HANDOUT

Bahasa Inggris

Kode : KK252132
Jurusan : Seni Drama Tari dan Musik
Program Studi : Pendidikan Seni Musik
Semester : 1 (satu)

Disusun oleh :
Drs. Suharto, S.Pd, M.Hum

FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG
2016

1
 Minggu Ke-1

STRUKTUR KALIMAT DALAM TEKS READING COMPREHENSION

1. Mengidentifikasi Struktur Kalimat

Secara umum struktur kalimat sederhana bahasa Inggris adalah : (Conj.)+S+P(O)+ (adv).
Unsur yang diletakkan dalam kurung bersifat pilihan.

2. Mengidentifikasi Struktur Predikat

Predikat berbentuk frasa kerja finite-yaitu frasa kerja yang dapat menggunakan tenses.
Polarity (positive, negative), dan modality. Contoh frasa kerja yang berfungsi sebagai predikat
disajikan pada nomor (a) dan (b) di bawah ini.

Perlu dicatat bahwa selain frasa kerja finite, juga terdapat frasa kerja non-finite, yang tidak
berfungsi sebagai predikat, tidak menunjukkan tenses, atau modality, misalnya :
to take taking taken
to cook cooking cooked

3. Struktur Predikat (Finite Verb)

a. 'Be' Sentence
Positive (+) Negative (-)
is, am, are, was, were is, am, are, was, were not
Has been Has not been
have have
has had

Can be Can not be

may may
must must
shall shall
could could
would would
might might

Be going to Be be not going to be

would have been would not have been
could could
might might
should should

b. 'Verb' Sentence
Positive (+) Negative (-)

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 take, takes, took Do, does not take
Has taken did not take
have
had have not taken
has
Is taking had
am
are is not taking
am
Was taking are
were

Has been taking was not taking

have were
had

Can take has not been taking

may have
must had
shall can
could may
would must
might shall not take
will
could
would
might
Be going to take be not going to take
Would have been would not have taken
could could
might might
should should

4. Passive
is taken has been being taken
am have
are had
has been taken can be taken
have may
had must
is being taken be going to be taken
am
are
could have been taken
would
should

5. Latihan
Identifikasilah predikat pada kalimat di dalam teks berikut ini.

Text 1
The music composition performed by song contains an attractive aspect. The
attractive aspect is a language. The language which consists of a sequence of words gives
new dimension in the music which can not find in the other composition, instrumental music
(Sitompul, 1997: 97) . The lyric in a song is actually non musical aspect. However, besides
gives a new unique dimension, its presence in music song are not only as an embedded element
but also as a part of the music. Many songs are created from texts or beautiful poems which
can attract listeners or readers to always enjoy it. That is why that the those songs should
express the atmosphere that conform to its lyric. Even, sometimes, the beauty of words or
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sentences is smoothly reflected in its rhythm. The blend of both elements, lyric and its music
can make new dimension.

Text 2
American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as
American and African folk music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One
of the recognizable characteristics of jazz is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music
are written out and played the same way by various performers, and other improvised parts
are related spontaneously during a performance an vary widely from performer to performer.
The earliest of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the
best-known of the ragtime performers and composers was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former
slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very early age playing the piano in bars around
the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Club in Sedalia, Missouri. It
was there that he began writing the more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the
most famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag.

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 -II. Minggu ke-2 dan 3

STRUKTUR NOMINAL GROUP atau NOUN PHRASE

DALAM TEKS READING COMPREHENSION

1. Struktur Nominal Group

Pada struktur kalimat (Conj.) + S + P + (O)+Adv, slot S dan O biasanya diisi oleh
Nominal Group. Berikut inidalah kemungkinan susunan Nominal Group Structure.
Pre-modifier Post-Modifier
D Num E C Q
T

Article : Ordinal Adjective Noun Noun Adjective clause

the Cardinal Present Adjective Pronoun Participle phrase
a participle Gerund Infinitive phrase Past participle
Possessive : Past participle Gerund Phrase
my Noun clause Infinitive phrase
John's Adjective phrase
Cardinal number

Catatan :

^ : Diikuti oleh

T (Thing) : T (Thing) adalah unsur yang menjadi head atau inti dalam kelompok
nomina. Bentuk T dapat berupa (1) Noun (proper noun dan common noun),
misalnya : John and Boat, (2) Pronoun, misalnya: he atau him, (3) Infinitive
Phrase), misalnya : to do atau to say, (4) Gerund, misalnya : swimming atau
running, dan (5) Noun Cl. (Noun Clause), misalnya :that se was absent
yesterday.

C (Classifier) : C (Classifier) adalah modifier atau penjelas yang menentukan jenis

Things (types atau kinds of things). Bnetuk C biasanya berupa Noun, Adjective,
dan Gerund, misalnya :
rubber boat C^T (Noun/Noun)
gray hair C^T (Adjective/Noun)
dining table C^T (Gerund/Noun)

E (Epithet) : E (Epithet) adalah modifier atau penjelas yang bersifat mendiskripsikan

Thing melalui bentuk, ukuran, warna atau sifat. Epithet ini bisa berupa Adjective,
Present Participle, atau Past participle, misalnya :

long hair E^T (Adjective/Noun)

running water E^T (Present Participle/Noun)
stolen goods E^T (Past Participle /Noun)
N (Numeric) : N (Numeric) adalah modifier atau penjelas yang menunjukkan kuantitas

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 dan urutan Thing. Bentuknya bsia berupa cardinal number (jumlah) atau ordinal
number (urutan), misalnya :

two books N^T (Cardinal Participle/Noun)

the second floor N^T (Ordinal Number/Noun)

Numeric juga dapat berupa frasa seperti a number of, a large of amount
of, one of, etc.

D (Deictic) : D (Deictic) adalah modifier yang menunjukkan keadaan apakah Thing

yang dimaksud definite atau indefinite. Bentuknya bsia berupa article atau
possessive adjective, misalnya :
a book D^T (Indefinite Article/Noun)
the book D^T (definite Article/Noun)
my book/John's book D^T (Possessive/Noun)

Some dan any juga termasuk kedalam kategori ini.

Contoh kombinasi Pre-modifier :

The second largest dining table.

D N E C T

The beautiful shoulder-length wavy black hair

D E E C CT

Q (Qualifier) : Q (Qualifier) adalah Post-Modifier yang memberikan tambahan

informasi yang bersifat embedded ke dalam Thing. Bentuk qualifier bisa berupa
Adjective Clause, Present Participle Phrase, Past Participle Phrase, Infinitive
Phrase, Prepositional Phrase, Adjective Phrase, dan Cardinal Number, misalnya :

the boat which is painted red D^T^Q (Adjective Clause)

the boat painted red
women wearing jeans
the boat in red
boats available in the harbour
the boat to sell this afternoon
Gate 2
D^T^Q (Past Participle Phrase)
T^Q (Noun/Present Part)
D^T^Q (Deictic/Noun/Prep.Phrase)
T^Q (Noun/Adjective Phrase)
D^T^Q (Noun/Infinitie Phrase)
T^N (Noun?Cardinal Number)

Contoh kombinasi antara Pre-modifier dan Post-modifier

the beautiful shoulder-length wavy black hair with red ribbon on it

Penjelasan lain tentang frasa nomina menurut Thomas Sumarno (2001) adalah :

Frasa nomina terbagi atas :

a. Frasa Nomina berunsur Kata Sifat dan Kata Benda (Adjective + Noun), Misalnya
different ideas, beautiful flowers, an important thing
b. Frasa nomina yang berunsur Kata Kerja + ed2 dengan Kata Benda (kata kerja
ed2 + N), misalnya : written exercises, boiled water, stolen money.
c. Frasa nomina yang berunsur Kata Benda dan Preposisi (N + Prep), misalnya : the
girl in yellow, the man in front of me, the boy after her

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 KATA BENDA PUSAT DAN PENJELAS

Perhatikan frasa di bawah ini :

clean water in the glass that I drink yesterday

Kata penting dari frasa tersebut adalah WATER. Kata benda tersebut disebut kata benda
pusat atau head, atau thing (T) seperti disebut di atas. Sedangkan kata yang lain desebut
kata penjelas.

Clean WATER in the glass that I drink yesterday

Makna keseluruhan : Air bersih yang ada di gelas yang saya minum kemarin

2. Latihan

Tunjukkan S dan O pada kalimat dalam teks berikut ini. Kemudian artikanlah dengan cara
menerjemahkannya.

Text
Several months ago, there was an interesting discussion on this list of the meaning of syncopation in
music and dance that I would like to revisit. Merriam-Webster defines syncopation as "a temporary
displacement of the regular metrical accent in music caused typically by stressing the weak beat." (I
think most definitions would also add "or not stressing the accented beat.") It seems to me that most
dancers use the word syncopation to refer to *any* subdivision of a beat by the steps of either or both
dancers, and I would like to ask the list if this definition fits the dictionary definition. For example,
consider walking one step per beat to a song in 4/4 time: 1, 2,3, 4, left, right, left, right, etc. Now, add
a double-time step on the "and" between the third and fourth steps: 1, 2, 3-and-4 (e.g., left, right, left-
together, left). At first glance, this seems to fit the definition above, since the step on the "and" falls
between beats 3 and 4, which are normally accented by steps, and the "and" in normally not accented
by a step.
However, a musician that I posed this to said this was not a true syncopation. The argument
went something like this. In nearly all 4/4 music, the odd beats 1 and the 3 are naturally accented more
strongly than the even beats 2 and the 4. To be a true syncopation, the accent has to come on the weak
beats, namely, 2 and/or 4. Now, the argument continues, when you subdivide a beat, the accenting of
the odd beats 1 and 3 seems to get carried through to the 1st and 3rd subdivisions of the beat (perhaps
for reasons rooted in the psychology of how the brain processes music). Consider breaking each beat
of the measure into quarters, sometimes represented this way: 1-y-and-a-2-y-and-a-3-y-and-a-4-y-and-
a Just as the 1 and 3 are normally more accented than the 2 and 4, the "and" (like 3) is normally more
accented than the "y" or "a." So, a double step on the "and" is not a syncopation because it falls on a
normally accented subdivision of the beat. According to this definition, the extra step would have to
be on the "y" or "a" to be a true syncopation. Also according to this definition, a heavily accented step
on 2 or 4 would be a syncopation, even without extra steps added.
Can anyone shed some light on this?

(Evan Wallace)
Seattle
7
 Minggu ke 4 - 5
KOHESI DALAM TEKS READING COMPREHENSIONS

1. KOHESI*
Grammatikal
Kohesi
Leksikal

Item referensi (John/he)

Gramatikal Substitusi (John works, and so does she)
Elipsis (is he John? Yes)
Konjungsi Internal
Eksternal
Repetisi (rose/rose)
Sinonimi (poisonous/toxic)
Leksikal Antonimi (happy/sad)
Hiponimi (Super-sub : mammal/cow
Co-hiponimi (caw/tiger/elephant)
Meronimi (Part-whole :rose/root)
Co-meronimi (root/leaves)

2. Konjungsi :
a. Internal: - Addittion : In addition'
Moreover
Furthermore, etc.

- Sequence First, Second, Third, ...

Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, ... Finally
Next
Then

- Opposite/Different idea However

But
Nevertheless
In contrast
On the other hand
Meanwhile
- Cause and Effect Therefore
As a result
Consequently
As a consequence
Thus, etc.

b. Ekseternal : - Addition : . . . and . . .

not only ... but also ...

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 both ... and ...
not only ... but ... as well

- Alternative or
- Opposite/Different ideas but
while
whereas

- Sequence : and then

then
- Cause and Effect : so that
so (such) ...that

- Condition : if
unless

- Concession : although
even though
though

3. Kohesi dalam Teks

A passage contains a number of sentences. There are relations between the sentences in a
passage. This part studies three types of relation between sentences in a passage: reference,
logical connection and logical structure of paragraphs in a passage.

Read this passage about deserts, and try to find the relations between the sentences in your
own way.
Desert are region with very little rainfall. Only a few plants and animals can adapt to
the dry conditions found there. Not all deserts have the same type of surface. Some are covered
in sand, which is blown by the wind of to form dunes. Others have a surface of stones or rocks.

3.1 Reference
In a set of statements, some of the words in one sentence are often repeated in other sentences.
In passages, we try not to repeat words very often. we can refer back to words used in other
sentences. This relation is called reference.

Now study this short passage and notice the use of reference. This use of reference is shown
in the diagram.

Deserts are very dry regions. They have very little rainfall. Few plants live there. Some
specialized animals do. Some deserts have a surface of sand. The sand often forms dunes.
These are created by the wind. Others have stone or rocks.

Deserts
Deserts are very dry regions.

They have very little rainfall.

Few plants live there. Some specialized animals do

Some deserts have a surface of sand. The sand often

Form dunes These are created by the wind.

9
Other have stone or rocks.

Draw a similar diagram to show the use of reference in the following passage.

Bedaya dance is also sacred in Puro Mangkunagaran. Bedaya Anglir Mendhung is the
most sacred Bedaya dance, created by Sri Mangkoenagaran I, assisted by Kyai Gunasuta and
Kyai Kidang Wulung.
Anglir Mendhung means something which looks like a cloud. It is depicting his feeling when
he had to fight against his own father-in-law, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I. The dancers are
7 girls in a holy state. For the execution of this dance, a strict ritual must be performed, before
and during the performance.
In fact, the gamelan music of this dance is based on gamelan music of Ketawang, the creation
of Queen Kencanasari, the Goddess of the South Sea, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul. All dancers have
to purify themselves by fasting for several days. They have to request permission and blessing
from Sri Mangkoenagoro I, in front of his grave, to be able to perform Anglir Mendhung at
their best. May God the Almighty protect them during the performance.
Sometimes a writer refers back not only to a single word but to a group of words or a whole
sentence. This passage shows the use of reference to refer back to groups of words.
Temperatures in the desert are very high during the day. At night they are very low.
There can be a difference of 50oC between the two (i.e temperatures at night and during the
day). This differences (i.e the differences between the two) break the stones and rocks into
pieces. These (i.e the pieces of stones and rocks) are blown away by the wind. This action of
the wind (i.e the action of blowing away the pieces) steps soil from forming. Without soil
many plants cannot grow.
Read the following passage. The underlined words refer back to certain parts of the passage.
decide what parts of the passage these words refer back to.
Wind is the movement of air over the earth's surface. This movement is related to air
pressure. Near the earth's surface the pressure is greater at the poles than at the equator. Away
from the surface it is lower at the poles. Because of these pressure differences there is a
constant blow of air. This is the main cause of wind. winds are also deflected by the rotation
of the earth. This deflection is called the Coriolis force.

3.2 Logical Connection

There are often logical relations between statements in a passage. The logical relations are
expressed by connecting words. These connecting words connect the sentences together and
show the logical relations between them. One logical relation is addition. For example,

A cactus does not need very much water

ADDITION

In addition, it is well adapted to high temperatures.

Another logical relation is sequence. For example,

Changes in temperature break rocks into pieces.

SEQUENCE

Then the wind blows the pieces away

A third logical relation is contrast. For example,

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Temperatures in deserts are extremely high during the day.

CONTRAST

However at night they are often very low.

A fourth logical relation is consequence. For example,

There is very little rainfall in deserts.

CONSEQUENCE

Therefore few plants can live there.

This activity practices the use of logical connection (words like in addition, then, however,
and therefore). Here are four pairs of sentences :
1. Cactus plants do not need much water. They can grow in deserts.
2. There is no water on the surface of deserts. There is water underground.
3. The temperature is very high during the day. It becomes cold at night.
4. Deserts have little plant life. They have little animal life.

Identify the logical relation between the two sentences in each pair. Then connect the two
sentences together by using logical connector.

3.3 Logical Structure in Paragraph

a passage a writer organizes information in a logical way. The paragraphs in a passage have a
logical structure.

Study this short paragraph :

The hot deserts in the world have several characteristics in common. They all have an annual
rainfall of less than ten inches. There also great differences between day and night
temperatures. In addition, they are inhabited by plants and animals which have adapted to the
lack water.
LOGICAL STRUCTURE
The hot deserts in the world Introduces and identifies a Nature of list =
have several characteristics in list characteristics of deserts
common.
They all have an annual Specifies item 1 Item1 = rainfall less than 10
rainfall of less than ten inches inches
There are also great Specifies item 2 Item 2 = differences between
differences between day and day and night temperatures
night temperatures. Specifies
item 2
In addition, they are inhabited Specifies item 3 Item 3 = presence of animals
by plants and animals which and plants which have
have adapted to the lack of adapted to lack of water
water

4. Latihan
4.1 Read the following passage and answer the reference questions that follow each one.

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 Text 1
George Luca's Star Wars changed the direction of American film with some of the most
ingenious special effects contrived for movies of its time. Twenty-two months were spent on
the special effects, including the six months needed to design the equipment and the more than
1,000 storyboards for the effects
5 sequences.
A special computerized camera, called a Dykstarflex, was designed to give the illusion of real
screen movement. This system, controlled by the camera operator, enabled him or her to pan,
tilt, and track around the model, always keeping it in focus. The breakthrough was the camera's
ability to repeat the identical
10 movements from the shot to shot; thus the effects sequences could be built like
a music track; layer upon, layer. The illusion was complete: none of the spaceships in Star
Wars ever moved-only the camera did.
15 On the rebel blocked runner artists built a tiny cockpit, all done to scale. The
miniaturized laser canons were fully motorized to swivel and tilt by remote control. The light
sabers were four-sided blades coated with reflective aluminum, attached to a small motor.
When rotated, they created a flashing light later enhanced by animation.

1. The word some in line 1 refers to

(A) American film
(B) Direction
(C ) Movies
(D) Special effects
2. In line 2, the word contrived could be best replaced with which of the following ?
(A) Discovered
(B) Created
(C) Performed
(D) Utilized
3. In line 7 this system refers to
(A) the creation of an illusion
(B) screen movement
(C) panning and tilting around a model
(D) a special computerized
4. The word it in line 8 refers to
(A) model
(B) camera
(C ) focus
(D) system
5. The word they in line 18 refers to
(A) miniaturized laser cannons
(B) artists
(C )four-sided blades
(D) seventy-five models

4.2 Read each passage and guess the logical relation of the paragraph to preceding or
following paragraph

Text 2

The most conservative sect of the Mennonite Church is the Old Order Amish, with 33,000
members living mainly today in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. Their lifestyle
reflects their belief in the doctrines of separation from the world and simplicity of life. The
Amish have steadfastly rejected the societal changes that have occurred in the previous three
hundred years, preferring instead to remain securely rooted in a seventeenth-century lifestyle.

12
They live without radios, televisions, telephones, electric lights, and cars; they dress in plainly
styled and colored old-fashioned clothes; and they farm their lands with horses and tools rather
than modern farm equipment. They have a highly communal form of living, with barn raisings
and quilting bees as common place activities.

6. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses

(A) other more liberal sects of Mennonites
(B) where Mennonites
(C) the communal Amish lifestyle
(D)the most conservative Mennonites

Text 3
The extinction of many species of bird has undoubtedly been hastened by modern man; since
1600 it has been estimated that approximately 100 bird species have become extinct over the
world. In North America, the first species known to be annihilated was the great auk, a
flightless bird that served as an easy source of food and bait for Atlantic fishermen through
the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Short after the great auk's extinction, two other North American species, the Carolina
parakeet and the passenger pigeon, began dwindling noticeably in numbers. The last Carolina
parakeet and the last passenger pigeon i captivity both died in September 1914. In addition to
these extinct species, several others such as the bald eagle, the peregrine falcon, and the
Californian condor are today recognized as endangered; steps are being taken to prevent their
extinction.

7. The paragraph following this passage most probably discusses

(A) what is being done to save endangered birds
(B) what the bald eagle symbolizes to Americans
(C) how several bird species became endangered
(D)other extinct species

4.3 Garis bawahi dan sebutkan jenis penanda kohesi yang terdapat pada bacaan di
bawah ini, kemudian terjemahkan bacaan tersebut ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia.

Text 4
The jazz music sensation began to rub off on other parts of the world, which encourages the
experimentation of melding their familiar sounds with the essence of Jazz. In Europes
country in the Region of France came the Quintette Du Hot Club de France who was
responsible for making of the early Gypsy Jazz.

The Belgian guitarist Django Reinhardt created gypsy jazz by mixing the style of French
Musette which was used in the dance halls, eastern European Folk known as Jazz
Manouche, and American swing of the 1930s. The sound was developed by instruments
from the string familiy which are a steel string guitar, violin, and an upright bass. The
atmosphere of the Jazz music is seductive with sudden unpredictable twists, and accelerating
rhythms. The French artist Bireli Lagrene plays this unique music with old elements of the
past.

Another style of Jazz music that allowed the musicians to express themselves freely was the
invention of Avant-Garde or free Jazz music. Both of these styles stemmed from the Bebop
era, yet produced a relaxed form of harmonic and rhythmic music in the 1940s and 1950s.
the musicians John Coltrane, Dewey Redman, Charles Mingus, Sun Ra, Sam Rivers, Ornette
Coleman and many more were the creators of the free Jazz Music. Between the 1960s and

13
1970s the Latin musicians created the Afro-Cuban and Brazillian Jazz Music styles after
Bebop musicians Dizzy Gillespie and Billy Taylor cultivated it.

Gillespie and Taylor was influenced by the music of Cuban and Puerto Rican musicians
Chico Ofarrill, Tito Puente, Chano Pozo, Xavier Cugat, Mario Bauza and Arturo Sandoval.
Jazz music expressed in a Latin interpretation was termed Bossa Nova with origins in
Samba music which is a mixture of Jazz, classical and pop music from the 20th century.
Bossa is a moderate sounds of music with Classical harmonic structure from Europe, Samba
polyrhythms from Brazil and cool music. The tempo of such a work is about 120 beats per
minute. The instruments used in this particular sound is nylon stringed guitar, piano, high
hat tap of eighths, tapping on the rim of the drum like Sades Sweetest Taboo,and a
vocalist. The sound produced is a new relaxing sound where the acoustic sound of guitar
can lull one to sleep with its easy melodic line.

Joao Gilberto and Antonio Carlos Jobim became popular in the sixties with this style of
music. The influence of Jazz music returned to the place of its origins in the religious music
known as Urban Cotemporary Gospel from the spirituals music. Much of spiritual music
sung by southern slaves in the past has a haunting dark and mournful sound during the 1800
and 1900s. The churches know as the sanctified or holy churches took more happier
approach by encouraging member to sing speak their personal testimonies as they celebrated
with song and dance.

The sanctified artist Arizona Dranes who was a travelling pastor made recordings that would
fit in many musical categories such as blues, and boogie-woogie with the use of Jazz
instruments. At the time the Jazz instruments used with religious themed music were
percussion and brass instruments.

14
 Minggu Ke-6
READING FOR INFERENCE AND ADDITIONAL READING SKILLS

A. Inference Questions
Inference questions are perhaps the most difficult question to answer the Reading
Comprehension section. The answers to these questions are not directly stated in the passage
but are understood, or implied. The following are examples of inference questions :
Which of the following can be inferred about ...?
Which of the following can be inferred from passage ?
From the passage it can be inferred that ...
The author implies that ...
The passage suggest that ...
It is most probable that ...

To answer inference question, decide what logical conclusion follows from the facts stated in
the passage. These ideas may be what author believes to be true but has not stated in the
passage.

Example :
Lie detectors are properly called emotion detector, for their aim is to measure bodily
changes that contradict what a person says.

What can be inferred from the sentence ?

Lie detectors record a person's emotions.
Emotions can contradict what person says.

What cannot be inferred from the sentence ?

People always say what they are felling. (Bodily changes can contradict what a person
says).
Lie detectors cause changes in emotions. (no Lie detectors measure or record bodily
changes).

Example :
Although lie detectors are being used by governments, police departments, and
business that all want guaranteed ways of detecting the truth, the results are not always
accurate. Lie detectors are properly called emotion detectors, for their aim is to measure bodily
changes that contradict what a person says. The polygraph machine records changes in heart
rate, breathing, blood pressure, and electrical activity of the skin (galvanic skin response, or
GSR). In the first part of polygraph test, you are electronically connected to the machine and
asked a few neutral questions (What is your name? Where do you live?). our physical
reactions serve as the standard (baseline) for evaluating what comes next. Then you are asked
a few critical questions among the neutral ones (When did you rob the bank?). The
assumption is that if you are guilty, your body will reveal the truth, even if you try to deny it.
Your heart rate, respiration, and GSR will change abruptly as you respond to the incriminating
questions.
That is the theory; but psychologists have found that lie detectors are simply not
reliable. Since most physical changes are the same across emotions, machines cannot tell
whether you are feeling guilty, angry, nervous, thrilled or revved up from an exciting day.
Innocent people may be tense and nervous about the whole procedure. They may be react
physiologically to a certain word (bank) not because the robbed it, but because they recently
bounced a check. In either case lie without flinching, and other learn to beat the machine by
tensing muscles or thinking about an exciting experience during neutral questions.

Question

15
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage ?
(A) Lie detectors are very reliable
(B) Innocent people are never found guilty.
(C )Psychologists never argue about anything
(D) Most people cannot control their bodily reactions.

Answer
Answer (A) is incorrect because the second paragraph stats that psychologists find lie
detectors to be unreliable. Answer (B) is also because the passage states that the lie detectors
may record innocent people as lying in response to a question, not because they are guilty but
because they are nervous. Therefore, innocent people may be found guilty. Answer (D) is also
incorrect, because although psychologists may agree on the unreliability of lie detectors, we
do not know whether they agree on other issues. Therefore, this cannot be inferred. Answer
(D) is the best answer. Although we know that some practiced liars can control their bodily
reactions, in general, we can infer that most people cannot control their bodily reactions such
as breathing rate, hear rate, blood pressure, and the electrical activity of the skin.

Question
2. From the passage it can be inferred that
(A) Emotions are all the same
(B) Psychologists would not want the detectors used to prove someone's guilt.
(C )Neutral questions reveal the truth.
(D) Psychologists are unreliable

Answer
Answer (A) cannot be inferred. The passage states that physical changes are the same across
all emotions, but the does not mean that emotions are all the same. Answer (C ) also cannot
be inferred since the passage states that some practiced liars can beat the machine. Answer
(D) cannot be inferred since the passage states that psychologists find the detectors unreliable;
there is no indication in the passage that psychologists are unreliable. The best answer is (B)
since it can be inferred that psychologists would not to use lie detectors to prove someone's
guilt, because they consider them to be unreliable.

Strategies
Go beyond the information stated in the passage
Draw a conclusion or reason out what is implied-that is, what the author of the passage
means or believes to be true but has not stated in the passage.
Remember that the answer to the question will not be stated in words in the passage.
Beware of answer choices that go beyond what can logically infer from the passage.
wrong answer choices that go beyond what you can logically infer from the passage.
Wrong answer choices will often be too exaggerated or overstated to be precisely
correct.

B. Additional Reading Skill Questions

Questions on Context
There are different types of context questions depending on the particular field of the
reading passage.

a. The questions may regard the kind of publication in which the passage may be found.
Examples :
The passage would most likely be found in a textbook on which of following subjects
?
The passage would most likely be found in ... .

b. The questions may regard the audience for the passage.

16
 Examples :
The passage was probably written by a specialist in ...
The passage was written most likely by an expert in ...

c. The question may regard the audience for the passage.

Examples :
For whom has the author probably written the passage ?
The audience the author had in mind when writing this passage was most likely a
group of ...
The information in this passage would most likely be of interest to ...
d. The question may be about the class for which the passage would be assigned.
Examples :
For what course would the passage probably be assigned ?

Questions on Tone and Attitude

a. These question ask you about the author's feeling when he or she wrote the
passage.
Examples :
The tone of the passage could best be described as ...
What tone does the author take in writing this passage ?

b. In this passage, the author may take a strong position for or against something. The
following are examples of strong positive and negative tones.
Examples :
The work, a true masterpiece, was written in a day. (positive)
In her brilliant career as architect, she was renowned not only for the quality of her
work but also for the amount of work she produced. (positive)
This system is extravagant of land use and not suitable for many areas if the world.
(negative)
These experiments are not only shocking but also a waste of time and money.
(negative)

c. Attitude question are similar to questions on tone. You must determine the
author's opinion or position the subject.
Examples :
The author's attitude toward ... could best be described as ...
What is the author's attitude toward ...?
The author's opinion of ... could best be described as one of ...
How would the author probably feel about ...?
How would the writer probably feel about ...?

Here are some examples of tone or attitude answers :

POSITIVE NEGATIVE NEUTRAL
humorous disbelieving scientific
supportive depressing objective
favorable unfavorable impersonal

d. In other attitude questions, you may be asked what you think the author's
opinion of four statements would be.
Examples :
The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following ?
Which of the following recommendations would the author most likely support ?

Questions on Main Purpose

17
 Questions on main purpose ask why the author wrote the passage. These questions appear
in place of main idea questions and are the first questions after the passage.
Examples :
What is the author's main purpose in the passage ?
The author's purpose in writing is to ...
Why did the author write the passage ?

The answers to these questions begin with infinitives such as :

to discuss to tell how
to mention to distinguish
to persuade to illustrate
to summarize to advise
to compare to criticize
to describe to explain

Question on Drawing Conclusions

Question on drawing conclusions are similar to inference questions. These questions ask
you to infer from the facts or ideas presented in the passage.
Examples :
It can be concluded from the passage that ...
The passage supports which of the following conclusions ?
Which of the following conclusions about ... is supported by the passage ?
Which of the following conclusions about ... can be drawn from the passage?

Questions on Organization
Organization questions ask you about the general organization of the passage or of a
particular paragraph.
Examples :
Which of the following describes the organization of the passage ?
Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first
paragraph ?
Here are some examples of the answer to such questions :
Persuasive language is used against ...
A general concept is defined, and examples are given.
The author describes ...
Several generalizations are presented, from which various conclusions are drawn.
The views of two researchers are described and contrasted.
A specific case is given to describe a general principle.

Sample Reading Passage

Although lie detectors are being used by governments, police departments, and
business that all want guaranteed way of detecting the truth, the results are not always
accurate. Lie detector are properly called emotion detectors, for their aim is to measure bodily
changes that contradict what a person says. Th e polygraph machine records changes in heart
rate, breathing, blood pressure, and the electrical activity of the skin (galvanic skin response,
or GSR). In the first part of the polygraph test, you are electronically connected to the machine
and asked a few neutral questions (what is your name? Where do you live?). Your
physical reactions serve as the standards (baseline) for evaluating what comes next. Then you
are asked a few critical questions among the neutral ones (when did you rob the bank?). The
assumption is that if you are guilty, your body will reveal the truth, even if you try to deny it.
Your heart rate, respiration, and GSR will change abruptly as you respond to the incriminating
questions.
That is the theory; but the psychologists have found that lie detectors are simply not
reliable.. Since most physical changes are the same across emotions, machines cannot tell

18
whether you are feeling guilty, angry, nervous about the whole procedure. They may be react
physiologically to a certain word (bank)not because the robbed it, but because they recently
bounced a check. In either case the machine will record a lie. The reverse mistake is also
common. Some practiced liars can lie without flinching, and other learn to beat the machine
by tensing muscles or thinking about an exciting experience during neutral questions.

Question
1. It can be concluded from the passage that a polygraph test
(A) is the best way to determine a person's guilt
(B) can read a person's thoughts
(C )is the only evidence needed in a court of law
(D) works in principle but not in practice

Answer
Answer (A) is not correct because the polygraph is not reliable according to psychologists;
therefore, it cannot be the best way to determine a persons guilt. Answer (B) is also incorrect
because the polygraph only record physical reactions. Answer (C ) is not correct since the
passage doe not imply that this world be the only evidence needed in a court of law. The best
answer is (D) since this is another way of saying that the theory of the polygraph is good but,
because it is not reliable, in practice it does not work.

Question
2. This passage was probably written by a specialist in
(A) sociology
(B) anthropology
(C )mind reading
(D)criminal psychology

Answer
Answer (A) is not correct because a sociologist studies human behavior in groups and does
not study the human mind and its related bodily reactions. Answer (B) is also incorrect
because an anthropologist studies different human races and their habits and beliefs. Answer
(C ) is incorrect because a specialist in ind reading will use parapsychology and will not
believe in what psychologists have to say. The best answer is (D) since the polygraph supports
the opinion of psychologists on the subject of being found guilty or innocent of committing a
crime.

Question
3. The author would most probably agree with which of the following statements ?
(A) Polygraphs have no place in our society
(B) Physical reactions are not connected to thoughts.
(C )Machines are no match for psychologists.
(D) Polygraph tests should not be used as the sole evidence of guilt

Answer
Answer (A) is not correct; although the author does not think that polygraphs are reliable, this
statement would be overwhelmingly disapproving and an exaggeration of the author's feeling.
Answer (B) is also not correct since the author dose not deny this statement, but only indicates
how physical reactions may not be reliably determined by the polygraph. Answer (C ) is also
incorrect. Machines could be any machines, including computers. This is an exaggerated
statement. The best answer is (D) since this statement supports the author's opinion that
polygraph tests are unreliable, but it does not exaggerate by ruling out other evidence of guilt.

Question
4. Which of following statements best describes the organization of the last paragraph ?

19
 (A) Several generalizations are made from which several conclusions are
drawn.
(B) A general concept is defined and examples are given.
(C) Suggestion for the use of lie detectors are given.
(D) Persuasive language is used to argue against a popular idea.

Answer
Answer (A) is not correct since no generalizations are made. Anwer (B) is not correct because
no concept is given or defined. Answer (C ) is also not correct since suggestions for the use
of lie detectors are not given. Answer (D) is the best answer since persuasive language is used
to argue against the popular ide of suing lie detectors.
Question
5. Why did the author write the passage ?
(A) To illustrate how a lie detector works
(B) To explain how innocent people are found guilty
(C )To criticize the use of the lie detector
(D) To propose ways of using a lie detector

Answer
Answer (A) is not correct. The author illustrates how a lie detector works only in the first
paragraph, but only i order to make the main point later. Answer (B) is not correct. Although
the second paragraph mention that innocent people might be mistakenly found guilty, the
passage is about lie detectors. Answer (D) is also not correct. No mention is made of ways of
using a lie detectors. Answer (C ) is the best answer since the author first describes how a lie
detector works and then describes how it is unreliable, and in this way criticizes its use.

Strategies

Questions on drawing a conclusion are similar to inference questions. To answer these

questions, remember to draw a conclusion from the information given in the passage.
Purpose questions are combination of inference questions and main idea questions
asking you why the author wrote the passage. Again, to answer these questions, draw
a conclusion from the whole passage to find the author's purpose i writing it.
When answering tone or attitude questions, remember that tone and attitude are
implied in a passage and not stated explicitly. When answering tone questions look for
words that are neutral, positive, or negative. Beware of answer choices that are strong
emotional words. Some questions on attitude refer to passage in which the author takes
a position for or against a point. In such cases, beware of answer choices that overstate
or exaggerate the author's attitude.

Minggu ke 8

20
 TEXT STRUCTURE AND MEANING FROM CONTEXT

1. Getting Main Ideas from Text Structure and Context

Read the following text, and while you are skimming for the main ideas, try to find out the
discourse markers that show the contrast between the methods of education in the East and
those in the West.

Methods of Education :
East Versus West

A A teacher from a western country recently visited an elementary school in an Asian

country. In one class , she watched sixty young children as they learned to draw a cat. The
class teacher draw a big circle on the black board, and sixty young children copied it on their
papers. The teacher drew a smaller circle on top of the first and then put two triangles on top
of it. The children drew in the same way. The lesson continued until there were sixty-one
identical cats in the classroom. Each student's cat looked exactly like the one on the board.
B The visiting teacher watched the lesson and was surprised. The teaching methods were
very different from the way of teaching in her own country. A children's art lesson in her own
country produced a room full of unique pictures, each one completely different from the
others. Why ? What causes this difference in educational methods ? In a classroom in any
country, the instructor teaches more than at or history or language. He or she also teaches
culture (the ideas and beliefs of that society). Each educational system is a mirror that reflects
the culture of the society.
C In a society such as the United States or Canada, which has many national, religious,
and cultural differences, people highly value individualism-the differences among people.
Teachers place a lot of importance on the qualities that make each student special. The
educational systems in these countries show these values. Students do not memorize
information. Instead, they work individually and find answers themselves. There is often
discussion in the classroom. At an early age, students learn to form their own ideas and
opinions.
D In most Asian societies, by contrast, the people have the same language, history, and
culture. Perhaps for this reason, the educational system in much of the Orient reflects society
belief in group goals and purposes rather than . Children in China, Japan, and Korea often
work together and help one another on assignments. In the classroom, the teaching methods
are often very formal. The teacher lectures, and the students listen. There is not much
discussion. Instead , the students recite rules or information that they have memorized.
E There are advantages and disadvantages to both of these systems of education. For
example. One advantage to the system in Japan is that students there learn much more math
and science than American students learn by the end of high school. They also study more
hours each day and more day each year than North Americans do. The system is difficult, but
21
it prepares students for a society that values discipline and self-control. There is, however, a
disadvantage. Memorization is an important learning method in Japanese schools, yet many
students say that after an exam, they forget of the information that they have memorized.
The advantage of the educational system in North America, on the other hand, is that
students learn to think for themselves. The system prepares them for a society that values
creative ideas. There is, however, a disadvantage. When students graduate from high school,
they haven't memorized as many basic and facts as students in other countries have.

1.1 Getting the Main Ideas

Answer the questions according to the reading selection. Which statements apply to which
system of education? Write W (western) or A (Asian) on the lines. Don't think look back at
the reading.
A
1. _____ The teacher draws pictures that the children copy exactly.
2. _____ Each child draws a different picture; the teacher helps individuals.
3. _____ The society values individualism highly.
W
4. _____ Students have to find information themselves, and there is a lot of
discussion.
5. _____ Most of people in the country have the same language, history, and
culture.
6. _____ Students listen to the teacher and memorize information and rules.
7. _____ The system prepares students for a society that values discipline.

1.2 Guessing Meaning From Context

You do not need to look up the meaning of all new words in a dictionary. You can
guess the meanings of many new words from the context-the other words in the sentence and
the other sentences in the paragraph.

Sometimes a sentence gives a definition of a new vocabulary item or information about it.
This information may be in parentheses ( ) after a dash (-), or after a comma (,).
Example : There were sixty one identical cats in the classroom, each one exactly alike the one
on the board. (What does identical mean? It means exactly alike).

A. Find the meanings of the underlined words in the sentences. Write them on the lines.
1. A children's art lesson produced a room full of unique pictures, each one completely
different from the others.
Completely different
2. The instructor also teaches the culture (the ideas and beliefs of society).
_________________________________________________________
3. People highly value individualism-the differences among people.
_________________________________________________________

22
 4. Most Asian societies value discipline, or self-control.
_________________________________________________________

Sometimes the meaning or a clue to the meaning of a new vocabulary item is in another
sentence or sentence part.

Example : A teacher from Western country recently visited an elementary schools in an Asia
country. In one class, she watched sixty young children. (What is an elementary school? It's a
school for young children).

B. Write the meaning of the underlined words on the lines.

1. The teacher drew a big circle on the blackboard, and the children copied it. Then she
drew a smaller circle, and the class drew it the same way
______________________________________________________
2. The teaching methods were very different from the way teaching in her own country.
______________________________________________________
3. Students memorize information; they learn and remember basic rules and facts.
______________________________________________________
4. They work individually and find answers themselves.
______________________________________________________
5. Each educational system is a mirror that reflects the values of the society. In the orient,
it shows society's belief in group goals rather than individualism.
______________________________________________________
6. People in Western culture value individualism highly. Teachers place a lot of importance
on the qualities that make each personal special.

C. Read the selection at the beginning of the chapter again carefully. Try to guess the
meanings of new words from the context. Use your dictionary only when absolutely
necessary.

Check your answers in the Getting Main Ideas section, which follows the reading selection.
Correct your errors.

Minggu Ke- 9
EXAMPLE OF TOEFL READING COMPREHENSION TEST

23
 Section 3 :
Reading Comprehension

50 QUESTIONS 55 MINUTES

Directions : in this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a number
of questions about it. For questions 1-50, you are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C
), or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill
in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or
implied in that passage.

Question 1-10
Throughout history, the search for salt has played an important role in society. Where
there was no salt near, it was brought from great distances. Thus, salt became one of the most
important articles of early trade. Records show that in areas of scarcity, salt was traded ounce
for ounce for gold. Romeo's major highway was called Via Salaria that is, the Salt Road.
5 Along that road, Roman soldiers transported salt crystals from the salt flats at Ostia up the
Tiber River. In return, they received a salarium or salary, which was literally money paid to
soldiers to buy salt. The old saying worth their salt, which means to be valuable, derives
from the custom of payment during the Empire. The caravan trade of the Sahara was also
primarily an exchange of goods for salt. Among ancient peoples there, to eat salt with another
10 person was an act of friendship. Slaves were often purchased with salt. Salt was so important
in the Middle Age that governments retained salt trade as a monopoly, or levied taxes on its
purchase. By then, people's social rank was demonstrated by where they sat at the table above
or below the salt.
15 Even today, in some remote regions of the world, salt is a luxury item. In fact, in a few
isolated areas of Southeas Asia and Africa, cakes made of salt are still used for money.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss ?

(A) The old saying worth their salt
(B) The Roman Empire
(C )Salt
(D) Ancient trade
2. The word scarcity in line 4 could best be replaced by
(A) influence
(B) deprivation
(C )demand
(D) progress

3. What was the rate of exchange for salt and gold in areas where salt was a scarce
commodity ?
(A) One to one
(B) One to two
(C )One to ten
(D) One to sixteen

4. According to the passage, where were salt flats located ?

(A) Rome
(B) Tiber
(C )Ostia
(D) Salaria

5. What does the Latin word salarium mean ?

(A) Salt

24
 (B) Salary
(C )Soldiers
(D) The Salt road

6. If a man is worth his salt, he is

(A) a soldier
(B) a thirsty person
(C )a valuable employee
(D) a highly paid worker

7. The word retained in line 12 could best be replaced by which of the following ?
(A) reserved
(B) transferred
(C ) denied
(D) designated

8. Who enjoyed a monopoly on the sale of salt ?

(A) Soldiers of the Roman Empire
(B) Traders in Sahara
(C )Governments in the Middle Ages
(D) People of high social rank

9. The word then in line 13 refers to

(A) ancient times
(B) the Roman Empire
(C ) the Middle Ages
(D) early modern times

10. The word remote in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) distant
(B) prosperous
(C )traditional
(D) irresistible

Question 11-20
Smallpox was the first widespread disease to be eliminated by human intervention. In
May 1966, the world Health Organization (WHO) , an agency of the United Nations, was
authorized to initiate a global campaign to eradicate smallpox. The goal was to eliminate the
disease in one decade. At the time, the disease posed a serious threat to people in more than
5 thirty nations. Because similar projects for malaria and yellow fever after the initial
organization of the campaign, no cases were reported in the field.
The strategy was not only to provide mass vaccination but also to isolate patients with
10 active smallpox in order to contain the spread of the disease and to break the chain of human
transmission. Rewards for reporting smallpox assisted in motivating the public to aid health
workers. One by one, each smallpox victim was sought out, removed from contact with other
and treated. At the same time, the entire village where the victim had lived was vaccinated.
15 By April 1978, WHO officials announced that they had isolated the last known case
of the disease, but health workers continued to search for new cases for two additional years
to be completely sure. In May 1980, a formal statement was made to the global community.
Today smallpox is no longer a threat to humanity. Routine vaccinations have been stopped
worldwide.

11. Which of the following is the best title for the passage ?
(A) The World Health Organization
(B) The Eradication of Smallpox
(C )Smallpox Vaccinations

25
 (D) Infectious Diseases

12. The word threat in line 5 could best be replaced by

(A) debate
(B) humiliation
(C) risk
(D) bother

13. What was the goal of the campaign against smallpox ?

(A) To decrease the spread of smallpox worldwide
(B) To eliminate smallpox worldwide in ten years.
(C )To provide mass vaccinations against smallpox worldwide
(D) To initiate worldwide projects for smallpox, malaria, and yellow fever at the same
time.

14. According to the passage, what was the strategy used to eliminate the spread of smallpox
?
(A) Vaccinations of entire villages
(B) Treatment of individual victims
(C ) isolation of victims and mass vaccinations
(D) Extensive reporting of outbreaks

15. The word isolated in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) restored
(B) separated
(C )attended
(D) located

16. How was the public motivated to help the health workers ?
(A) By educating them
(B) By rewarding them for reporting cases
(C ) By isolating them from others
(D) By giving them vaccinations

17. The word they in line 15 refers to

(A) health workers
(B) officials
(C ) victims
(D) cases

18. Which statement does NOT refer to smallpox ?

(A) Previous project had failed
(B) People are no longer vaccinated for it
(C )The World Health Organization mounted a worldwide campaign to eradicate the
disease
(D) It was a serious threat.

19. It can be inferred that

(A) no new cases of smallpox have been reported this year
(B) malaria and yellow fever have been eliminated
(C )smallpox victims no longer die when they contract the disease
(D) smallpox is not transmitted from one person to another
20. When was the formal announcement made that smallpox had been eradicated ?
(A) 1966
(B) 1976
(C ) 1978

26
 (D) 1980

Question 21-30
The nuclear family, consisting of a mother, father, and their children, may be more an
American ideal than American reality. Of course, the so-called traditional American family
was always more varied than we had been led to believe, reflecting the very different racial,
ethnic, class, and religious customs among different American groups, but today diversity is
5 even more obvious.
The most recent government statistic reveal that only about one third of all current
American families fit the traditional mold of two parents and their children, and another third
consists of married couples who either have no children or have none still living at home. Of
the final one third, about 20 percent of the total number of American household are single
10 people, usually women over sixty-five years of age. A small percentage, about 3 percent of
the otal, consists of unmarried people who choose to live together, and the rest, about 7
percent, are single parents, with at least one child.
There are several reasons for the growing number of single-parent households. First,
15 the number of births to unmarried women has increased dramatically. In addition, a substantial
number of adults become single parents as a result of divorce. Finally, a small percentage of
death result in single parents families. Today, these varied family types are typical, and
therefore normal.
Addition, close friends have become a more important part of family life than ever
20 before. The vast majority of Americans claims that they regard of family although they are
not related. A view of family that only accepts the traditional nuclear arrangement not only
ignores the reality of modern American family life, but also undervalues the familial bonds
created in alternative family arrangements. Apparently, many Americans are achieving
25 supportive relationships in family forms other than the traditional one.

21. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned ?

(A) The traditional American family
(B) The nuclear American family
(C )The current American family
(D)The ideal family

22. The author implies that

(A) there have always been a wide variety of family arrangements in United States
(B) racial, ethnic, and religious groups have preserved the traditional family structure
(C )the ideal American family is the best structure
(D) fewer married couples are having children

23. The word current in line 7 could best be replaced by which of the following
(A) typical
(B) present
(C )perfect
(D) traditional

24. According to the passage, married couples whose children have grown or who have no
children represent
(A) 33 13 percent of households
(B) 20 percent of households
(C )7 percent of households
(D) 3 percent of households

25. The word none in line 9 refers to

(A) parents
(B) children

27
 (C )couples
(D) families

26. How many single people were identified in they survey ?

(A) One third of the total surveyed
(B) One fourth of the total surveyed
(C )One fifth of the total surveyed
(D) Less than one tenth of the total surveyed

27. Who generally constitutes a one-person household ?

(A) A single man in his twenties
(B) A elderly man
(C )A single woman in her late sixties
(D) A divorced woman

28. The phrase the rest in line 12 could best be replaced by

(A) those easily forgotten
(B) those remaining
(C )a small number
(D) a significant group

29. Where in the passage does the author refer to the value of close friends ?
(A) Lines 6-8
(B) Lines 10-12
(C )Lines 15-17
(D) Lines 19-24

30. The word undervalues in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) does not appreciate
(B) does not know about
(C )does not include
(D) does not understand

Question 31-40

Noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is another environmental pollutant.

Particularly in congested urban areas, the noise produced a by product of our advancing
technology causes physical and psychological harm, and detracts from the quality of life for
those who are exposed to it.
5 Unlike the eye, the ear had no lid; therefore noise penetrates without protection. Loud
noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, including
human beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, the
skin pales, and muscle tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about
by the flow of adrenaline release in in response to fear, and some of these responses persist
10 even longer than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased.
Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly
responding in the same ways that we would respond to danger. Recently, researches have
concluded that noise and our response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be
15 serious threat to physical and psychological health and well being, causing damage not only
to the ear and brain but also to the heart and stomach. We have long know that hearing loss is
America's number one nonfatal heart problem, but now we are learning that some of us with
heart disease and ulcers may be victims of noise as well. In addition, the psychic effect of
noise is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase, affecting the
quality of rest during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during waking hours.
20

28
31. What is the author's main point ?
(A) Noise may pose a serious threat to our physical and psychological health
(B) Loud noises signal danger
(C )Hearing loss is America's number one nonfatal health problem
(D) The ear is not like the eye

32. What is the author's definition of noise ?

(A) Unwanted sound
(B) A byproduct of technology
(C )Physical and psychological harm
(D) Congestion

33. What was probably the topic of the paragraph that preceded this passage ?
(A) Environmental pollutants
(B) Urban areas
(C )Technology
(D) Disease

34. The word congested in line 2 could best be replaced by

(A) hazardous
(B) polluted
(C )crowded
(D) rushed

35. It can be inferred this passage that the eye

(A) respond to fear
(B) enjoys greater protection than the ear.
(C )increases functions
(D) is damaged by noise

36. According to the passage, people respond toloud noises in the same way that they respond
to
(A) annoyance
(B) danger
(C )damage
(D) disease

37. The word accelerate in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) decline
(B) interrupt
(C ) increase
(D )cease

38. The word it in line 4 refers to

(A) noise
(B) harm
(C )life
(D) technology

39. According to the author, which of the following is true ?

(A) Noise not a serious problem
(B) Noise is America's number one problem
(C )Noise is unavoidable problem in an industrial society.
(D) Noise is a complex problem

29
40. The phrase as well in line 19 is closest in meaning to which of the
following
(A) after all
(B) also
(C ) instead
(D) regardless

Question 41-50

Very few in modern world obtain their food supply by hunting and gathering in the
natural environment surrounding their homes. This method of harvesting from nature's
provision is the oldest known subsistence strategy, and has been practiced for at least the last
2 million years. It was, indeed, the only way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and the
domestication of animals was introduced about 10,000 years ago.
Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in comparison with their agricultural
cousins, their numbers have dwindled, and they have been forced to live in marginal
environment such as deserts, forests, or artic wastelands. In higher latitudes, the shorter
growing season has restricted the availability of plant life. Such conditions have caused a
greater dependence o hunting and, along the coasts and waterways, on fishing. The abundance
of vegetation in the lower latitudes of the tropics, on the other hands, has provided a greater
opportunity for gathering a variety of plants. In short, the environmental differences have
restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for the development of subsistence societies.
Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us understand our prehistoric ancestors. we
know observation of modern hunter-gatherers in both Africa and Alaska that a society based
on hunting and gathering must be very mobile. While the entire community camps in a central
location, a smaller party harvests the food within a reasonable distance from the camp. When
the food in the area is exhausted, the community moves on to exploit another site. We also
notice a seasonal migration pattern evolving for most hunter-gatherers, along with a strict
division of labor between the sexes. This pattern of behavior may be similar to those practiced
by mankind during the Paleolithic Period.

41. Whit which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned ?
(A) The Paleolithic period
(B) Subsistence farming
(C )Hunter-gatherers
(D) Marginal environments

42. Which is the oldest subsistence strategy ?

(A) Migrating
(B) Domesticating animals
(C )Farming
(D) Hunting and gathering

43. The word rudimentary in line 5 could best be replaced by

(A) crude
(B) inconsistent
(C )neglectful
(D) careless

44. When was hunting and gathering introduced ?

(A) Ten million years ago
(B) Two million years ago
(C )Ten thousand years ago
(D) Two thousand years ago

30
45. The word dwindled in line 8 is closest in meaning to ?
(A) disagreed
(B) decreased
(C )disappeared
(D) died

46. The phrase such conditions in lines 10-11 refers to ?

(A) greater dependence
(B) higher altitudes
(C )plant life
(D) shorter growing season

47. What conditions exist in lower latitudes ?

(A) Greater dependence on hunting
(B) More coasts and waterways for fishing
(C )A shorter growing season
(D) A large variety of plant life

48. How can we learn more about the hunter-gatherers pf prehistoric times ?
(A) By standing the remains of their camp sites
(B) By studying similar contemporary societies
(C )By studying the prehistoric environment
(D) By practicing hunting and gathering

49. The word exploit in line 21 is closest in meaning to ?

(A) use
(B) find
(C )take
(D) prepare

50. What are some characteristics of hunter-gatherers ?

(A) They are mobile, tending to migrate seasonally
(B) They share the same responsibilities equally between the sexes.
(C ) They camp in a central location when they are tired
(D) They have many social celebrations.

Minggu Ke-10

English For Specific Purposes

General Objective :

31
Students will be able to comprehend a text on ancient culture and to improve their mastery of
passive voice.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Students will be able to :
1. comprehend the text relating to Ancient Culture
2. find the correct form of the word o different parts of speech
3. complete sentences by using appropriate words.
4. Identify the form and meaning of passive sentences in the passage
5. change active sentence into passive ones
6. arrange words and phrases into good sentences
7. combine sentences by using the relative pronoun which.

A. Reading Passage

BEDAYA AND SRIMPI

Javanese dance
Javanese: M
Dance : H
Tarian Jawa

Bedaya and Srimpi, the Javanese dances, which are usually performed by girls, are
feudal in spirit. Both had existed before Surakarta and Yogyakarta styles came into existence.
They probably dated back to the 16th century. In official ceremonies the Bedaya dances
usually carry the articles of the royal ceremony. These two dances have been preserved both
in the courts of Surakarta including Mangkunegaran, and Yogyakarta including Pakualaman
and have become the pride of both courts. It is noteworthy, however, that there is an essential
difference in style between the two dances.
The bedaya is a women's dances without a dialogue performed by nine female dances.
The background of the non-dialogue dance is a legendary event performed with such symbolic
movements that the laymen can not easily understand. Examples of famous bedayas are the
Bedaya Ketawang, Bedaya Semang, Bedaya Bedah Mediun, and Bedaya Arjunawiwaha. The
Bedaya Ketawang was created by Sultan Agung, king of Mataram in the first of the 17 th
century. The Bedaya Ketawang describes the myth of the meeting between Sultan Agung and
Ratu Rara Kidul or the Queen of the South Sea. According to a Javanese legend, Sultan
Agung, the greatest king of Mataram, united himself in a holy union with the mythical Ratu
Rara Kidul, the ruler of the South Sea. This meetinig resulted in a close family bond between
all the succeeding kings of Mataram and Ratu Rara Kidul. On special ocasions, such as in
wars, the king of Mataram might ask for the help of the invisible army of Ratu Rara Kidul.
After Mataram kingdom was divided into Surakarta and Yogyakarta, King Hamengku
Buwana II created another bedaya dance resembling the Bedaya Ketawang called Bedaya
Semang at the end of the 18th century. Since then, however the Yogyakarta court has no longer
performed the Bedaya Ketawang.
In addition to these bedayas, there is another bedaya dance called Bedaya Bedah
Mediun, which depicts the suppression of the rebellion launched by the regent of Madiun
against the king of Mataram. Still another bedaya dance is Bedaya Arjunawiwaha picturing
the marriage between Arjuna and the nymph Supraba.
Another womens' dance of the court is the srimpi dance performed by four girls. This
dance describes a battle between two important female warriors, as the protagonists and two
others being the antagonists. There is no dialogue in this srimpi dance and the story is drawn
from the Islamic period. There is a srimpi dance which depicts a battle between two princesses

32
in the Menak story, i.e Princess Sirtufilaeli and Princess Sudarawerti. There is also another
srimpi dance which is performed not by four but by five girls, and describes not a fight, but a
love scene. Another Srimpi dance called Renggawati dance describes the way in which
Princess Renggawati catches a Meliwis Putih bird, the personification of her lover, King
Anglingdarma.
The srimpi dances are named after the gending or melody accompanying them. For
instance, Srimpi Pandelori is a dance which is accompanied by gending Pandelori.
Like in the bedaya dance, the movements in the srimpi dance are so symbolic and
refined that it is difficult for the common people to understand. The number of srimpi dancers
symbolizes are four points of compass-north, south, east, and west.
At present, neither the bedaya nor the srimpi dance is popular among the public. But,
they are still maintained especially by Surakarta and Yogyakarta choreographers.

(adapted from Dances in Indonesia, by Soedarsono, 1968:42-44).

Notes :
court : keraton
to depict : menggambarkan
to preserve : melestarikan
choreographers : pencipta tari

B. Comprehension Questions
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.
1. How many female dancers are there in the bedaya dance ?
2. Who created the Bedaya Ketawang ?
3. What does the Bedaya Ketwang describe ?
4. When was the Bedaya Semang created ?
5. In what ways are bedaya and srimpi different ?
6. What is the similarity between bedaya and srimpi ?

Exercise 2. Circle T if the following statement is true, and F if it is false.

T/F 1. Bedaya and Srimpi dances existed after Surakarta and Yogyakarta styles
had come into existence.
T/F 2. The Bedaya Ketawang dance was created in the 17th century.
T/F 3. The Bedaya and srimpi dances were preserved both in the courts of
Surakarta and Yogyakarta.
T/F 4. The srimpi dance is named after the number of dancers.
T/F 5. The Yogyakarta court has performed the Bedaya Semang since the 18th
century.

C. Word Study

33
Exercise 1. Fill in the existing corresponding words in the following box. Number one is done
for you.

NO VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB

1 Differ Difference Different Differently
2 describe . .................. ..................
3 ................ .................. symbolic ..................
4 move .................. .................. ..................
5 ................ .................. personal ..................
6 create .................. .................. ..................
7 decide .................. .................. ..................
8 ............... .................. present ..................

Pre sent
Exercise 2. Find the words in the following list, which are synonymous to the
italicized words in the sentences below.
Types choreographed describes
taken fight carried out

1. King Hamengku Buwana II created the Bedaya Semarang.

2. Bedaya and srimpi are two Javanese dances performed by girls.
3. He Bedaya Arjunawiwaha depicts the marriage between Arjuna and the nymph Suprabha.
4. The story is drawn from the Islamic period.
5. This dance describes a battle between two important female warriors.

Exercise 3. Circle the word that does not belong to the category. The first has been
done for you
1. Javanese English Dutch Indonesia New Zealand
2. dancer singer pointer manager musician
3. anger jealousy table love hatred
4. cello pianist guitar violin drum
5. drama poetry novel catalogue short-story
6. truck lorry cab cap van

Pertemuan 11 :
Understanding Scientific articles
34
General Objective :
Students will be able to comprehend a text of scientific article and to improve their
mastery of structure of complex sentences

Specific objective :
1. comprehend the text relating to stress analysis of English song lyrics
2. find out subject, predicator of sentences
3. identify complex sentences : main clause, and sub clause
4. identify noun phrases and translate
5. translate complex sentences on the passage and parts of the passage
6. understand procedure of the scientific article, part of scientific articles
7. draw reference, text structure of the passage

Title :
MUSIC AND LANGUAGE:
A STRESS ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH SONG LYRICS
by Suharto, a Lecturer of Music Department, UNNES

Introduction
Musical works fall into two categories based on their performance, namely
instrumental music and music accompanied by lyrics or sometimes called a song. A musical
work is called a song if only the existing sequence of melody is completed with song texts
(lyrics). It is in the form of a musical notation which is completed with song texts. The song
texts are arranged into a song. An instrumental music, on the other hand, is a song without
song texts.
The song text is an extremely important part of song. A good song text should be
harmonious with the melody of the song that will bring the listener to delightful and pleasant
mood. On the contrary, song texts which is not exquisite, and do not go well with the melody
flow nor with the song theme, will produce an unappealing song to hear, and sometime
potential to make the listener get bored, irritated, or even angry. Many of this kind of song we
see and hear in the radio or TV.
Musical works which is a language expression of the writer, actually have symbols.
The symbols are music notations which have principle like a language. In music, motif is
known as melodic or rhythmical idea which can be developed to a good composition. The
song motif is usually appear in parts of song. The parts may be in the beginning, middle, or
in the end of the song. Motif is sometimes called theme of the song which can be used as a
base of the composition. Making a good motif will make the development of the melody in
the composition process become a good one. Thus, like a language, the musical works are
the compositions which have meaning.
A complete song is a combination of some elements namely melody, harmony, and
song text or lyric. The sequence of melody is actually a language, music language. Because
the song text consist of words, phrases, or even sentences that have meaning. Both language,
music language and lyric language are one united meaning. That is why in every composition
process the writer should consider the two elements (music and language). The two elements
must be suitable in rhythm, melody, and harmony. If one element moves without other one,
then it can not be harmonious. Usually, the text in a song is a beautiful language or literary
language. However, the beauty of the language can be meaningless if the melody is not
suitable among theme, melody, rhythm, and harmony.

35
 We can be sure that in music the first beat of the measure must be strong accent or
stressed. We can also see the character of the song by seeing and feeling the measure type.
Every type has different character. Based on the two character between language, especially
English and music song, some problems are appear. Do the patterns of language especially
in song texts (lyrics) follow the beat patterns of music and vice versa? Can the stress patterns
(the measure type) influence the song texts? To what extent is the English stress pattern
applied in English song lyrics viewed from the stress pattern of musical rhythm and soon..
The questions stimulate me to research it.
The objectives of the study is to know the tendency of English stress pattern applied in
English song lyrics viewed from the stress pattern of musical rhythm.

Function of the Lyric in the Music

Actually, a music composition is not always a sequence of melody with a lyric. The
composition without a lyric on its melody is called instrumental music. On the contrary, the
one with a lyrics is called song.
The music composition performed by song contains an attractive aspect. The attractive
aspect is a language. The language which consists of a sequence of words gives new
dimension in the music which can not find in the other composition, instrumental music
(Sitompul, 1997: 97) . The lyric in a song is actually non musical aspect. However, besides
gives a new unique dimension, its presence in music song are not only as an embedded element
but also as a part of the music. Many songs are created from texts or beautiful poems which
can attract listeners or readers to always enjoy it. That is why that the those songs should
express the atmosphere that conform to its lyric. Even, sometimes, the beauty of words or
sentences is smoothly reflected in its rhythm. The blend of both elements, lyric and its music
can make new dimension. One example song to showing the blend is O Angin by Cornel
Simanjuntak, which its lyric is taken from Sanusi Panes poem. In the song composition the
writer blends the two subtle elements, between lyric and melody. A deep sense of longing is
expressed by composer with subtle melody and good arrangement. A piano
accompaniment which pictures the sound of smooth wind is reflected in this composition.
The important sentence is expressively focused in its melody.

The Basic Musical Elements in Music Song

Rhythm in music, according to Kennedy and Bourne (1996) in Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Music covers everything pertaining to the time aspect of music as distinct from
the aspect of pitch, i.e. it include the effects of beats, accents, measures, grouping of notes
into beats, grouping of beats into measures, grouping of measure into phrase, etc. It is the
measured or accented movement of similar tones-groups; that is, the effect produced by the
regulated and systematic grouping of tones both in their accentuation and in their succession
as equal or unequal in time value. A rhythm is, therefore a tone-group serving as a pattern for
succeeding identical groups.
Rhythm is an important element in melody, whether it be the prose rhythm of primitive
music, plainsong, and compositions of some modern composers, or the metrical rhythm of
most other music. Indeed this element is so much a governing factors in the effect of a melody
that if, while the notes of popular melody are left intact, the rhythm is drastically altered, it
becomes difficult to recognize the melody.
As defined above harmony is the simultaneous sounding (i.e. combination) of notes,
giving what is known as vertical music, contrasted with horizontal music. The combination
heard vertical in this notion is called as a vertical music by Kennedy and Bourne (1996).
Lyric is simply a words of a song. The lyric roles not only as complement of the
song but also as an important part of the musical element which determents the theme,
character, and mission of the song. It can also make sense be stable. To know the sense of
the song we can feel the rhythm and melody, harmony and voices of the singer by singing
the song.
Lyric, actually, denotes non musical element of a music song. However, it makes the
song a new unique dimension and enriches its music performance (Sitompul, 1986: 96). It is
a part of the song which has important role to express composers feeling.

36
 The next element of the song is form. Form is a structure and design of composition.
Musicians are committed to explore sounds of varying pitch, duration, loudness and timbre
that will relate to the listener. The composer, in simplest terms, has four compositional
techniques he can utilize in the creation of his music he may state a musical unit, and then
repeat it, vary it, or introduce a new one; that is, he may follow an idea with one that is the
same, varied, or entirely different (Crist and Delone, 1975: 7).
To get the form of expression above the composers create many forms of music
composition. Actually, the form always develop following the time, style of the composer or
even tend of the century. In the 16th and 17th centuries instrument compositions were usually
very brief whereas in the 19th century they were frequently long, e.g. a sonata or symphony
movement of the later Beethoven, Bruckner, and Mahler. This implies an enormous growth
in the understanding of the principles of form and in mastery of the application of those
principles (www.jp. classicalarchives.com./dict/form.html
The last element is texture. Texture, in music, describes two areas of musical
phenomena, (1) melodic and harmonic relationships, and (2) the density of the simultaneous
layering of different musical components. The simplest and most traditional use of the term
texture in music deals with describing the construction of music. The typical constructions
are: (1) a single melodic line (monophony or monophonic texture), (2) two or more melodic
lines of equal complexity, and sounding simultaneously (polyphony or polyphonic texture),
and (3) a single melodic line with an accompaniment of harmony (homophony or homophonic
texture). Thus, texture in music is the way in which a piece of music is constructed with regard
to the way in which its part or lines are combine which produces quality of certain sound of
music.

Stress and Accent in English language

The term stress has been used in different and confusing ways. Many linguist uses the
word stress the same as accent. Sometimes, it has been used simply to refer to syllables (or
vowels0 made prominent for linguistic purposes either in words or in sentences. But, stress
has also often been used to mean breath-force or loudness the implication being that this is
the principal means whereby syllables are made prominent. This second type of usage is
misguided since, as indicated in the last paragraph, loudness generally plays a minor role in
producing prominence (Cruttenden: (1986:16). Further, he states that commonly implies that
such prominence is principally associated with pitch. However, he discriminate the term that
stress is being used in the more general, less specified, way. He, in particular, uses of the
word stress in three areas. Firstly, the term word- stress is used to refer to those syllables which
would be marked as stressed if stress were marked in a lexicon or dictionary and which
therefore have a potential for accent in utterances. Secondly, studies within the tradition of
generative phonology have preferred the term stress even for sentences. Thirdly, it has been
suggested that the rhythm of certain language (the so called stress-timed ones) is depend
upon the regular occurrence of stressed syllable in connected speech.
That is true that the stress word may has high pitch means that the word has also high
frequency. According to Gilbert (wy : 12) in English stress system has three ways to signal
stress. All three signals are used at the same time, in order to make absolutely clear which
syllables are stressed. The three signals of stress are: (1) pitch change, (2) length of vowel,
and (3) vowel clarity.
Unstressed syllables usually have unclear vowels. The word semester is written with
three letter e vowels. But only one e is said with a full, clear sound. The other two letter
e are said with a reduced, unclear sound. This means that all stressed vowels are clear.
Besides, it can be concluded that the clear vowels are always full or long, can be stressed,
but, on the contrary the unclear vowels are always reduced or short and cannot be stressed.

Stress and Accent in Music or Song

According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (1995: 1180) stress is an extra
force used when making a particular sound in music. The term extra force in music or song
actually is occurred in the first beat of a measure or bar. A beat is a unit of musical time. A
beat may be represented on staff by any note value. The first beat or pulse in each bar always

37
has extra force or emphasis or strong accent. Some times it is called accent. Christ and
DeLone ( 1974: 54) point out that emphasis on particular note or beat louder than others
through the use of dynamic accent.

Method of Study
Type and Strategy of the Study
This type of this study is quantitative which uses percentage as its analysis. That is
why this study is called percentage descriptive. Quantitative analysis is used to analyse data
that can be observed and measured directly by counting (Hadi, 1983:60). In this study
quantitative analysis will be used for calculating the frequency of the stress. Besides to know
the tendency of stress whether it follow to music (melody of the song) or follow the lyrics, it
also to know the percentage degree of the tendency of the stress.
Type of this study is quantitative research which uses quantitative data, therefore
the technique of data gathering is content analysis. The use of the content analysis because
the sources of data are documents. The documents used in this research are the English
songs. To identify the tendency of the stress and types of words which mostly get the stress
based on metrical units system of music, lyrics of English song and metrical unit system of
musical as units of analysis. To be able to identify the tendency of the stress, and classify the
words of English song lyrics which mostly get the stress, steps which are taken are 1) making
matrixes, 2) writing notation, 3) identification the stresses, 4) calculating, and 5)
classification.

Finding and Discussion

(Accuracy of all English Stress Pattern toward Stress Pattern of Musical Rhythm in
Song Morning Has Broken and In the Morning)

Based on descriptive data, show that most of syllables in lyrics of the two songs are
matched. In Song 1 (Morning Has Broken), there are 78.15 % syllables, both stressed and
unstressed syllables are suitable with the stress pattern of the musical rhythm. Even, in Song
2 (In the Morning) almost syllables (97.31 %) are suitable. It can be said that the songs have
good lyrics. In measure 3, the syllable -ken is putted on the first beat which gets strong beat
or accent. We can fell that the beat is not comfortable, especially the one who can fell the
stress of the word. It is also in noun phrase. According to word-stress rule, stress is always
on the head of the phrase (Cruttenden, 1986:19). It is true that to apply and match the English
stress pattern to stress pattern of musical rhythm is very difficult. Moreover, if the composer
must match the lyric after finishing the melody. However, it can be concluded that the two
songs have good lyric especially if it viewed from the accuracy of English stress pattern and
stress pattern of musical rhythm although, actually in music it is subjective. There is no
absolute rule in music, for instance in harmony rule. Moreover in composing the melody or
lyric, creativity can change the rule. Although there is no especially the rule how to put the
lyric on the song melody. The length of percentage of the two songs are very wide. In the
Song 2, the composer may be more careful than the composer of the Song 1 to match the two
elements, song and lyric, that is actually very related each other.
Considering the accuracy of English matched syllables toward stress pattern of musical
rhythm of the Song 1, it shows that most syllables put on strong beats are matched (68.18 %
As explained above, the function of the lyric in a composition is not only as a complement but
it has an important role because the strength of the song can be also seen through the lyric
such as theme, mission, message of the song writer. Song sometimes is created to certain
mission and it has a certain message. The strength of the song can be felt through its rhythm,
melody, harmony, and even the lyric. They are unit of composition which cannot be separated.
Even, in Song 2 the number is bigger than the Song 2, because there are 50 (90.91 %)
syllables of stressed syllables (55) which are matched. It shows that the composer applies
and blends seriously the two elements, lyrics and musical stress. It is difficult to say that the
rhythm of song is not harmonious. The one who can fells the music, moreover understand the
stress of language, will say that the song is good to listen.

38
Kinds of Word the Stresses are matched and not Matched Viewed from the Stress
Pattern of Musical Rhythm in Song Morning Has Broken and In The Morning
In this study I classify the words in two category namely the words belonged content
words such as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. This is why that the words located on
the accented beats and the words stress are on the strong beats they are called matched
syllables. On the contrary the syllables will be come unmatched if they are put on the strong
beats if the syllables belong to functions words such as prepositions, pronouns, conjunction,
etc.
There are some kinds of word which are the stresses are matched namely nouns, adjectives,
verbs, and adverbs. Meanwhile the types of mistake that the stresses are not matched are
wrong stresses of two-words nouns, affix - tion, wrong stresses of verbs, preposition, and
wrong stresses of noun phrases.
Based on the data analysis in Song 1 and Song 2, the stressed syllables of nouns which are
the most one get matched accent. In Song 1, there are 46 Syllables (52.27%) of nouns.
Meanwhile in Song 2 the nouns which are matched are 37 syllables (67.27 %).
It is important to analyze why the word class, nouns, are bigger number than the other
content words. It can be conclude that most of the word class in the songs are nouns.
According to the language theory (Leech, 1986: 41) noun is one of the open words (content
word). It known as open word because we can readily coin new words to add to them.
The more important thing that the function of the noun in a sentence. In the close or
sentence the word may be a word or noun phrase. The phrase can be a subject, object,
complement, and adverbial. Thus, it is true most of word class in a song are nouns because of
the function of the word.

Conclusion
Based on the data analysis conclusion of this study are :
1. Most of the syllables of English stress pattern are matched to the stress pattern of the
musical rhythm in the lyrics of song Morning Has Broken and In the Morning.
Most of syllables in lyrics of the two songs are matched. In Song 1, there are 78.15 %
syllables, both stressed and unstressed syllables are suitable with the stress pattern of the
musical rhythm. Even, in Song 2 almost syllables (97.31 %) are suitable. It can be said
that the songs have good lyrics.
2. Most of word class which the its syllables of word stresses are matched to the stress
pattern of musical rhythm are nouns, 52,27 % in Song 1 and 67.27 % in Song 2.

Suggestions
Suggestions in this study based on the finding are :
1. It is important for composers to consider to the two important elements of the English
song, lyric and beats or meter signature, to get good song.
2. It is needed other studies related to this study in order to this findings can be generalized
to all of English songs for instance study about other stress songs which have various
meter signatures, and different types of tempo, and types of music such as reggae, rock,
slow rock, etc.

Minggu ke 12 -13
TUGAS -TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR MENGANALISIS KALIMAT
DAN READING COMPREHENSION

39
 1. Mencari teks bacaan asli dari penulis native speaker yang terdapat dalam
web site-web site asing maupun majalah asing.
2. Analisis kalimat mulai dari predikat, prasa-frasa, main clause, subclaus,
struktur kalimat, reference, inference, pesan teks, terjemahan alinea yang
dipilih, dan kohesi.
3. Membuat pertanyaan dan jawaban sehubungan dengan isi bacaan, inference,
reference, dan kohesi.

CONTOH HASIL TUGAS 1:

(Diambil dari salah satu tugas mahasiswa a.n. Rustarmaji Mahasiswa Unesa Surabaya)
Catatan : Teks dan hasil analisisnya berikut adalah hasil karya/analisis mahasiswa yang hanya digunkan
untuksontoh dan bahan diskusi dalam perkuliahan mata kuliah ini yang masih asli dan belum dikoreksi oleh
dosen pengampu.

Very young children learn their cultures social definitions of gender and gender
identity at the same time that they learn what gender behaviors are appropriate for them.
But they only gradually come to understand the meaning of gender in the same way as the
adults of their society do. Very young children may learn the words which describe their
gender and be able to apply them to themselves appropriately, but their comprehension of
meaning is often different from that used by adults. Five-years-old, for example, may be
able to accurately recognize their own gender and the genders of the people around them,
but they will often make such ascriptions on the basis of information, such as hair style,
rather than physical attributes, such as genitals, even when physical cues are clearly known
to them. One result of this level of understanding of gender is that children in this age
group often believe that people may change their gender with a change in clothing, hair
style, or activity.1

1. Reference / cohesion

1
Maccoby, p.255.
40
 Very young children learn their cultures social definitions of gender and

gender identity at the same time that they learn what gender behaviors are

appropriate for them.

But they only gradually come to understand the meaning of gender in the same way as
the adults of their society do.

Very young children may learn the words which describe their gender and be able

to apply them to themselves appropriately, but their comprehension of meaning is often

different from that used by adults.

Five-years-old, for example, may be able to accurately recognize their own gender and
the genders of the people around them, but they will often make such ascriptions on the basis
of information, such as hair style, rather than physical attributes, such as genitals, even when
physical cues are clearly known to them.

One result of this level of understanding of gender is that

children in this age group often believe that people may change their gender with a
change in clothing, hair style, or activity.

2. Logical Connection

41
 Very young children learn their cultures social definitions of gender and gender
identity at the same time that they learn whey that gender behaviors are appropriate
CONTRAST for them.

But they only gradually come to understand the meaning of gender in the same way
as the adults of their society do.

Very young children may learn the words which describe their gender and be able to
apply them to themselves appropriately,
CONRAST

but their comprehension of meaning is often different from that used by adults.

Detailed Explanation described by example

Five-years-old, for example, may be able to accurately recognize their own gender
and the genders of the people around them, but they will often make such ascriptions
on the basis of information, such as hair style, rather than physical attributes, such as
genitals, even when physical cues are clearly known to them.

One result of this level of understanding of gender is that children in this age group
often believe that people may change their gender with a change in clothing, hair style,
or activity.

The Sample Questions (Reference)

1. But they will often make such ascriptions on the basis of information(line 8). The words
They refer to.
a. Very young children
b. Adults
c. People
d. Five-years-old
The Answer: D
2. but they will often make such ascriptions on the basis of information,(line 8). The word
Ascription has a synonym with
a. Attribution
b. Affection
c. Perception
d. Mistaken view
The answer: A

3. Which one of the following sentences is correct?

a. Very young children usually learn their cultures social definitions of gender and
gender identity separately.

42
 b. Most very young children are able to understand their cultures social definitions
of gender correctly as same as adults are able to do.
c. Very young children have no idea about the words which describe their gender
at all.
d. Very young children often believe that people possibly change their gender with
a change in activity.
The answer: D

4. Which one of the following sentence is incorrect?

a. Childrens comprehension meaning of gender definition is often different from
that used by adults.
b. Children will rarely make such ascriptions on the basis of information.
c. Children in the age of five may be able to accurately recognize their own gender
and the genders of the people around them.
d. Very young children learn their cultures social definitions of gender and gender
identity at the same time.
The answer: B
5. Children learn their cultures social definitions of gender and gender identity at the same
time that they learn what gender behaviors are. for them.
a. Suitable
b. Interesting
c. Identical
d. Synchronous
The answer: A

Pattern Identification

1. Very young children learn their cultures social definitions of gender and gender
identity at the same time that they learn what gender behaviors are appropriate
for them.

Main Clause : Very young children learn their cultures social definitions of
S V Compound Object
gender and gender identity at the same time
Adverb
Sub-clause : that they learn what gender behaviors are appropriate for them.
Conj. S V O (Noun phrase)
Predicate : learn their cultures social definitions of gender and gender identity

2. But they only gradually come to understand the meaning of gender in the
same way as the adults of their society do.

Main clause : But they only gradually come to understand the meaning of gender
S Adv. V O
in the same way as the adults of their society do.
Adv.of manner
Predicate : Only gradually come to understand the meaning of gender

43
 3. Very young children may learn the words which describe their gender and be
able to apply them to themselves appropriately, but their comprehension of
meaning is often different from that used by adults.

Main clause : Very young children may learn the words which describe their
S P O
gender and be able to apply them to themselves appropriately
P Od Oi Adv.

Notes : The pattern of sentence above consists of compound predicate and

compound object.

Sub-clause : but their comprehension of meaning is often different

Conj. S V Adv. C
from that used by adults.
O (non-finite clause)

Notes: S = Subject Oi = Indirect object

V = Verb C = Complement
P = Predicate Adv. = Adverb
O = Object Od =Direct Object

TRANSLATION
Very young children learn their cultures social definitions of gender and gender
identity at the same time that they learn what gender behaviors are appropriate for them. But
they only gradually come to understand the meaning of gender in the same way as the adults
of their society do. Very young children may learn the words which describe their gender
and be able to apply them to themselves appropriately, but their comprehension of meaning
is often different from that used by adults. Five-years-old, for example, may be able to
accurately recognize their own gender and the genders of the people around them, but they
will often make such ascriptions on the basis of information, such as hair style, rather than
physical attributes, such as genitals, even when physical cues are clearly known to them.
One result of this level of understanding of gender is that children in this age group often
believe that people may change their gender with a change in clothing, hair style, or activity.

Anak-anak pada usia sangat dini belajar mengenai pengertian dan identitas gender
mereka secara budaya dan sosial dalam waktu yang bersamaan, yang di dalamnya mereka
belajar tentang perilaku seperti apa yang cocok untuk diri mereka. Namun, butuh waktu
panjang bagi mereka untuk dapat memahami pengertian gendei layaknya orang dewasa.
Anak-anak di usia yang sangat muda mungkin dapat mempelajari istilah-istilah yang
menggambarkan gender mereka masing-masing dan mempraktekkannya pada diri mereka
sendiri dengan benar, tetapi pengertian gender dalam pikiran mereka seringkali berbeda
dengan pengertian dalam pikiran orang dewasa. Anak-anak usia lima tahun contohnya,
mungkin dapat mengetahui gender mereka sendiri dan gender orang lain di sekitarnya
dengan tepat, tetapi mereka juga sering membuat atribut-atribut tertentu pada informasi
awal yang mereka dapatkan, seperti lebih menilai gaya rambut ketimbang penampilan fisik
ataupun jenis kelamin, sekalipun mereka telah mengetahui tanda-tanda fisiknya dengan
jelas. Salah satu dampak dari pengertian gender pada tahap ini adalah anak-anak pada
44
kelompok usia ini seringkali percaya bahwa orang-orang dapat mengganti gender mereka
hanya dengan melakukan perubahan dalam cara berpakaian, gaya rambut, ataupun
aktivitas.

The Sample Questions (Inference)

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage.
a. Most young children do not have enough sufficient ability to understand about
their cultures social definitions of gender and gender identity.
b. Only smart adults that are able to understand correctly about distinction of
gender.
c. Children need to learn intensively to understand about gender completely.
d. The understanding of gender between young children and adults has some
significant differences.
The answer: A
2. The following can be implied from the passage.
a. Lack of ability in understanding meaning of gender shows childrens
immaturity.
b. Most young children make helpful ascriptions in their meaning of gender.
c. Children must enter into age of seventeenth, or they will never understand
completely about gender.
d. Comprehension in meaning is one problem that makes differentiation in
understanding of gender between young children and adults.
The answer: D
3. It is most probable that.
a. The ability to understand about gender definition correctly is possibly
influenced by age.
b. Young children may have an ability to understand about gender better than
adults.
c. The differentiation of view about gender between young children and adults is
always a matter of meaning comprehension.
d. The main factors influencing peoples understanding about gender are found
mostly in environment.
The answer: A
4. The passage suggests that.
a. The meaning of gender in most childrens mind comes in various and different
shapes.
b. People not only can understand gender definition correctly, but also change it
whenever they want.
c. Most young children often believe that people can change their own gender
with changes in hair style.
d. It is obscure to predict whether children understand correctly about gender or
not.
The answer: C

Pertemnuan ke 14-15 :

45
 CONTOH HASIL TUGAS 2:

Berikut adalah salah satu contoh tugas yang dikerjakan mahasiswa.

Isi tugas ini meliputi analisis kalimat, kohesi, pemahaman teks, isi teks,
sampai pada struktur teks dan kesimpulan.

Tunjukkan bagian- bagian mana yang masih salah dan yang sudah benar
menurut bagian bagian tugasnya.

Judul Teks :

Classical Court Dance

Puro Mangkunagaran
The pendopo (front hall) of Puro Mangkunagaran are full with dancers male and female, who
are dancing enthusiastically following the rhythm of live gamelan music accompaniment.
Every Wednesday, from 9.00 am 12.00 am all the Mangkunagaran court employees (abdi
dalem) from Langenprojo department who take care of court dance, gamelan music and
singing, they themselves have to train to dance and to pay on the gamelan.
Some dancers from STSI (Higer School of Arts) and SMKI (School of Performing Arts)
sometimes are joining this art court exercises. The gamelan sounds are perfect and the dance
movements are exellent. This compulsory art activity is supervised directly by the Gurus of
Mangkunagaran dance i.e. Mr. R. M.T. Ronosuripto and Ibu Umi Hartono.
There is no day without art and cultural activity in Mangkunagaran Palace, as seen in program
of Art, Culture and Tourist Promotion of Mangkunagaran Palace. The Puro Mangkunagaran
is quite aware that Javanes Court Dance of Mangkunagaran style must be well preserved,
maintained and developed accordingly by withholding firmly the principles of Joged Mataram
( Mataram Palace).
The differences of some dance movement and/or of clothes/accessories/ornaments among the
four palaces are of normal development, which have positive competitive value.

Bedaya Anglir Mendhung

Bedaya dance is also sacred in Puro Mangkunagaran. Bedaya Anglir Mendhung is the most
sacred Bedaya dance, created by Sri Mangkoenagaran I, assisted by Kyai Gunasuta and Kyai
Kidang Wulung.
Anglir Mendhung means something which looks like a cloud. It is depicting his feeling when
he had to fight against his own father-in-law, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I. The dancers are
7 girls in a holy state. For the execution of this dance, a strict ritual must be performed, before
and during the performance.
In fact, the gamelan music of this dance is based on gamelan music of Ketawang, the creation
of Queen Kencanasari, the Goddess of the South Sea, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul. All dancers have
to purify themselves by fasting for several days. They have to request permission and blessing
from Sri Mangkoenagoro I, in front of his grave, to be able to perform Anglir Mendhung at
their best. May God the Almighty protect them during the performance.

Ritual Uluk-Uluk requesting safety and blessing from God and Ratu Kencanasari is
performed in the palace. Acertain offering must be also conducted. The make-up and the dress
of these dancers are like a bride of Surakarta palace. Its color is dark blue, in accordance with
the color of Prince Sambernjawas flag.
The dodod (a 9m long batik-cloth) of Cinde design Bangun Tulak (against evil) calligraphy
ALLAHHU and other accessories and ornaments with Bangun Tulak design, showing this
danceis really a sacred ane. During the dance performance, incense must be burned

46
continuously, so everything and everybody are safe. By performing Bedoyo Anglir
Mendhung.
III. Its a part of ritual requesting safety, happiness and prosperity for the Mangkunagara
family, territory and its subordinates.
IV. Showing the greatness of Sri mangkoenagara I and Mangkunagara elite. It is hoped by
performing and watching this dance, all the Mangkunagara descendants and lineage
should remember the big name of there ancestor and should behave accordingly
V. Showing and entertainment with positive value.
There where another Bedaya dances in Puro mangkunagaran, which had never been
performed againt for more than 200 years. There were Bedoyo Dirodometo (fighting
elephant) and Bedoyo Sukopratomo (Happy Warriors). Both were performed by male
dancers. The gamelan players and singers were also male.
The dances/fragments such us : Klono Jayengsari, Karno Tinanding, Bondo Yudho, Bondo
Boyo, Bondo Wala, Arjuna Sasrabahu-Sumantri were frequently performed.

Jawaban :

Kohesi
The pendopo (front hall) of Puro Mangkunagaran are full with dancers male and female, who
are dancing enthusiastically following the rhythm of live gamelan music accompaniment.
Every Wednesday, from 9.00 am 12.00 am all the Mangkunagaran court employees (abdi
dalem) from Langenprojo department who take care of court dance, gamelan music and
singing, they themselves have to train to dance and to pay on the gamelan.
Some dancers from STSI (Higer School of Arts) and SMKI (School of Performing Arts)
sometimes are joining this art court exercises. The gamelan sounds are perfect and the dance
movements are exellent. This compulsory art activity is supervised directly by the Gurus of
Mangkunagaran dance i.e. Mr. R. M.T. Ronosuripto and Ibu Umi Hartono.
There is no day without art and cultural activity in Mangkunagaran Palace, as seen in program
of Art, Culture and Tourist Promotion of Mangkunagaran Palace. The Puro
Mangkunagaran is quite aware that Javanes Court Dance of Mangkunagaran style must be
well preserved, maintained and developed accordingly by withholding firmly the principles
of Joged Mataram ( Mataram Palace).
The differences of some dance movement and/or of clothes/accessories/ornaments among the
four palaces are of normal development, which have positive competitive value.

Bedaya Anglir Mendhung

47
Bedaya dance is also sacred in Puro Mangkunagaran. Bedaya Anglir Mendhung is the most
sacred Bedaya dance, created by Sri Mangkoenagaran I, assisted by Kyai Gunasuta and Kyai
Kidang Wulung.
Anglir Mendhung means something which looks like a cloud. It is depicting his feeling when
he had to fight against his own father-in-law, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I. The dancers are
7 girls in a holy state. For the execution of this dance, a strict ritual must be performed, before
and during the performance.
In fact, the gamelan music of this dance is based on gamelan music of Ketawang, the creation
of Queen Kencanasari, the Goddess of the South Sea, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul.
All dancers have it purify themselves by fasting for several day. They have to request
permission and blessing from Sri Mangkoenagoro I, in front of his grave, to be able to perform
Anglir Mendhung attheir best. May God the Almighty protect them during the performance.

Ritual Uluk-Uluk requesting safety and blessing from God and Ratu Kencanasari is
performed in the palace. Acertain offering must be also conducted.
The make-up and the dress of these dancers are like a bride of Surakarta palace. Its color is
dark blue, in accordance with the color of Prince Sambernjawas flag.
The dodod (a 9m long batik-cloth) of Cinde design Bangun Tulak (against evil) calligraphy
ALLAH,HU and other accessories and ornaments with Bangun Tulak design, showing this
dance is really a sacred ane. During the dance performance, incense must be burned
continuously, so everything and everybody are safe. By performing Bedoyo Anglir
Mendhung.
5. Its a part of ritual requesting safety, happiness and prosperity for the Mangkunagara
family, territory and its subordinates.
6. Showing the greatness of Sri mangkoenagara I and Mangkunagara elite. It is hoped by
performing and watching this dance, all the Mangkunagara descendants and lineage
should remember the big name of there ancestor and should behave accordingly
7. Showing and entertainment with positive value.
There where another Bedaya dances in Puro mangkunagaran, which had never been
performed againt for more than 200 years.
There were Bedoyo Dirodometo (fighting elephant) and Bedoyo Sukopratomo (Happy
Warriors). Both were performed by male dancers. The gamelan players and singers were also
male.
The dances/fragments such us : Klono Jayengsari, Karno Tinanding, Bondo Yudho, Bondo
Boyo, Bondo Wala, Arjuna Sasrabahu-Sumantri were frequently performed.

48
Menentukan kalimat kompleks :

1. The Pendopo ( front hall ) of Puro Mangkunagaran are full with dancers male and
female, who are dancing enthusiastically following the rhythm of live gamelan music
accompaniment.
MC : The Pendopo ( front hall ) of Puro Mangkunagaran are full with dancers male and
female
SC :who are dancing enthusiastically following the rhythm of live gamelan music
accompaniment.
Terjemahan : Pendopo (ruang depan) pada Puro Mangkunagaran penuh dengan penari-
penari laki-laki dan perempuan, menari dengan antusiasnya mengikuti irama
dari iringan musik gamelan secara langsung.

2. There is no day without art and cultural activity in Mangkunagaran Palace, as seen in the
program of Art, Culture and Tourist Promossion of Mangkunagaran Palace.
MC : There is no day without art and cultural activity in Mangkunagaran Palace
SC :as seen in the program of Art, Culture and Tourist Promossion of Mankunagaran
Palace.
Terjamahan : Tiada hari tanpa aktivitas seni dan kebudayaan di istana/kraton
Mangkunagaran, seperti melihat di dalam program Seni, Kebudayaan dan
Promosi Pariwisatawan dari istana/keraton Mangkunagaran.

3. The differences of some dance movements and/or of clothes/accessories/ornaments

among the four palace are of normal development, which have positive competitive value.
MC : The differences of some dance movements and/or of clothes/accessories/ornaments
among the four palace are of normal development
SC :which have positive competitive value
Terjamahan : Perbedaan dari beberapa gerak-gerik tari dan/atau dari
pakaian/assesoris/perhiasan di antara empat istana/keraton dalam
perkembangan yang normal, yang mana mempunyai nilai persaingan yang
positif.
4. Bedaya Anglir Mendhung is the most sacred Bedaya dance, created by Sri
Mangkoenagaran I, assisted by Kyai Gunasuta and Kyai Kidang Wulung.
MC : Bedaya Anglir Mandhung is the most sacred Bedaya dance
SC :created by Sri Mangkoenagaran I, assisted by Kyai Gunasuta and Kyai Kidang
Wulung.
Terjamahan : Bedaya Anglir Mendhung adalah tari bedaya paling keramat, diciptalan oleh
Sri Mangkoenagaran I, dengan dibantu oleh Kyai Gunasuta dan Kyai Kidang
Wulung.

5. In fact, the gamelan music of this dance is based on gamelan music of Ketawang, the
creation of Queen Kencanasari the Goddess of the South Sea, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul.
MC : In fact, the gamelan music of this dance is based on gamelan music of Ketawang
SC :the creation of Queen Kencanasari the Goddess of the South Sea, Kanjeng Rtu Kidul.
Terjamahan : Kenyataannya, musik gamelan dari tarian ini merupakan dasar musik
gamelan dari Ketawang, ciptaan dari Ratu Kencanasari seorang dewi dari
pantai selatan, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul.

6. They have to request permission and blessing from Sri Mangkoenagoro I, in front of his
grave, to be able to perform Anglir Mendhung at their best.
MC : They have to request permission and blessing from Sri Mangkoenagoro I
SC : in front of his grave, to be able to perform Anglir Mendhung at their best.
Terjamahan : Mereka harus minta izin dan berkah dari Sri Mangkoenagoro I, di depan
makamnya, untuk dapat menyelenggarakan Anglir Mendhumg dengan baik.
7. Ritual Uluk-Uluk requesting safety and bleesing from God and Ratu Kancanasari is
performed in the palace.

49
 MC : Ritual Uluk-Uluk is performed in the Palace
SC : requesting safety and blessing from God and Ratu Kencanasari.
Terjamahan : Ritual Uluk-Uluk merupakan permintaan keselamatan dan berkah dari
Tuhan dan Ratu Kencanasari yang dilakukan di istana/keraton.

8. Its color is dark blue, in accordance with the color of prince Sambernjawas flag
MC : Its color is dark blue
SC : in accordance with the color of prince Sambernjawas flag.
Terjemahan : Warnanya adalah biru tua, yang disesuaikan dengan warna bendera dari
Pengeran Sambernjawas.

9. During the dance performance, incense must be burned continuously, so everything and
everybody are safe.
MC : During the dance performance, l incense must be burned continuously
SC : so everything and everybody are safe.
Terjamahan : Selama pertunjukan tari, kemenyan/dupa harus dibakar dengan terus-
menerus, sehingga semua hal dan semua orang selamat.

Contoh Soal berdasarkan teks :

1. The word they in line 2 refrers to.

(A) All the Mangkunagaran court employees
(B) Dancers
(C) Singers
(D) Gamelan players
Answer : (A)

2. The word it in peregraph 2, line 4 refers to.

(A) Bedaya Dance
(B) Puro Mangkunagaran
(C) Anglir Mendhung
(D) Strict ritual
Answer : (C)

3. The word his in paragraph 2, line 4 refers to ..

(A) Kyai Gunasuto
(B) Sri Mangkoenagaran
(C) Kyai Kidang Wulung
(D) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I
Answer : (B)

4. The word Its in paragraph 2, line 14 refers to

(A) Ritual Uluk-Uluk
(B) The Palace
(C) Bride
(D) The make-up and the dress
Answer : (D)
5. According to the text, which of following is true ?
(A) All dansers have to request permission and blessing from Sri Mangkoenagoro, in front
of his grave, to be able to perform Anglir Mendhung.
(B) All dancers have not to request permission and blessing from Sri Mangkunagoro, in
front of his grave.
(C) All dancers have to request permission and blessing from Sri Sultan
Hamengkubuwono I.
(D) All dancers have to request permission and blessing from Kyai Gunasuta.
Answer : (A)

50
Isi Artikel :
In this article, describe about Puro Mangkunagaran. In Puro mangkunagaran Palace,
there is no day without art and cultural activity. The Pendopo (front hall) of Puro
Mangkunagaran are full with dancers male and female, who are dancing enthusiastically
following the rhythm of live gamelan music accompaniment.
In Puro mangkunagaran, there are three Bedaya dances, such us : Bedaya Anglir
mendhung, Bedaya Dirodometo, and Bedaya Sukopratomo.Bedaya Anglir Mendhung is the
most sacred bedaya dance, created by Sri Mangkunagaran I, aseested by Kyai Gunasuta and
Kyai Kidang Wulung. The dancers are 7 girls in a hold state. The gamelan music if this dance
is based on
Gamelan Music of Ketawang, the creation of Queen Kencanasari, The Goddess of the south
sea, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul. All dancers have to purity themselves by fasting for several days.
They have to request permission and blessing from Sri Mangkunagaran I, in front of his grave,
to be ableto perform Anglir Mendhung at their best. The ritual used is Ritual Uluk-Uluk and
the costume is the dodod.
There were another Bedaya Dance is Bedaya Dirodometo (fighting elephant) and
Bedaya Sukopratomo (happy warriors), both were performed by male dancers. The gamelan
players and singers were also male. But, Bedaya Dirodometo and Bedaya Sukopratomo never
been performed againt for more than 200 years.

Puro Mangkunagaran
Struktur Teks :

Bedaya Anglir Mendhung Bedaya Dirodometo Bedaya Sukopratomo

Is the most sacred Bedaya
Dance, the dancers are 7
girls in a hold state. This
dance created by Sri
Mangkunagaran I, assested
by Kyai Gunasuta and Kyai
Kidang Wulung. The
gamelan music of this
dance is based on gamelan
Is Bedaya dances in Puro
Mangkunagaran, which
had never been performed
again for more than 200
years. This dance describe
fighting elephant. Both
were performed by male
dancers. The gamelan
players and singers were
Is Bedaya Dances in Puro51
Mangkunagaran, which
had never been performed
again for more than 200
years. This dance describe
happy warriors. Both were
performed by male
dancers. The gamelan
players and singers were
 Ritual Uluk-Uluk
Is performed in the palace to
requesting safety and blessing from
God and Ratu Kencanasari

The dances/fragments such us : Klono Jayengsari, Karno Tinanding,

Bondo Yudho, Bondo Boyo, Bondo Wala, Arjuna sasrabahu-
Sumantri were frequently performed

52