ()2 ]
2 2 2(2) 4
0
= =0 0 = 0
4
(1) (1)
= 1 () =
=
() (1)
= +
= + = (1) (1) = 0
(1) (1) () (1) + (1)
= (
) = [ ]=[ ]
Donde:
() = ()
() = ()
Determinemos:
() = 0 [() cos + () sin ]
1 1
() = () cos () = () sin
1 1 1 1
() = 1(1) cos () = 1(1) sin
1 1
() = sin |11 () = cos |11
1 1
() = (sin() sin()) () = (cos() cos())
2 sin 0
() = () = = 0
2 sin
() = 0 [ cos + (0) sin ]
2 sin cos
() = 0 [ ]
= 1 =1
( ) + ( +) 0 + 1 1 ( ) + ( +) 1 + 0 1
= = = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
As pues:
2 sin cos
sin cos
< 1 [ ] = 0 [ ] = 0
0 0
2 sin cos 1
sin cos
= 1 [ ] = [ ] =
0 2 0 4
2 sin cos
sin cos
1 < < 1 [ ] = 1 [ ] =
0 0 2
2 sin cos 1
sin cos
=1 [ ] = [ ] =
0 2 0 2
2 sin cos
sin cos
>1 [ ] = 0 [ ] = 0
0 0
As pues:
0; < 1
; = 1
4
sin cos
[ ] = ; 1 < < 1
0 2
; =1
2
{ 0; >1
Ejemplo n 2: Determine La integral de Fourier de
0; <0
() = { 1; 0 < < 2
0; >2
Determinemos:
() = 0 [() cos + () sin ]
1 1 2
() = () cos () = 0 () sin
1 2 1 2
() = 0 (1) cos () = 0 (1) sin
1 1
() = sin |20 () = cos |20
1 1
() = (sin(2) sin(0)) () = (cos(2) cos(0))
sin 2 1cos 2
() = () = =0
sin 2 1cos 2
() = 0 [ cos + sin ]
1 1 2+ 2
() = 0 [2 sin ( ) cos ( )]
2 2
2 sin cos()
() = 0 [ ]
=0
( ) + ( +) 0 + 1 1
= =
2 2 2
=2
( ) + ( +) 1 + 0 1
= =
2 2 2
As pues:
2 sin cos
<0 [ ] = 0
0 sin cos
0 [ ] = 0
2 sin cos 1
=0 [ ] = sin cos
0 2 0 [ ] =
4
=1
2 sin cos 1
=2 [ ] = sin cos
0 2 0 [ ] =
2
0; <0
; =0
4
sin cos( )
[ ] = ;0 < < 2
0 2
; =2
2
{ 0; >2
; 0 < <
() = {
0; >
2
() = cos
= =
sin
= cos =
2
() =
[ sin |0 0 sin ]
2 1
() = [ sin + cos | ]
0
2
() = 2 [ sin + cos cos 0]
2 sin cos 1
() = [
+ 2
2 ]
() = [ + ] [ ]
2
() = sin
= =
cos
= sin =
2
() = [ cos |0 + 0 cos ]
2 1
() = [ cos + sin | ]
0
2
() = 2 [ cos + sin sin 0]
2 cos sin
() = [
+ 2
]
() = [ + ] [ ]
TRANSFORMADA DE FOURIER
2
() = (()) = 0 () cos
2
() = (()) = 0 () sin
Propiedad de linealidad:
{ + } = {} + {}
{ + } = {} + {}
{ + } = {} + {}
{()} = 2 {()}
2
{()} = 2 {()} (0)
{()} = 2 {()}
Aplicando las propiedades anteriores a la segunda derivada se
tiene que:
{ ()} = 2 {()}
2
{()} = 2 {()} (0)
2
{()} = 2 {()} + (0)
siguiente funcin
; 0 < <
() = {
0; >
2
() = (()) = 0 () cos
2
() = 0 cos
2
() = 0 cos
2 1
() = [ sin | ]
0
2 1
() = [ sin ]
() = [ ]
2
() = (()) = 0 () sin
2
() = 0 sin
2
() = 0 sin
2 1
() = [ cos | ]
0
2 1
() = [ (cos + 1)]
() = [( )]
Frmula
= ( + )
2 + 2
() = , > 0
2
() = {()} = 0
2
() = [(1)2 + 2 ( + )]
2
() = [ 1+ 2
+ 1+ 2
]
0
2 2 0 0 0 0
() = [ + ] [ + ]
1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2
0
2 0
() = ( 1+2 )
2 1
() = (1+ 2 )
Frmula
= 2 +2 ( )
() = , > 0
2
() = {()} = 0
2
() = [(1)2 +2 ( )]
2
() = [ ]
1+ 2 1+ 2 0
2 2 0 0 0 0
() = [ 1+ 2
1+ 2
]+ [
1+ 2
+ 1+ 2
]
2 0 0
() = ( 1+ 2
)
2
() = (1+ 2 )
Pruebe que:
0, < 0
+
0 ={ =0 ,
2 +1 2
, > 0
Considerando
0, < 0
() = {
, > 0
1
() = ()
1
() = 0
() = 0
() = [ + ]
0
2 +1
1 1
() = [1 + 0] =
2 +1 2 +1
1
() = ()
1
() = 0
() = [ ]
0
2 +1
1
() = 0 1+2 = 1+2
() = 0 [() + ()]
+
() = 0 2 +1
= 0
()+(+) 0+
2
= 2
=2
Despus
+
0 2 +1
= 0, < 0
+
0 2 +1
= 2 , = 0
+
0 = , > 0
2 +1
0, < 0
+
0 ={ =0 ,
2 +1 2
, > 0
Frmulas
de Serie de
Fourier
Frmulas
1) () = 0 + ( cos() + ()
=1
1
0 = ()
2
1
2) = ()cos() ; = 1,2
1
= ()() ; = 1,2
{
Donde:
1
0 = ()
2
1
4) = () ( )
1
= () ( )
{
Donde:
1
0 = ()
0
6)
2
= () ( )
{ 0
- Series de Fourier Seno
7) () = ( ) = 0 = 0
=1
Donde:
2
8) { = () ( )
0
9) () = 0 + ( cos() + sin(); = 2
=1
Donde:
1
0 = ()
2
1
10) =
()cos()
1
= () sen()
{
11) () =
=
Donde:
1
12) { = ()
2
Donde:
1
14) { = ()
2
- Para Pasar de una serie compleja a una serie real
= +
15) { 0 = 0
= (
)
Integral de Fourier
16) () = [ cos() + ()()]
0
Donde:
1
() =
() cos()
17)
1
() = () sen()
{
( ) + (+ )
18)
2
20) () = () sen() = 0
0
Donde:
2
() =
() cos()
0
21)
2
() = () sen()
{ 0
Transformada de Fourier
- Transformada de Fourier de una funcin
1
22) () = {()} = ()
2
2
24) () = {()} = () cos()
0
2
25) () = 1 {
()} = () cos()
0
2
26) () = {()} = () ()
0
2
27) () = 1 { ()} = () sen()
0
Propiedad de linealidad
28) { + } = {} + {}
29) { + } = {} + {}
30) { + } = {} + {}
2
32) {()} = {()} (0)
2
35) {()} = 2 {()} (0) 36) {()} = 2 {()} +
2
(0)
Parcial
Resuelto
Matemtica Superior para Ingeniero
Ingeniera Elctrica
Parcial Resuelto #2
Serie de Fourier
() = + || , < < ( + 2)
1
0 = ()
2
1
0 = 2
2 0
1
0 =
0
1 2
0 = [ 0]
2
0 =
2
1
= () cos
2
=
0
2
= [ ]
0
2 cos
= [ + ]
2 0
2 cos cos 0
= [ + 2
0 ]
2
2 cos 1
= ( 2 2)
2
= (1) 1
1
= () sen
2
= x sen
0
2
= [ ] +
0
2 sen
= [ + ]
2 0
2 sen sen 0
= [ + ]
2 2
2
= [ (1) ]
2(1)+1
=
2 2(1)+1
() = + ( (1) 1 )
2
=1
() = , 0<<1
Seno 0 = = 0
1
= 0 ()
2 1
=
1 0
2 cos 1 1
= [ + cos ]
1 0
2 cos 1
= [ + 2 2 ]
1 0
2
= [ cos + 0]
2
= [cos ]
2(1)
=
2(1)
() =
Coseno
Bn=0
1
0 = ()
0
0 =
0
1 1
0 = [ 2 ]
2 0
1
0 =
2
2
= ()
0
2 1
= cos
1 0
1 1
= 2 [ ]
0
1
= 2 [ 2 2 ]
0
= 2 [ 1]
2 2
= 2 [ 1]
2 2
2(1) 1
=
2 2
1 2(1)
() = +
2
() = , 0 < < 2, ( + 2) = ()
= , =
1 2
=
2 0 = , =
1 1 2
= ( + )
2 0
1 2
= ( 2 2 ) |0
2
1
= ( + 2 ) |20
2
1 2 2 2 0
= ( + 2)
2 2
1
=
= , 0
() = +
=
1 2
0 = 0 =
0
1 2 2
0 = [ ]|
2 2 0
4 2
0 =
4
0 =
= =0
2 2
= ( + ) = =
2
() = + sin()
=1
() = , >0
Integral de Seno
() = () cos()
0
1
() = cos()
0
1
() = [ ( cos{} + sin{} )] |
0
1 + 2
0
() = [ ( cos{} + sin{} ) ( cos{0} + sin{0} )]
1 + 2 1 + 2
1 1
() = ( )
1 + 2
1 1
() = ( ) cos()
0 1 + 2
Integral Coseno
() = () sin()
0
() = sin()
0
1
() = [ ( sin{} cos{} )] |
0
1 + 2
1 0
() = [ ( sin{} cos{} ) ( sin{0} cos{0} )]
1 + 2 1 + 2
2
() = ( )
1 + 2
2
() = ( ) sin()
0 1 + 2
, <0
() = {
, >0
1
() = {()} = ()
2
0
1
() = [ . + . ]
2 0
0 0
1 1
() = (1) + (1+)
2 2
1 1 1 1 (1+)
() = (1) |
+ |
2 1 2 1 +
1 1 1 1
() = ( 0(1) (1) ) ( (1+) 0(1+) )
2 1 2 1 +
1 1
() = +
2(1 ) 2(1 + )
1 + + 1
() =
2(1 )(1 + )
2
() =
2(12 2 2 )
2
() =
2(1 2 )