B.Sc.

Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

Now,
EXERCISE 10.4
Solve.

Question # 1:
( )( )

( )( )
Solution:

Given equation is

() The general solution is

Replace by in ( ) we have

( )

This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

To solve this, we put so that

is required solution of ( )
Then,
Question # 2:

( )
( )
Solution:
Thus equation ( ) becomes
Given equation is
( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ()

The characteristics equation of ( ) is Replace by in ( ) we have

( ) ( )

This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

( ) ( )
To solve this, we put so that
( )( )
Then,

( )
Therefore, the complementary function will be
Thus equation ( ) becomes

1
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

( )

( ) ( )
The general solution is
The characteristics equation of ( ) is

( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( ( ) ( )) ( )

is required solution of ( )

Question # 3:

( ) ( )

Solution:
Therefore, the complementary function will be
Given equation is
( )
( ) ( ) ()
Now,
Replace by in ( ) we have

( ) ( ) ( )

This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

( ) ( )
To solve this, we put so that
( )
Then,

( )

Thus equation ( ) becomes

( )( ) [ ( ) ( )]

( ) ( ( )) ( )

The characteristics equation of ( ) is

( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )

2
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

[ ( ) ( ) ]

is required solution of ( )

Question # 4:

( )
Therefore, the complementary function will be
Solution:
( )
Given equation is
Now,
( ) ()

( )
Replace by in ( ) we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(by exponential shift) This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

To solve this, we put so that ( )

Then,

( )

( ) Thus equation ( ) becomes

[ ( ) ]
( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )

The characteristics equation of ( ) is

( )

The general solution is

( ) ( )

( )( )
( )

( ( ) ( ))

( ( ) ( )) Therefore, the complementary function will be

3
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

Replace by in ( ) we have

( ) ( )

Now,
This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

To solve this, we put so that

Then,

( )
() ()
( )( )

Thus equation ( ) becomes

( )
[ ( ) ]

( ) [ ] ( )

The characteristics equation of ( ) is

The general solution is As is the root of

Therefore, we use synthetic division in order to
find the other roots of the characteristics
equation.
( )

( ( ))( ) ( ) 1 -1 0 2

( ) -1 0 -1 2 -2

1 -2 2 0

is required solution of ( )
The residue equation will be

Question # 5:

( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
Solution:

Given equation is

()

4
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

Replace by in ( ) we have
Therefore, the complementary function will be
( )
( )
This is Cauchy-Euler equation.
Now,
To solve this, we put so that

Then,

( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )

Thus equation ( ) becomes

( )( ) ( )

[ ( ) ]

The general solution is [ ] ( )

The characteristics equation of ( ) is

( )

( ) ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

( ) ( )
( )( )( )
[ ( ) ( ) ]

is required solution of ( )
Therefore, the complementary function will be
Question # 6:

Now,

Solution:

Given equation is

( )( )( )

Dividing both sides by x, we have ( )( )

()

5
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

The general solution is As is the root of

Therefore, we use synthetic division in order to find
the other roots of the characteristics equation.

1 1 -7 -15

3 0 3 12 15

1 4 5 0

( )

Now, the residual equation is

is required solution of ( )

Question # 7:

( )
Solution:

Given equation is

()
Therefore, the complementary function will be

Replace by in ( ) we have ( )

( ) Now,

This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

To solve this, we put so that

Then, ( )( )

( )( )
( )

( )( )
( )( )
Thus equation ( ) becomes

[ ( ) ]

[ ] ( ) The general solution is

The characteristics equation of ( ) is

( )

( ( ) ( ))

6
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

( )
is required solution of ( )

Question # 8:

( ) ( ) [ ( )]

Solution:
( )
Given equation is ( )( )

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
[ ( )] ()

Replace by in ( ) we have
The general solution is
( ) ( )
[ ( )] ( )

This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

To solve this, we put so that

( ) ( ) ( )
Then, ( )

( )
is required solution of ( )
( ) ( )
Question # 9:
Thus equation ( ) becomes
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ] [ ]
Solution:
[ ] ( )
Given equation is
The characteristics equation of ( ) is
( ) ( )
( ) ()

Replace by in ( ) we have
Therefore, the complementary function will be
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

Now,
To solve this, we put so that
( )

Then,

7
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

Solution:
( ) ( )
Given equation is
( ) ( ) ( )
()

Thus equation ( ) becomes Replace by in ( ) we have

[ ]
( )
[ ] This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

[ ] ( ) To solve this, we put so that

The characteristics equation of ( ) is Then,

( ) ( )

Thus equation ( ) becomes

Therefore, the complementary function will be ( )

( ) ( )

( ) The characteristics equation of ( ) is

Now,

( ) ( )

( ) ( )( )

The general solution is Therefore, the complementary function will be

( ) Now,

[ ( ( ))]( )
( ( )) ( )

is required solution of ( )
( )( )
Question # 10:

( )
( ) ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

Question # 11:

The general solution is ( ) ( )

Solution:

( ) ( ) Given equation is

To find the constants we will use the ()

initial values.
Replace by in ( ) we have
Applying ( ) in equation ( ) we have
( )
( )
This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

To solve this, we put so that

( )
Then,
Differentiating ( ) w.r.t we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Applying ( ) in equation ( ) we have Thus equation ( ) becomes

( )

( ) ( )

( ) The characteristics equation of ( ) is

From ( ) we have

( )

Using in equation ( ) we have ( ) ( )

( ) ( )( )

Therefore, the complementary function will be

Now ( ) Now,

Hence,

( )
( ) ( )
is required solution.
( )

9
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

( )

From ( ) we have

( )

Using in equation ( ) we have

( )

( )

Now ( )
( )

( ) Hence,

(( ) ( ))
( )

( )
( )
is required solution.
The general solution is
Question # 12:

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
(( ) ( )) ( )
Solution:
To find the constants we will use the
initial values. Given equation is

Applying ( ) in equation ( ) we have

( ) ()

Replace by in ( ) we have
( )

Differentiating ( ) w.r.t we have ( ) ( )

This is Cauchy-Euler equation.

(( ) ( ))
To solve this, we put so that
( ) ( )
Then,
Applying ( ) in equation ( ) we have

( ) ( )

( )( )

10
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

Thus equation ( ) becomes ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

To find the constants we will use the

( ) ( ) initial values.

The characteristics equation of ( ) is Applying ( ) in equation ( ) we have

( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) Differentiating ( ) w.r.t we have

( ) ( )

Therefore, the complementary function will be ( ) ( )

( )
Now, Applying ( ) in equation ( ) we have

( )

Differentiating ( ) w.r.t we have

( ) ( )
* +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
* +

( )
*

( )
+
( )
( )
*

( )
( ) + ( )

Applying ( ) in equation ( ) we have

The general solution is

( )

From ( ) we have

( )

11
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 10: Differential Equations of Higher Order

Using in equation ( ) we have

( )

Now ( ) ( )

( )

Hence,

( ) ( )

is required solution.

12
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