Computer system

BY-ABC
11/3/2016
 Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to thank to,
Manoj Kumar Karn who gave me the chance
to do this project on the topic Computer
system. Which helped me to learn many
things about the Computer system, I took
help form my friends, course book, and
internet for the completion of this project.

I would also like to expand my deepest

gratitude to all those who have directly and
indirectly guided me in writing this project.
 Content
o Objective of the report
o Introduction to Computer System
o Input devices
o Output devices
o Hardware Interface
o Summary
o References
Objective Of Report
To study about computer system
and its components
To know about input and output
deices
To study about Hardware interface
and slots
Block diagram

The Processor

REGISTERS

CONTROL UNIT
Interprets stored instructions in
Sequence
Issues commands to all
elements of the computer

ARITHMETIC AND
LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

Performs arithmetic
and logic operations

INPUT OUTPUT

Data and Information

instructions MAIN MEMORY the result of
processing
Holds data, instructions
and result of processing

AUXILARY
STORAGE(BACKING
STORAGE)

To supplement main storage

key
Data flow
Command flow
Description of block diagram
Input: Input unit is responsible for controlling the various input
devices that are used to enter data into the computer. The
commonly used input devices are mouse, keyboard, light pen,
optical scanner etc. While some input devices are designed for
special purposes such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR),
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) and Bar Code
Reader etc.

Processor: The CPU ensures the flow of data into the system by
directing the data to enter the system, storing it into the memory
and retrieving it when needed to produce the output.
Some of the primary components of CPU are:-
Register
Control unit
Arithmetic logic unit
Register: Register are the primary memory of computer system.
They ate mainly used to store data during the time of processing
in side ALU.
Control unit: As the name suggests, control unit controls and
coordinates the activities of all the components of the computer
system. It reads data from the memory, decodes the instructions,
looks after its execution, and fetches the next instruction and so
on.
Arithmetic logic unit: It performs all the arithmetical
calculations and computations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. It is also responsible for logical
calculations like comparisons among data items.

Main memory: Main memory is a volatile memory of

computer. As soon as a computer starts, primary memory stores
all running applications, operating system (OS), user interface
and any others. The primary memory consists of Random
Access Memory (RAM), which can handle instruction and data
at high speed.
Secondary Memory: They are slower access rates for greater
storage capacity and data stability. It holds programs and data
for future use because it is non-volatile.
Output: It controls various output devices like printer, graphic
plotter, speech synthesizer, monitor (also known as Visual
Display Unit or VDU) to produce the desired output and present
it to the user. It ensures the convertibility of output into human
readable form that is understandable by the user.
Input devices
Touchpad: Alternatively referred to as a glide pad, glide point,
pressure sensitive tablet, or trackpad, a touchpad is an
input device on laptops and some keyboards to move a cursor
with your finger. It can be used in place of an external mouse.A
touchpad is operated by using your finger and dragging it across
the flat surface of the touchpad. As you move your finger on the
surface, the mouse cursor moves in that same direction.

OMR: Short for Optical Mark Reading or Optical Mark

Recognition, OMR is the process of gathering information from
human beings by recognizing marks on a document. OMR is
accomplished by using a hardware device (scanner) that detects
a reflection or limited light transmittance on or through piece of
paper.OMR allows for the processing of hundreds or thousands
of physical documents per hour.
Touch screen: A touch screen is a monitor or other flat surface
with a sensitive panel directly on the screen that registers the
touch of a finger as an input. Instead of being touch-sensitive,
some touch screens use beams across the screen to create a grid
that senses the presence of a finger.
A touch screen allows the user to interact with a device without
a mouse or keyboard and is used with smart phones, tablets,
computer screens.

Microphone: Its Sometimes abbreviated as mic,

a microphone is a hardware peripheral that allows computer
users to input audio into their computers. Most microphones
connect to the computer using the "mic" port on the computer
sound card.
 Output Devices
Speaker: It produces and amplifies sound output. A good pair
of speaker connected to sound card will give you loads of
listening pleasure. The audio output of the computer system
relayed through the speakers. More advanced speaker system
exist, allowing certain programs (such as music software and
game) to use surround sound capabilities to beneficial effects.

Printer:
A printer is an external hardware output device responsible for
taking electronic data stored on a computer or computing device
and generating a hard copy of that data.
There are four types of printer-:
Dot-matrix Printer
Inkjet printer
Laser printer
Thermal printer

Dot-matrix Printer: Dot matrix printers use print heads to

shoot ink or strike an ink ribbon to place hundreds to thousands
of little dots to form text and images.
Inkjet printer: The most popular printer for home computer
users that prints by spraying streams of quick-drying ink on
paper. The ink is stored in disposable ink cartridges.
Laser printer: Laser printer utilizes laser technology to print
images on the paper. Laser printers are often used for corporate,
school, and other environments that require print jobs to be
completed quickly and in large quantities.
Thermal printer: A thermal impact printer or electro thermal
printer is a printer that uses heated pins to "burn" images onto
heat-sensitive paper. These printers are commonly used in
calculators and fax machines; and although they are inexpensive
and print relatively fast, they produce low resolution print jobs.

Modem: Modem is communicating deices. Modem has two

parts- modulator and demodulator. Modulator converts digital
signal into analog and demodulator converts analog signal into
digital signal. Modem is a signal converter. There are two types
of modem in use: internal and external modem.

Monitor: Monitors are output derive of computer. Monitors are

used to display any types of data from computer. They are
softcopy output device.
There are four types of monitor:
CRT Monitor
LCD Monitor
LED Monitor
Plasma Monitor
CRT Monitor: The CRT display is made up of small picture
elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the
image clarity, or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated
pixel to form whole character.

LCD Monitor: Stands for "Liquid Crystal Display." LCDs are

super-thin displays that are used in laptop computer screens and
flat panel monitors. Smaller LCDs are used in handheld TVs,
PDAs, and portable video game devices.
LED Monitor:
An LED monitor (short for Light Emitting Diode) or LED
display is a flat screen, flat panel computer monitor or
television. It has a very short depth and is light in terms of
weight.
Plasma Display: A plasma display (PDP) is a type of flat panel
display common to a large computer and TV display 30 inches
or larger. Its technology utilizes small cell containing
electrically charged ionized gases.

Plotter: Plotters are output deices used to produce single or

multiple colored images and drawings. They use ink pen or ink-
jet for drawing. Pens of varying colors and widths are used for
shadings and line styles.
 Hardware interface
Serial port: serial port is a serial communication physical
interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at
a time. It consists of 9 pins.
Parallel port: a parallel port is a type of interface found on
computer for connecting various peripherals.
USB: Stands for "Universal Serial Bus." USB is the most
common type of computer port used in today's computers. It can
be used to connect keyboards, mouse, etc. USB is also faster
than older ports, such as serial and parallel ports.
IEEE: IEEE is a high speed interface that was developed by
apple computer. It Works at speed of 400 Kbits/sec, the newer
FireWire800 supports twice the speed.
SCSI: SCIS refers to small Computer System Interface, that
allows personal computer to communicate with peripheral
hardware such as disk drives, CD-ROM drives, and scanner
faster data transmission rates (up to 80 megabytes per seconds)
IDE: IDE refers to Integrated drive electronics. And IDE
interface is an interface for mass storage devicesIt is commonly
known as ATA or PATA.
PCI: PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is an
interconnection system between a microprocessor and attached
devices in which expansion slots are spaced closely for high-
speed operation.
 Summary
A system of interconnected computers that share a central
storage system and various peripheral devices such as a printers,
scanners, or routers . Each computer connected to the system
can operate independently, but has the ability to communicate
with other external devices and computers is called computer
system.

A component or peripheral device (such as a barcode reader,

graphic tablet, keyboard, magnetic-stripe reader, modem,
mouse, scanner, or stylus) that feeds data or instruction into a
computer for display, processing, storage, or outputting or
transmission is called input devices.

In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which

two separate components of a computer system exchange
information. The exchange can be between software, computer
hardware, peripheral devices, humans and combinations of
these. Some computer hardware devices such as a touch
screen can both send and receive data through the interface,
while others such as a mouse or microphone may only provide
an interface to send data to a given system.
 References
For the completion of this project I took
help of many things like my course book,
different search engines and I checked
different sites for finalizing this project.