APPENDIX G

EXPERIMENTAL

OPERATING

AND

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

OPTIONAL

UNSTEADY STATE HEAT

TRANSFER UNIT

H112G
H112G_E_1_xxx
AUG 12
This page is intentionally blank
 G(i)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page G
INSTALLATION ................................................................................................................................... 6
220/240V Units ..................................................................................................................................... 6
110/120V Units ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Power Supply to Circulating Pump ...................................................................................................... 7
Temperature Sensors ............................................................................................................................ 7

OPERATING PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................ 8

MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................................................. 11
The Residual Current Circuit Breaker ............................................................................................... 11
Miniature Circuit Breaker .................................................................................................................. 11
High Temperature Cut Out ................................................................................................................. 11
The Water Bath ................................................................................................................................... 12
The Test Shapes .................................................................................................................................. 12

THEORY............................................................................................................................................... 13
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Thermal Resistance ............................................................................................................................ 13
Biot Number ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Low Biot Number (Bi < 0.1) ............................................................................................................... 15
High Biot Numbers (Bi > 0.1) ............................................................................................................ 15

USEFUL DATA .................................................................................................................................... 24

CAPABILITIES OF THE UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT H112G WITH THE
HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE UNIT H112....................................................................................... 25
1. To observe unsteady state conduction of heat to the centre of a solid shape (qualitative only
using manual recording, or optional Data Acquisition Upgrade HC112) when a step change is
applied to the temperature at the surface of the shape. ...................................................................... 26
2. Using analytical transient temperature/heat flow charts to determine the thermal conductivity
of a solid cylinder from measurements taken on a similar cylinder but having a different thermal
conductivity. ....................................................................................................................................... 29
3. The Investigation of the effect of shape, size and material properties on unsteady heat flow.
Using analytical transient-temperature heat flow charts to analyse the results obtained from
different solid shape ........................................................................................................................... 36
4. Investigation of the Lumped Thermal Capacitance method of transient temperature analysis. ..... 45
G(ii)

SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Symbol Units

kt t
Fo Fourier Number or -
2 2
c ( Length ) ( Length )
C Specific Heat Capacity kJkg-1K-1
R Radius m
x Distance or thickness m
V Voltage to heating element V
I Current to heating element A
Q Power to heating element and heat transfer rate W
Q Heat flux Wm-2
h Local heat transfer coefficient Wm-2K-1
T Temperature measured C
k
Thermal Diffusivity m2 s-1
c
k Thermal conductivity Wm-1K-1
Density kg m-3
t Elapsed time seconds
cv
Time constant seconds
hA

Subscripts
i Initial condition of shape at start of test
c Condition at geometric centre of shape
Condition of medium heating or cooling the shape under test
1 Water bath
2 Adjacent to heated shape
3 Geometric centre of heated shape
 G1

Figure G1

H112G FRONT VIEW

 G2

Figure G2

H112G CARRIER WITH 7-SHAPES

 G3

Figure G3

H112G SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

 G4

Figure G4
 G5

DESCRIPTION
UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT H112G

Please refer to Figure G1 page G1, G2 page GError! Bookmark not defined. and G3 page G3.

The Unsteady State Heat Transfer unit H112G is designed specifically for use with the Heat Transfer
Service Unit H112. The unit allows investigation of the temperature variation with time and heat flow
within solid shapes that are subjected to sudden heating.

The unit comprises a stainless steel water bath and integral flow duct with external water circulating
pump. The bath has a capacity of approximately 30 litres and is heated by a thermostatically controlled
3 kW (nominal rating at 240v) electric heating element in the base of the bath. Adjustment of the
thermostat allows the bath to be set to a nominally constant temperature before beginning the
experimental procedure. The heating element incorporates internal thermal protection so that power is
switched off in the event of the heater being turned on when not covered by water. However,
repeatedly allowing the heater to overheat in this way should be avoided as it will eventually fail.

The bath, circulating pump, miniature circuit breakers and residual current circuit breaker are all
mounted on a plastic base board for stability.

Seven simple shapes (Refer to FigureG4 on page G3) of different materials (Stainless steel and brass)
are provided and each is fitted with a thermocouple well at its geometric centre to allow measurement
of its core temperature. A carrier allows each of the shapes to be attached and a 350mm thermocouple
(T3) to pass through the centre. A 250mm thermocouple (T2) also fits into the carrier to sense water
temperature adjacent to the shape.

The carrier is designed to centralise the shape under test in a 70mm diameter flow duct fitted centrally
in the removable lid of the bath. Water from the tank is taken from a combined inlet and discharge
fitting and circulated by the pump into the base of the flow duct. The water flows upwards past the
shape under test and returns to the tank through overflow holes in the duct. The pump has a 3-speed
selector switch. Changing the pump speed selector may vary the velocity of the water flow past the
shapes.

Due to the small mass of the shapes relative to the large volume of water contained in the bath the bulk
temperature of the bath remains essentially constant during the experimental period. This is confirmed
by a fixed thermocouple (T1) located in the flow duct and emerging from the lid.

Filling of the bath is most simply achieved using a hose and draining is achieved by connecting a hose
to the drain point and opening the drain tap.

The three thermocouples (T1, T2, and T3) connect to the Heat Transfer Service unit H112 using
miniature thermocouple plugs and matching sockets. Each may be selected using the selector switch
and displayed to a resolution of 0.1C.
Thermocouples terminate with a screw connector for use by the HC112 Data Acquisition Upgrade.
Customers without the data logger may regard them as spares for use in the event of a sensor break.

For details of the solid shapes provided refer to Figure G4 on page G3 and the following list.
Cylinder 20mm diameter, 100mm long BRASS
Cylinder 20mm diameter, 100mm long STAINLESS STEEL
Cylinder 30mm diameter, 100mm long BRASS
Slab 70mm x 15mm x 76mm BRASS
Slab 70mm x 15mm x 76mm STAINLESS STEEL
Sphere 45mm diameter BRASS
Sphere 45mm diameter STAINLESS STEEL
 G6

INSTALLATION

UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT H111G

WITH HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE MODULE H112
Refer to figure G1 on page G1, Figure G2 on page GError! Bookmark not defined..

It is assumed that the basic INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING procedures for the Heat
Transfer Service Unit H112 have been completed as detailed in the manual.

Ensure that the main switch is in the OFF position.

Place the Unsteady State Heat Transfer unit H112G on a flat surface adjacent to the Heat transfer
Service Unit H112.

Remove any packing material (checking for documentation before disposal) from the water bath.
Ensure that the flexible tube at the base of the flow duct is connected to the combined flow/return
coupling on the side of the water bath. This is a push fit coupling.

Note that the water heater should not be turned on until the water bath has been filled according
to the OPERATING PROCEDURE on page G8. To ensure this cannot happen accidentally turn off
both the miniature circuit breaker and residual current circuit breaker.

220/240V Units
The Unsteady State Heat Transfer unit H112G requires connection to a 220/240v 50/60Hz single-
phase supply capable of supplying up to 12Amps. The power supply cable should be connected to a
suitable fixed fused power supply that complies with the local regulations. The cable colour code is as
follows:

BROWN LIVE or LINE

BLUE NEUTRAL
GREEN/YELLOW EARTH or GROUND

Note that for safe operation the GREEN/YELLOW cable should be connected to a low
impedance earthing point that complies with the local regulations.

110/120V Units
The Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G is supplied with a transformer suitable for input
voltages between 110v and 130v (110v to 130v in 5v steps). Refer to Figure G5 on page G7. The
transformer should be placed in a protected position close to the unit and power supply but where air
can circulate freely.

Before connection to the transformer the local supply voltage between line and neutral should be
measured by a competent person .The supply to the transformer should be from a switched, fused
single phase source of 110/130v 50/60Hz capable of supplying up to 25 Amps. The connecting cable
and installation should comply with local regulations.

When the supply voltage has been determined the LIVE input of the supply should be connected to the
terminal having the nearest applicable voltage label on the inlet side of the transformer. The
NEUTRAL of the supply is connected to the 0V terminal on the inlet side of the transformer and the
EARTH conductor is connected to the terminal labelled E
 G7

Figure G5

The free end of the power supply cable should be connected the 240V terminals of the transformer.
Refer to Figure G5 above. The cable colour code is as follows:

BROWN LIVE or LINE

BLUE NEUTRAL
GREEN/YELLOW EARTH or GROUND

Note that it is essential that the Green/Yellow Earth or Ground cable is connected to the
transformer as shown.

Power Supply to Circulating Pump

The water circulating pump is supplied with power when the residual current circuit breaker and 6A
MCB are closed. The pump must not be run when dry.

Temperature Sensors
The fixed temperature sensor (T1) and moveable (T2 and T3) are type K thermocouples and each lead
is labelled.

The miniature plugs on each thermocouple have one wide and one narrow flat blade that match the
slots on the thermocouple sockets. Connect the plugs to the corresponding numbered sockets on the
Heat transfer service Unit H112.

T1 to T3 are duplicated for easy connection to the Hilton Data Logger. The thermocouples are
terminated with 2-way edge connectors. These are not utilised without the optional HC112 Data
Acquisition Upgrade.
 G8

OPERATING PROCEDURE

Heat Transfer Service Unit H112 with Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G
Refer to Figure G1 on page G1,and Figure G2 on page GError! Bookmark not defined..

Note
The water bath may be operated at up to 85-90C. This is sufficient to cause severe burns if the
operator inadvertently comes in contact with the water or any of the shapes that have been
immersed in the bath. Do not attempt to move the unit in its heated condition and treat the unit
and any of the test shapes after heating in the bath as potentially able to cause burns.

PLACE HOT SHAPES IN A JUG OF

COLD WATER BEFORE FITTING AN
ALTERNATIVE SHAPE
Note: Experiment No 4 requires cooling in air
 G9

1. Ensure the residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) is open-circuit. Ensure that the drain valve
adjacent to the circulating pump is in the closed position and half-fill the water bath with clean
water.

2. Pump bleeding - Switch on the RCCB/MCB to cause the pump to run. Incline the pump by
lifting the baseboard from the front to allow air to escape. Noise from the pump is a sign of
trapped air. A Bleed screw is fitted to the head of the pump.

3. Continue filling the water bath until the water level is at mid height of the holes in the flow
duct. If the local water contains a large amount of dissolved solids that normally result in
scale build up then it is recommended that the bath is filled with de-ionised or de-
mineralised water. Ensure that the thermostat has been turned fully anti-clockwise and is in
the off position.

4. Ensure that the H112 unit main switch is in the off position (None of the three digital displays
should be illuminated). Ensure that the residual current circuit breaker on the H112 rear panel
is in the ON position. Ensure that the residual current circuit breaker on the H112G base
board is in the on position. Note that the residual current circuit breaker on both units
(H112 and H112G) should be tested for normal operation at intervals specified by local
regulations using the method described in the MAINTENANCE section.

5. Turn on the power supply to the Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G and turn on the
16A Heater miniature circuit breaker (MCB). Ensure that the red power indicator adjacent to
the thermostat is illuminated. Turn the thermostat to position 6 for fastest heating. The water
will take approximately 30 minutes to heat from cold. At this setting the water will boil, if left
unattended. While the water bath is heating the following may be actioned.

6. Attach the required test shape to the carrier by tightening the coupling nut (finger-tight).

7. Insert the T3 probe to engage fully into the centre of the shape.

8. Insert the T2 probe to sense water temperature adjacent to the shape.

9. Avoid touching the shape by hand to reduce thermal effects and place the shape on the bench
to reach ambient temperature.

10. Turn on the power supply to the Heat Transfer Service Unit H112 and turn on the main switch
and the three digital displays should illuminate. Set the temperature selector switch to T1 to
indicate the temperature of the water bath. Observe T1 to confirm that it is slowly increasing
as the bath is heated.

11. Observe the temperature T1. If the bath temperature exceeds that is required, reduce the
thermostat setting to OFF and wait for the water to cool. The water bath temperature T1
should not be allowed to exceed 85-90C as the pump will cavitate.

12. Having achieved the desired temperature, say 85C, reduce the thermostat setting to position 2.
It will cycle ON/OFF to maintain the existing temperature.
G10

13. If the HC112 Data Acquisition Upgrade is being utilised, start recording data just before the
test shape is plunged into the flow duct to ensure that all three temperatures are recording
correctly and to obtain the start conditions. If readings are to be taken manually then it will be
necessary to use more than one operator. Ideally one operator will watch a timer and at the
appropriate interval call out the readings to a second operator who will simply record the
values. For manual operation it is sufficient to record only T3 at the specified time interval.
The bath temperature T1 and the flow duct temperature T2 are only recorded at the start (after
plunging the test shape in the bath) and at the end of the test period, when the shape has
reached the bath temperature T1.

14. When all experimental procedures that require the hot bath have been completed then turn off
the RCCB and mains supply to the Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G. Turn off the
main switch on the Heat Transfer Service Unit H112 and turn off the mains supply.

15. If it is necessary to drain the bath allow the bath to cool completely.

16. If the bath ever overheats (this would only occur if the water is allowed to boil dry) the
element is protected by an internal safety cut out. This will require re-setting when the unit has
cooled and this is dealt with in the maintenance section on the following pages.

Residual Current Circuit Breaker

Press to Test

Heater MCB 16A

Pump MCB 6A
 G11

MAINTENANCE

Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G

The Residual Current Circuit Breaker

The Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G is fitted with its own Residual Current Circuit Breaker
(RCCB) for operator protection.

This will isolate the unit from the mains in the event that the incoming and outgoing currents differ by
more than 30mA, as in a leakage to earth situation.

The RCCB should be tested by a competent person at regular intervals, as dictated by local safety
regulations.

The following test should be carried out when the bath contains sufficient water to cover the heating
element.

Supply power to the unit. To test, press the button marked T or Test. RCCB should immediately
switch to the OFF condition.

Note that if no power is supplied to the unit the test button will not cause the RCCB to trip to the off
condition.

If the RCCB fails to trip under test the device may be faulty and requires repair/replacement by a
competent electrician.

Miniature Circuit Breaker

The miniature circuit breakers on the base board of the unit should under normal operating conditions
remain in the ON position when switched on by the operator.

The miniature circuit breakers are designed to switch to the off condition in the event of an overload
caused by a short circuit or short to earth.

If a circuit breaker should automatically trip to the OFF position during normal operation, the cause
should be investigated by a competent electrician.

High Temperature Cut Out

The water bath heater high temperature cut out is located under the heater. This is only likely to operate
if the heater is turned on without water in the boiler. To reset the heater it will be necessary to turn the
unit on its side in order to access the bottom of the base board. Ensure that the unit is fully drained and
cooled before attempting this. Disconnect the unit from the mains power before resetting.
 G12

The RESET button for the high temperature cut out is visible in the centre of the base board. This
should be pushed and will click back into place to reset.

The Water Bath

It is recommended that the water bath be filled with de-ionised or de-mineralised water if the local
water is likely to result in severe scale deposits.

Excess scale build up on the heating element at the base of the bath will result in the element
overheating and the internal cut out operating.

The Test Shapes

After use and after cooling the test shapes should be wiped dry and any scale removed before it has an
opportunity to harden.

Excess scale build up on the test shapes will result in the heat transfer characteristics changing.

The test shapes should be stored in a secure location to prevent accidental damage.
 G13

THEORY

Introduction
In unsteady or transient heat conduction, temperature is a function of both time and spatial co-
ordinates. in the absence of internal heat generation , the temperature response of a body is governed by
Fouriers equation. For a one dimensional case, this equation is reduced to:

(1) T 2T
= 2
t x

Where T is temperature
t is time
x is length
k
=
c
And is called the thermal diffusivity which is the ratio between the rate at which a solid can transfer
heat (k) to the rate at which it can store heat (c).

Analytical solutions of equation (1) tend to be complicated and difficult to use. Thus where possible,
approximate solutions of adequate accuracy for most engineering problems are used. These methods
will be presented and used in the analysis of the experimental results.

In order to understand the physics behind these methods it is essential to appreciate the basic concept of
thermal resistance.

Thermal Resistance
Considering the simple case of steady one-dimensional conduction through the shape shown below in
Figure G6.

The heat flux q (heat transfer per

unit area) can be expressed in the form:

(2) T1 T2
q=k
x

This equation can be re-arranged in the form:

T1 T2
(3) q= e
where Rconduction

x
Rconduction =
k
The ratio Rconduction is the thermal resistance to the heat flow by
 G14

conduction. The shape shown in Figure G6 can therefore be represented by a resistance Rconduction , with
temperatures T1 and T2 as also shown in Figure G6.

A similar representation for one dimensional convection can be used if we consider the heat flux
equation related to either free or forced convection, refer to Figure G7.

q = h (T T 1 ) =
(T T 1 ) = (T T 1 )
1 RConvection
h

In this case the thermal resistance due to convection Rconvection is equal to 1/h

Where h is the local heat transfer coefficient at the fluid wall interface
T is the temperature of the surroundings
T1 is the temperature of the wall

If the heat into the slab represented in Figure G6 is by convection to surface 1, then the system is as
shown in Figure G7 above.

The heat flux q through the whole system is given by:

(4) T T1 T1 T 2 T T 2
q= = =
Rconvection Rconduction RTotal

where Rcovection = h1 Rconduction = kx

and
RTotal = Rconvection + Rconduction

Biot Number
For the typical conduction problem with convective boundary conditions shown in Figure G7 it is clear
that heat flows through the two resistances in series. The heat flux q depends upon the value of the sum
of both resistances while the temperature distribution in the slab depends upon the relative values of the
two resistances, which is quantified by the Biot Number.
x
The Biot number is the ratio of the Conductive resistance Rconductive and
k
1
the Convective resistance Rconvective
h
Hence
x
(5) Conduction Resistance
Biot Number = ( Bi ) = k
1
Convection Resistance
The Biot number is an h important parameter
in transient hx (Unsteady) heat
=
transfer and indicates k the type of solution
 G15

that can be used as follows.

Low Biot Number (Bi < 0.1)

A Biot number less than 0.1 indicates that the conduction thermal resistance is practically negligible
compared with the convection resistance. In this case the temperatures T1 and T2 (in Figure G7) are
approximately the same and the solid is assumed to have a uniform temperature. The transient thermal
response of such a system can be obtained by consideration of the changes in the internal energy of the
system expressed in terms of the changes of the assumed uniform temperature.

This approximation is called the Lumped Thermal Capacity method.

the governing equation in this case is determined from the energy balance between the heat transfer by
convection through the surface and the change in the internal energy of the solid.

(6) T
vc = hA (T T )
t
Where
A is the surface area of the body for convection
v is the volume of the body.

If the initial condition is T = Ti at t = 0 then the solution of equation (6) above is as shown below in
equation (7) and gives the change in temperature of the solid with time.

(7) hA t
T T t
= e cv = e
Ti T

The elecrical analogy of the

stystem is shown in Figure G8
below.

Figure G8

The quantity =
cvis called the Time Constant of the system because it has the dimensions of
hA
time. Using suitable values of battery voltage, resistance and capacitance to represent the system
parameters an analogue representation of the system may be constructed from electrical components.

High Biot Numbers (Bi > 0.1)

In this case the conduction resistance Rconductance is not negligible and the temperature distribution in the
solid is a function of the position within the body and with time.

For a semi-infinite solid as shown in Figure G9 below the energy balance can be expressed in the form:

Heat convected into the surface = Heat conducted into the solid
(8) T
hA (T T ) x = 0 = kA
x x = 0
 G16

The solution for equation (9) is

very involved and is beyond the scope of this manual. Standard text books on heat transfer should be
consulted for the detailed solution.

However solutions for specific cases where the following conditions exist are available in graphical
form, namely
a) Plates where thickness is small relative to the other two dimensions
b) Cylinders where the diameter is small compared to the length
c) Spheres

Graphs for the above geometries are given in Figures G11, G12 and G13 on pages G19, G20 and G21
respectively.

In all cases the graphical solutions give the geometric centre or centre line temperature of the solid.

For all of the graphs,

T is the temperature of the surroundings

Tc is the centre line or centre temperature at x=0 or R=0
At time zero (t = 0) each solid is assumed to have uniform initial temperature of Ti

The graphical solutions are presented in terms of the Non-Dimensional temperature difference where

(9) T ( x, t ) T T ( R, t ) T
= or
Ti T Ti T

The parameters T(x,t) and T(R,t) are the centre line or central temperature after time period t from the
step change condition(When the body started to be heated or cooled)

The Non-dimensional time parameter or Fourier Number Fo

(10) t
Fo =
Length 2
Where Length is a characteristic dimension for the geometry of the solid.

The characteristic dimensions for standard shapes are shown in Figure G10 on page G17
For a cylinder or sphere

(11) t
Fo =
R2

For a semi infinite slab where thickness is small relative to the other dimensions
 G17

(12) t
Fo =
x2
The final parameter on the graphical solution charts is the inverse Biot Number or 1/Bi

With any two of these parameters computed, the graphs may be used to calculate the third unknown
parameter.

All of the preceding solutions are for the central, or centre line
temperature within a body.

Off centre temperatures may be calculated from knowledge of the

centre line temperature at any time using the charts given in
Figures G14, G15 and G16 on pages G22, G23 and G24

Figure G10
G18

This page is intentionally blank

 G19

Figure G11
 G20

Figure G12
 G21

Figure G13
 G22

Figure G14
 G23

Figure G15 and FigureG16

 G24
USEFUL DATA
Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G
Brass Test Shapes
Thermal conductivity
Specific Heat Capacity
Density
Thermal Diffusivity
Stainless Steel Test Shapes
Thermal conductivity
Specific Heat Capacity
Density
Thermal Diffusivity
k 121 W m-1 K-1
c 385 J kg-1
7930 kg m-3
k
= 3.7 x10-5 m2 s-1
c
k 16.3 W m-1 K-1
c 460 J kg-1
8500 kg m-3
k
= 0.45 x10-5 m2 s-1
c
 G25

CAPABILITIES OF THE UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT H112G WITH THE
HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE UNIT H112

1. To observe unsteady state conduction of heat to the centre of a solid shape (qualitative only
using a chart recorder, or manual recording, or optional Data Acquisition Upgrade Kit
HC112) when a step change is applied to the temperature at the surface of the shape.

2. To Using analytical transient-temperature/heat flow charts to determine the thermal

conductivity of a solid cylinder from measurements taken on a similar cylinder but having a
different thermal conductivity.

3. To Investigation of the effect of shape, size and material properties on unsteady heat flow.
Using analytical transient-temperature heat flow charts to analyse the results obtained from
different solid shapes.

4. Investigation of the Lumped Thermal Capacitance method of transient temperature analysis.

 G26

1. To observe unsteady state conduction of heat to the centre of a solid shape (qualitative
only using manual recording, or optional Data Acquisition Upgrade HC112) when a step
change is applied to the temperature at the surface of the shape.

It is assumed that the INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING procedures for the Heat Transfer
Service Unit H112 have been completed as detailed on pages 5 to 7.

The following procedure describes operation with the 30mm diameter brass test shape. However the
procedure is identical for any of the other available shapes and may be repeated on completion of the
test using any of the other shapes for direct comparison.

Procedure
Install the Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G as detailed in INSTALLATION UNSTEADY
STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT H112G WITH HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE MODULE
H112 on page G6.

Follow the OPERATING PROCEDURE on page G8 onwards in order to establish the following
operating conditions:-

Install the 30mm diameter brass cylinder in the shape carrier G1(6).

The water bath temperature T1 should be stabilised at approximately 80 to 90 C.

Set the circulating pump to speed 3 and therefore the water flow velocity in the flow duct.

Record the starting condition temperatures and then plunge the shape in the flow duct. Then record
temperatures and time as detailed in section 11 of the Operating Procedure on page G9.

Typical observations are shown on the following page.

If time permits the procedure may be repeated for the other shapes supplied.
 G27

OBSERVATIONS
The following are sample observations recorded manually using the above method. If the optional
Data Acquisition Upgrade HC112 has been used then the data obtained will be more detailed in that a
greater number of observations will be available within the same time period. However the trend
observed should be similar.

Specimen: 30mm diameter Brass Cylinder

T2 T3
Recorded T1
Air/Water Geometric
Time Bath Temperature
Temperature Centre Temperature
Seconds C C C
0 84.7 19.5 20.4
5 - - 24.9
10 - - 47.1
15 - - 63.8
20 - - 73.4
25 - - 78.7
30 - - 81.4
35 - - 82.9
40 - - 83.8
45 - - 84.3
50 - - 84.6
55 - - 84.8
60 84.6 84.8 84.8

The data recorded above is plotted on page G28 together with sample data for the 20mm diameter brass
cylinder and the 20mm diameter stainless steel cylinder.

From the graph it can be seen that the 20mm diameter brass cylinder has a faster response to immersion
in the hot water bath than the 30mm diameter cylinder. Both are of the same material (having a thermal
conductivity of 121W m-1 K-1) and the slower rate of response of the 30mm diameter cylinder is due to
the additional 5mm annulus of material that heat has to pass through to reach the core of the specimen.

Though the 20mm diameter stainless steel cylinder has the same dimensions as the 20mm diameter
brass cylinder its response is slower due to its lower thermal conductivity k.

(k for brass = 121 W m-1 K-1, k for stainless steel = 16.3 W m-1 K-1).
G28
 G29

2. Using analytical transient temperature/heat flow charts to determine the

thermal conductivity of a solid cylinder from measurements taken on a similar
cylinder but having a different thermal conductivity.

It is assumed that the INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING procedures for the Heat Transfer
Service Unit H112 have been completed as detailed on pages 5 to 7.

The following procedure describes operation with the 20mm diameter test shapes. However the
procedure is identical for any of the other available shapes and may be repeated on completion of the
test using any of the other shapes for direct comparison.

Procedure
Install the Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G as detailed in INSTALLATION UNSTEADY
STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT H112G WITH HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE MODULE
H112 on page G6.

Follow the OPERATING PROCEDURE on page G8 onwards in order to establish the following
operating conditions:-

Install the 20mm diameter brass cylinder in the shape carrier.

The water bath temperature T1 should be stabilised at approximately 80 to 90 C

Set the circulating pump to speed 3 and therefore the water flow velocity in the flow duct.

Record the starting condition temperatures and then plunge the shape in the flow duct. Then record
temperatures and time, as detailed in section 11 of the Operating Procedure on page G9.

Once the 20mm brass cylinder has reached the water bath temperature, remove it from the tank and
install the 20mm Stainless steel cylinder in the shape carrier.

Record the starting condition temperatures and then plunge the shape in the flow duct. Then record
temperatures and time as detailed in section 11 of the Operating Procedure on page G9.

Typical observations are shown on the next page.

If time permits the procedures may be repeated for the Brass and Stainless Sphere and/or the Brass and
Stainless Slab.

In addition, by varying the circulating pump speed, the effect of variation of water velocity on local
heat transfer coefficient may be investigated.
 G30

OBSERVATIONS
The following are sample observations recorded manually using the above method. If the optional
Data Acquisition Upgrade HC112 has been used, then the data obtained will be more detailed in that a
greater number of observations will be available within the same time period. However the trend
observed should be similar.

Specimen: 20mm diameter Brass Cylinder

T2 T3
Recorded T1
Air/Water Geometric
Time Bath Temperature
Temperature Centre Temperature
Seconds C C C
0 83.3 20.9 20.8
5 - - 52.3
10 - - 71.4
15 - - 78.6
20 - - 81.4
25 - - 82.4
30 - - 82.8
35 - 83
40 83.1 83.2 83.1

Specimen: 20mm Stainless Steel Cylinder

T2 T3
Recorded T1
Air/Water Geometric
Time Bath Temperature
Temperature Centre Temperature
Seconds C C C
0 82.9 18.7 20.2
5 - - 31.7
10 - - 52.5
15 - - 65
20 - - 72.4
25 - - 76.7
30 - - 79.2
35 - - 80.7
40 - - 81.6
45 - - 82.1
50 - - 82.4
55 - - 82.6
60 82.8 82.9 82.8

The above data may be used together with the Heisler chart on page G34 to calculate the following
parameters and relationships.
 G31

Calculated Data

Specimen: 20mm diameter Brass Cylinder

T3 1/Bi
T1 Non- Fo
Recorded Geometric Inverse
Bath dimensional Fourier
Time Centre Biot
Temperature Temperature Number
Temperature Number
Seconds C C - - -
0 83.3 20.8 - -
5 -- 52.3 0.496 1.85 4.5
10 - 71.4 0.180 3.7 4
15 - 78.6 0.066 5.55 3.7
20 - 81.4 0.024 7.4 3.7
25 - 82.4 0.010 9.25 3.7
30 - 82.8 0.005 11.1 3.8
35 - 83 0.002 12.95 3.8
40 83.1 83.1 - -

Specimen: 20mm diameter Brass Cylinder

T3 1/Bi
T1 Non- Fo
Recorded Geometric Inverse
Bath dimensional Fourier
Time Centre Biot
Temperature Temperature Number
Temperature Number
Seconds C C - - -
0 82.9 20.2 - - -
5 82.1 31.7 0.814 0.225 -
10 82.1 52.5 0.478 0.45 -
15 82.2 65 0.277 0.675 -
20 82.4 72.4 0.161 0.9 0.55
25 82.5 76.7 0.093 1.125 0.5
30 82.6 79.2 0.054 1.35 0.55
35 82.7 80.7 0.032 1.575 0.55
40 82.8 81.6 0.019 1.8 0.55
45 82.8 82.1 0.011 2.025 0.55
50 82.8 82.4 0.006 2.25 0.55
55 82.8 82.6 0.003 2.475 -
60 82.8 82.8 0 2.7 -
 G32

CALCULATIONS
The equations referenced in the following procedure are taken from those developed in the THEORY
section on page G13 onwards.

The calculation procedure for systems with finite internal and surface heat transfer resistance is as
follows. The 20mm Brass cylinder sample at 20 seconds is used as an example.

For each sample after immersion the non-dimensional temperature is calculated.

In the example

Tc = T3 = 52.3 C
T = T1 = 83.3 C
Ti = T3 at time 0 = 20.8 C
Tc T
=
Ti T
52.3 83.3
=
20.8 83.3
= 0.496
Similarly, the Fourier Number Fo or non dimensional time

t
Fo =
2
( Length )
Where

Thermal diffusivity = k
=
c
For brass from USEFUL DATA on page G24,

k = 121 W m-1 K-1

= 8500 kg m-3
c = 385 J kg-1 k-1

Hence
k
=
c
121
=
8500 385
5
= 3.7 10
In the example:

t = 5 seconds
Length = R = 10 x10-3 m

Hence
t
Fo =
2
( Length )
5
3.7 10 5
=
From the Heisler chart for a semi- (10 10 ) 3 2
infinite cylinder on page G34:

= 1.85
 G33

The co-ordinates for Fo = 1.85 and = 0.486 give

1
= 4.5
Bi
Where
h Length
Bi =
k

Note that for this case Bi = 0.22 which is not less than 0.1 and therefore the lumped capacitance
approach cannot be applied.

The calculation procedure is repeated for all of the data collected and the resulting values are shown in
the Calculated data tables on page G31.

Note that for Stainless steel from USEFUL DATA on page G24:

k = 16.3 W m-1 K-1

= 7930 kg m-3
c = 460 J kg-1 k-1

Hence k
=
c
16.3
=
7930 460
5
= 0.45 10
Note that for both the 20mm diameter brass and stainless steel cylinder after immersion 1/Bi becomes
near constant.

For the brass cylinder 1/Bi = 3.7

For the stainless steel cylinder 1/Bi = 5.5

From h Length
Bi =
k
For a cylinder the characteristic length = R the radius = 10 x 10-3m.

Hence for the brass cylinder where k = 121 Wm-1 k-1

Bi k
h=
R
1 121
=
3.7 10 103
-2 -1
= 3270 Wm K

This is the heat transfer coefficient around the cylinder due to the velocity of the hot water in the flow
duct. This velocity depends only upon the pump speed.

As the pump speed and hence velocity was constant for both the brass and stainless steel cylinders then
the local heat transfer coefficient h will be the same value for the stainless steel cylinder.
G34
 G35

Therefore for the stainless steel cylinder:

From

h= 3270W m-2 K-1

1/.Bi =5.5
R = 10 x 10-3
h R
k=
Bi
3
= 3270 10 10 0.55
-1 -1
= 17.98 W m K

This compares with the accepted figure for Stainless Steel from the USEFUL DATA on page G24 of k
= 16.3 W m-1K-1.
 G36

3. The Investigation of the effect of shape, size and material properties on unsteady heat
flow. Using analytical transient-temperature heat flow charts to analyse the results
obtained from different solid shape

It is assumed that the INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING procedures for the Heat Transfer
Service Unit H112 have been completed as detailed on pages 5 to 7.

The following procedure describes operation with the 15mm thick slab test shapes. However the
procedure is identical for any of the other available shapes and may be repeated on completion of the
test using any of the other shapes for direct comparison.

Procedure
Install the Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G as detailed in INSTALLATION UNSTEADY
STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT H112G WITH HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE MODULE
H112 on page G6.

Follow the OPERATING PROCEDURE on page G8 onwards in order to establish the following
operating conditions:-

Install the 15mm thick solid brass slab in the shape carrier G1(6).

The water bath temperature T1 should be stabilised at approximately 80 to 90 C.

Set the circulating pump to speed 3 G1(2) and therefore the water flow velocity in the flow
duct G1(4) G2(4).

Record the starting condition temperatures and then plunge the shape in the flow duct. Then record
temperatures and time, as detailed in section 11 of the Operating Procedure on page G9.

Once the 15mm thick brass slab has reached the water bath temperature, remove it from the tank and
install the 15mm thick stainless steel slab in the shape carrier G1(6).

Record the starting condition temperatures and then plunge the shape in the flow duct. Then record
temperatures and time as detailed in section 11 of the Operating Procedure on page G9.

Typical observations are shown on the next page.

If time permits the procedures may be repeated for the Brass and Stainless Sphere and/or the Brass and
Stainless cylinder.

In addition by varying the circulating pump speed the effect of variation of water velocity on local heat
transfer coefficient may be investigated.
 G37

OBSERVATIONS
The following are sample observations recorded manually using the above method. If the optional
Data Acquisition Upgrade HC112 has been used, then the data obtained will be more detailed in that a
greater number of observations will be available within the same time period. However the trend
observed should be similar.

Specimen: 15mm thick Brass Slab

T2 T3
Recorded T1
Air/Water Geometric
Time Bath Temperature
Temperature Centre Temperature
Seconds C C C
0 84.3 20.5 19.6
5 - - 36.1
10 - - 56.5
15 - - 68.9
20 - - 75.5
25 - - 79.1
30 - - 81.2
35 - - 82.4
40 - - 83
45 83.9 83.8 83.4

Specimen: 20mm Stainless Steel Cylinder

T2 T3
Recorded T1
Air/Water Geometric
Time Bath Temperature
Temperature Centre Temperature
Seconds C C C
0 84.4 20.1 20.1
5 - - 22.5
10 - - 36.7
15 - - 49.4
20 - - 58.7
25 - - 65.7
30 - - 70.8
35 - - 74.5
40 - - 77
45 - - 78.9
50 - - 80.3
55 - - 81.3
60 - - 82.1
65 - - 82.6
70 83.9 83.9 82.9

The above data may be used together with the Heisler chart on page G34 to calculate the following
parameters and relationships.
 G38

Calculated Data

Specimen: 15mm Thick Brass Slab

T3
T1 Non- Fo 1/Bi
Recorded Geometric
Bath dimensional Fourier Inverse
Time Centre
Temperature Temperature Number Biot Number
Temperature
Seconds C C - - -
0 84.3 19.6 - -
5 - 36.1 0.737 3.289 6.5
10 - 56.5 0.410 6.578 5.5
15 - 68.9 0.215 9.867 5.5
20 - 75.5 0.136 13.156 5.6
25 - 79.1 0.064 16.444 5.5
30 - 81.2 0.036 19.733 5.5
35 - 82.4 0.020 23.022 5.5
40 - 83 0.012 26.311 5.5
45 - 83.4 0.008 29.600 6.5
50 84 83.6 0.006 32.889 5.5

Specimen: 15mm Thick Stainless Steel Slab

T3
T1 Non- Fo 1/Bi
Recorded Geometric Est.
Bath dimensional Fourier Inverse
Time Centre Time
Temperature Temperature Number Biot Number
Temperature
Seconds C C - - - Secons
0 84.4 20.1 - - - -
5 - 22.5 - - - -
10 - 36.7 0.961783 0.5 0.74091 6.25
15 - 49.4 0.734824 0.8 0.74091 10
20 - 58.7 0.531949 1.2 0.74091 15
25 - 65.7 0.386328 1.6 0.74091 20
30 - 70.8 0.27619 2 0.74091 25
35 - 74.5 0.197785 2.3 0.74091 28.75
40 - 77 0.1406 2.6 0.74091 32.5
45 - 78.9 0.105346 3 0.74091 37.5
50 - 80.3 0.075472 3.4 0.74091 42.5
55 - 81.3 0.056426 3.7 0.74091 46.25
60 - 82.1 0.040752 4.5 0.74091 56.25
65 - 82.6 0.028213 5 0.74091 62.5
70 83.9 82.9 0.021909 0.74091 0
 G39

CALCULATIONS
The equations referenced in the following procedure are taken from those developed in the THEORY
section on page G13 onwards.

The calculation procedure for systems with finite internal and surface heat transfer resistance is as
follows. The 15mm thick Brass slab sample at 20 seconds is used as an example for the following
section of calculations.

For each sample after immersion the non-dimensional temperature is calculated.

In the example,

Tc = T3 = 75.5 C
T = T1 = 84.3 C
Ti = T3 at time 0 = 19.6 C
Tc T
=
Ti T
75.5 84.3
=
19.6 84.3
= 0.136
Similarly the Fourier Number Fo or non dimensional time

t
Fo =
2
( Length )
Where

Thermal diffusivity = k
=
c
For brass from USEFUL DATA on page G24,

k = 121 W m-1 K-1

= 8500 kg m-3
c = 385 J kg-1 k-1

Hence k
=
c
121
=
8500 385
5
= 3.7 10
In the example,

t = 20 seconds
Length = x = 10 x10-3 m

Hence t
Fo =
2
( Length )
5
3.7 10 20
=
(7.5 10 ) 3 2

= 13.15
 G40

From the Heisler Chart for a semi-infinite plate or slab on page G43.

The co-ordinates for Fo = 13.15 and = 0.136 give

1
= 5.6
Where Bi
h Length
Bi =
k

Note that for this case Bi = 0.18 which is not less than 0.1 and therefore the lumped capacitance
approach cannot be applied.

The calculation procedure and Heisler chart reference is repeated for all of the data collected and the
resulting values are shown in the calculated data table.on page G38.

Note that for the 15mm thick brass slab after immersion 1/Bi becomes near constant at

1/Bi = 5.5

From h Length
Bi =
k

For a slab or plate the characteristic length = x the half thickness

3
15 10
x=
2
3
= 7.5 10 m

Hence for the brass slab where k = 121 Wm-1 k-1

Bi k
h=
x
1 121
=
5.5 7.5 103
-2 -1
= 2933 Wm K

This is the heat transfer coefficient around the slab due to the velocity of the hot water in the flow duct.
This velocity depends only upon the pump speed.

As the pump speed, and hence velocity, was constant for both the brass and stainless steel slabs and the
slabs are the same physical size, then the local heat transfer coefficient h will be the same value for the
stainless steel slab.

The calculation procedure for the stainless steel slab is similar in that the non-dimensional temperatures
are calculated according to the above procedure using the equation

Tc T
=
Ti T
This data is tabulated for the stainless steel slab on page G38.
 G41

From the Biot number relationship and the known local heat transfer coefficient

h=2933 wm-2K-1

The Biot number for the stainless steel slab may be calculated from

1 k
=
Bi h x
16.3
=
3
2933 7.5 10
= 0.7409

This is constant and is tabulated for the stainless steel slab on page G38.

Note that for Stainless steel from USEFUL DATA on page G24,

k = 16.3 W m-1 K-1

= 7930 kg m-3
c = 460 J kg-1 k-1

Hence
k
=
c
16.3
=
7930 460
5
= 0.45 10

From the Heisler chart for a semi-infinite plate or slab on page GError! Bookmark not defined. and
using the non-dimensional temperature and the 1/Bi number tabulated on page G38 it is possible to
calculate the theoretical time for each of the recorded T3 temperatures.

Taking the data sample at 35 seconds as an example on page G38,

= 0.1977
1/Bi =0.7409

From the Heisler chart on page GError! Bookmark not defined. the Fourier number Fo = 2.3

From the Fourier relationship

t
Fo =
2
( Length )
2
( Length) Fo
t=

3
(7.5 10 ) 2.3
=
5
0.45 10
= 28.75 seconds
This compares with the recorded time to reach T3 = 74.5C of 35 Seconds.
 G42

Similar calculations have been repeated for all of the stainless steel slab data and these are tabulated on
page G38.

The data is shown graphically on page G44.

In the above example the data was used to calculate the time to reach a particular temperature. The
procedure may equally be adapted using the same data to calculate the temperature at a particular time.

The procedure illustrated above is equally applicable to the other pairs of shapes supplied.
G43
G44
 G45

4. Investigation of the Lumped Thermal Capacitance method of transient temperature analysis.

It is assumed that the INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING procedures for the Heat Transfer
Service Unit H112 have been completed as detailed on pages 5 to 7.

The following procedure describes operation with the 20mm diameter brass cylinder test shape. However
the procedure is identical for any of the other available shapes and may be repeated on completion of the
test using any of the other shapes for direct comparison.

Procedure
Install the Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit H112G as detailed in INSTALLATION UNSTEADY
STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT H112G WITH HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE MODULE H112 on
page G6.

Follow the OPERATING PROCEDURE on page G8 onwards in order to establish the following operating
conditions:-

Install the 20mm diameter brass cylinder in the shape carrier.

The water bath temperature T1 should be stabilised at approximately 80 to 90 C.

Set the circulating pump to speed 3 and therefore the water flow velocity in the flow duct.

Place the shape in the flow duct and allow several minutes to reach a stable temperature, this should be
close to the bath temperature T1. Then remove the shape from the bath and hang in still air in the carrier
Record temperatures T2 and T3 at 30 second intervals until the shape has cooled close to the ambient
temperature which will be being indicated by T2.

If time permits the procedures may be repeated for the other shapes.
 G46

OBSERVATIONS
The following are sample observations recorded manually using the above method. If the optional Data
Acquisition Upgrade HC112 has been used then the data obtained will be more detailed in that a greater
number of observations will be available within the same time period. However the trend observed should
be similar.

Specimen: 20mm Diameter Brass Cylinder

T3
T2
Recorded Geometric
Air/Water
Time Centre
Temperature
Temperature
Seconds C C
0 20.3 87.1
120 20.3 86.0
240 20.4 77.6
360 20.3 72.2
480 20.2 68.5
600 20.3 65.1
720 20.4 61.8
840 20.3 59.1
960 20.2 56.6
1080 20.3 54.2
1200 20.4 52.0
1320 20.2 49.9
1440 20.1 48.0
1560 20.1 46.2
1680 20.4 44.3
1800 20.2 42.8
1920 20.0 41.3
2040 20.0 39.8
2160 20.1 38.4
2280 20.0 37.2
2400 20.0 36.1
2520 20.1 34.9
2640 20.0 33.9
2760 20.0 32.9
2880 19.9 32.0
3000 20.1 31.1
3120 20.2 30.3
3240 20.0 29.6
3360 20.0 28.9
3480 20.0 28.3
3600 20.0 27.7
3720 20.1 27.1
3840 20.1 26.6
3960 20.1 26.2
4080 20.1 25.8
4200 19.9 25.3
4320 19.9 24.9
4440 19.8 24.5
4560 19.8 24.2
Calculated data from the above conditions are shown overleaf.
 G47

Calculated Data

Specimen: 20mm Diameter Brass Cylinder

Measured Calculated
T3 T3
Recorded
Geometric Geometric
Time
Centre Centre
Temperature Temperature
Seconds C C
0 87.1 87.10
120 86.0 81.72
240 77.6 76.77
360 72.2 72.22
480 68.5 68.04
600 65.1 64.19
720 61.8 60.65
840 59.1 57.40
960 56.6 54.41
1080 54.2 51.66
1200 52.0 49.13
1320 49.9 46.80
1440 48.0 44.66
1560 46.2 42.69
1680 44.3 40.88
1800 42.8 39.22
1920 41.3 37.69
2040 39.8 36.28
2160 38.4 34.99
2280 37.2 33.80
2400 36.1 32.71
2520 34.9 31.70
2640 33.9 30.78
2760 32.9 29.93
2880 32.0 29.14
3000 31.1 28.42
3120 30.3 27.76
3240 29.6 27.15
3360 28.9 26.60
3480 28.3 26.08
3600 27.7 25.61
3720 27.1 25.17
3840 26.6 24.77
3960 26.2 24.41
4080 25.8 24.07
4200 25.3 23.76
4320 24.9 23.47
4440 24.5 23.21
4560 24.2 22.97

The procedure used to determine the calculated centre temperatures are shown overleaf.
 G48

CALCULATIONS
The equations referenced in the following procedure are taken from those developed in the THEORY
section on page G13 onwards.

h Length
It is assumed that the Biot number Bi = is in this case less than 0.1 as the heat transfer
k
coefficient h is for natural convection in still air. Substituting for Length (in this case R = 0.01m) and k =
385 Wm-1K-1.

For natural convection h is typically 5 to 30 Wm-2K-1

Hence h Length
Bi =
k
30 0.01
=
385
= 0.0008

For the cylinder the surface area A is

( 0.02 )2
A = 2 + ( 0.02 0.100 )
4

3 2
= 6.911 10 m
The volume v is

v=
( 0.02 0.1)
2

4
5 3
= 3.142 10 m
Assuming that the lumped thermal capacity method can be applied then utilising equation (7)

hA t t
T T cv
=e =e
Ti T

The time constant cv

=
hA

Hence 5
8500 385 3.142 10
=
3
h 6.911 10
14899.7
=
h
If the lumped thermal capacity method can be applied then the data may be used to determine the local heat
transfer coefficient h.

Taking a point on the data at time = 360 seconds.

From the table on page G46,

 G49

T = 20.2 C (average) Ti= 87.1C(at time =0)

Time = 360 seconds T = 72.2 C (at time = 360 seconds)

Substituting in equation (8)

hA t t
T T cv
=e =e
Ti T
360

72.2 20.2
=e
87.2 20.2
360
Ln (0.776) =

360
=
0.2536
= 1419.5
From the previous equation
14899.7
=
h

Hence
14899.7
= = 1419.5
h
14899.7
h=
1419.5
2
h = 10.41W / m K
Hence the time constant
14899.7
=
h

Substituting for h
14899.7
=
10.41
= 1431.2 seconds
Again substituting in equation (7) for a general equation relating time and temperature

hA t t
T T cv
=e =e
Ti T

T 20.2 t

1431.2
=e
87.1i 20.2
t

1431.2
T = 20.2 + 66.9e

Hence for any given time t (seconds) the corresponding centre line temperature T may be determined.

The equation was utilised to determine values for the times in the table on page G47.
 G50

The graphical data is presented on the following page.

It may be seen from the close correlation that under the cooling conditions the lumped thermal capacitance
analysis is a valid approximation of the cooling of the brass cylinder.

If time permits the procedure and analysis may be repeated for the other test shapes.
G51
G52