PET519Oil&GasTransportation

COVENANTUNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENTOFPETROLEUMENGINEERING
ALPHASEMESTEREXAMINATION(19/01/2010)
COURSE:PET519OIL&GASTRANSPORTATION
LECTURER:DRO.D.ORODU

Answer Question #1 and any other 2 Questions

Question #1 (50marks), Questions #2, #3 and #4 are all 25marks each
Time: 3Hrs

144 0
2
Assumptions
K.E =0; Isothermal flow; Horizontal flow; Heat is not transferred to or from fluid to surroundings, and No work done by
fluid during flow

1(a)(i)
Derive the general gas flow equation for pressure drop due to friction from the above expression in the
following units;
q= cfh (ft3/hr) at base temperature and pressure; Tb=0R, base temperature; Pb=psia, base pressure;
P1 & P2= psia, inlet and outlet pressure; D=ft, pipe inside diameter; g=dimensionless, specific gravity; L=miles, length;
z=compressibility factor at average flow pressure and isothermal temperature, f=dimensionless Moody friction factor
(10 Marks)

1(a)(ii)
0.032
.
Substitute the above expression for friction factor by Weymouth into the derived general gas flow
equation to obtain Weymouths equation for gas flow. And explain the difference in calculating flow
rate between the general gas equation and the Weymouth gas equation without friction factor.
(3 Marks)

1(b)
Derive the general oil flow equation for pressure drop due to friction from the above expression in the
following units (7 Marks);
f=dimensionless Moody friction factor; o=specific oil gravity; q=m3/hr; D=mm, pipe inside diameter; L=km, length;
P1 & P2= kPa, inlet and outlet pressure

1(c)
How are both expressions for oil and gas flow altered to consider non-horizontal pipeline, use the
equations derived in 1a & 1b.(7 marks)
upstream

downstream

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 9Oil&GasTransportation
PET519

11(d)(i)
G
Giving a pipeline system
m in series annd parallel, give
g the exprression for thhe equivalennt length for both
p
pipeline systtems
( Marks)
(5

11(d)(ii)
R
Relate the seeries and parallel pipeline systems foor gas flow too
(a) fluid flow throug gh a permeabble and semi--permeable porous
p mediium in seriess and paralleel.
(b) heat flow
f throughh a compositte material inn series and parallel.
H
Hint: use skeetches and equations
e
( Marks)
(5

11(e)
I transportinng multiple liquid
In l produucts through a pipeline (aalso considerring elevatioon along pipeeline
r
route) g prevented between conntiguous batches?
how iss intermixing
( Marks)
(4

1
1(f)

A compressoor station witth multiple compressors

c s in series is to provide a gas dischargge pressure of
1
1500psia. Thhe gas inlet pressure
p and temperaturee are 100psiaa and 800F, respectively
r . How manyy
0
c
compressors in series will be requireed if the discharge tempeerature is limmited to 250 F? The ratioo of
s
specific heatts =1.4. Asssume ideal gasg behaviorr. (5 Marks))

1
1(g)

Show the diffference betw

S ween the hyddraulic presssure gradientt of crude oill and gas, annd the effect of non-
isothermal fllow. Discusss using sketcches. (4 Marrks)

A pipeline syystem is commposed of two sections, AB and BC. The form mer consists of two paraallel lines
a the latteer of three parallel
and p liness, of sizes and
a lengths as indicatedd in the figuure shown above.
a 50
M
MMcfd measured at stanndard condittions of 14.77psia and 600F are to be transmitted through thiss system.
T specific gravity of th
The 6 0F. Assumee compressibbility factor of 0.96
he gas is 0.6 and its tempperature is 60
a. Determine thet equivalent length forr the series-lloop system in terms of 8in.,
8 10in. annd 12in.
diameter pip
pe
b. Calculate thhe flow rate in each pipeeline of the series-loop syystem
N
Note: use thee Weymouth h Equation without
w fricttion factor.

P
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 PET519Oil&GasTransportation

3
A pipeline 150 miles long from Beaumont pump station to a tank farm at Glendale is used to transport
Alaskan North Slope crude oil (ANS crude). The pipe is 20in. in outside diameter and constructed of X-
52 steel. It is desired to operate the system at ANSI 600 pressure level (1440 psi). The pipeline profile is
such that there are two peaks located between Beaumont and Glendale. The first peak occurs at milepost
65.0 at an elevation of 1500 ft. The second peak is located at milepost 110.0 at an elevation of 2500 ft.
Beaumont has an elevation of 350 ft and Glendale is situated at an elevation of 650 ft. during the initial
phase of operation, 9000 bbl/hr of ANS crude will be pumped at a temperature of 600F and delivered to
Glendale tankage at a pressure of 30 psi. The specific gravity and viscosity of ANS crude at 600F may
be assumed to be 0.895 and 43 cSt respectively. Use the Miller equation.

(a) Determine the minimum wall thickness required to operate the pipeline system at a pressure of 1400
psi.
(b) At a flow rate of 9000 bbl/hr, how many pump stations would be required assuming horizontal
pipeline?
(c) At a flow rate of 9000 bbl/hr and considering the elevation along the pipeline route, where are the
locations of the pumps along the pipeline route?
(d) Assuming 80% pump efficiency; calculate the total pumping HP required for question (3b and 3c).
Note: Use a minimum suction pressure of 50 psi at each pump station.

4.0
A 16in., 0.25in. wall thickness, 50miles long buried pipeline transports 4000bbl/hr of heavy crude oil
that enters the pipeline at 1600F. The crude oil has a specific and viscosity as follows;

Temperature (oF) 100 140

Specific gravity 0.967 0.953
Viscosity (cSt) 2277 348

Assume a pipe burial depth of 36in. to the pipe and 1.5in. insulation thickness with a thermal
conductivity (k value) of 0.02Btu/hr-ft-0F. Also assume a uniform soil temperature of 600F with a K
value of 0.5Btu/hr-ft-0F. Using the heat balance equation calculate the temperature profile of the crude
for the first 5 miles. Assume an average specific heat of 0.45Btu/lbm-0F for the crude oil. Use the MIT
equation for pressure drop.

Specific gravity: ST=S60-a(T-60)

Viscosity: loge(v)=A-B(T)

Hint: divide the first 5 miles into 2 segments to solve for the temperature profile.

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 PET519Oil&GasTransportation

EQUATIONS, CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

R=10.732psia.ft3/lb-mol 0R g= H2O=64lbm/ft3 1mile=5280ft
M/29
2.31 1bbl=5.615ft3 (cP)= o(cSt)

/ 20
33,000 .

gc=32.14lbm-ft/lbf-sec2 PPC=709.604-58.518 g
92.24
TPC=170.491+307.344 g
.
. .
.
3.23 .
18.062

.
.
4.06 4
0.241
.
. .
. ; ; 0.0018 0.00662
4.35

2 .
r=(rt)1/n P1V1=P2V2
.
H=
w(lbm/hr)Cp(Btu/lb Hin-H+Hw=Hout
0 0
m F)T( F)
HHP=(1.7664104)Q(bbl/hr)Sg 1
Hw=2545(HHP) 2545
hf(ft)Lm(mile)
6.28

1 1 2 2
1

1 in.=25.4mm 1 mile=1.609 km 1 ft=0.3048 m 1 psi= 6.895 kPa

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