D.

Design Standard and Specification

The structural integrity of a structure can be determined through its structural

analysis. The structural analysis of the two-storey reinforced concrete structure in the

proposed Integrated Transport Terminal will be based on the National Structural Code

of the Philippines 2015. The structural plan of the will be analyzed to ensure that all

designs are safe for public use.

The structural analysis of the proposed project will be based on the National

Structural Code of the Philippines 2010. It will cover the design and analysis of the

structural plan.

Table 4 displays the list of live loads, it shows the different occupancy together

with the corresponding live load that is used in designing the proposed project.

Table 4

Live Load Values used in the proposed structure

Faculty Live Load Values

Classroom 1.9

Corridors above ground 3.8

Science Laboratory 2.9

Library Room 2.9

The structural analysis of the proposed project was computed by ultimate

strength design using the following design criteria:

1. Wind Load Analytic Design and Analysis according to NSCP 2010

 a. Get the basic wind speed on the location based on Table 207-1 of

NSCP 2010

b. Find the wind directionality factor based on Table 207-2 of NSCP

2010

c. Identify importance factor based on Table 207-3 of NSCP 2010

d. Identify the dimension of the building

*insert figure

where A height of roof truss

B height between truss and girder

C Width of the building (traverse s)

h Mean height of the building

e. Get the velocity exposure coefficient based on Table 207-4 of NSCP

2010

f. Identify the topographic factor based on Table 207-4 of NSCP

2010

g. Identify the enclosure classification

h. Find the external pressure coefficient (Zone 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1E, 2E,

3E, 4E) based on Figure 207-10 of NSCP 2010

i. Get the velocity based on Section 207-5 of NSCP.

= 47.3 106 ()()()( 2 )()

where:

qh Velocity Pressure
 Kh Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient

Kzt Topographic Factor

Kd Wind Directionality Factor

v Basic Wind Speed

lw Importance factor

j. Compute for the design wind load based on Section 207-5.12.2.2 of

NSCP 2010

= (( ) ( ))

where:

P Wind Load

qh Velocity Pressure

GCpf External Pressure Coefficient

GCpi Internal Pressure Coefficient

2. Seismic Load Analysis according to ASCE 7

a. Determine the building occupancy category (I-IV), NSCP 2010

Table 103-1

b. Determine the Seismic Importance Factor (I). NSCP 2010 Table

208-1

c. Determine the Soil Profile Type. NSCP 2010 Table 208-2

d. Determine the Seismic Zone (Z). NSCP 2010 Table 208-3

e. Determine the Near Source Factor (Nv,Na). NSCP 2010 Table 208-4

& 208-5

f. Determine Seismic Source Type. NSCP 2010 Table 208-6

 g. Determine Seismic Coefficient (Cv, Ca). NSCP 2010 Table 208-7 &

208-8

h. Determine the building period (T), the total weight of the structure

(W) and the Earthquake Force Resisting Structural System (R).

NSCP 2010 Table 208-11A to 208-11D.

i. Compute for the Base Shear (V) and check for the limitations.

j. Determine the distribution of force at every level (Fx), the base

shear at every level (Vx) and the moment at every level (Mx).

k. Determine redundancy factor () and check for the allowable story

drifts.

3. Analysis and Design of Beam according to NSCP 2010

Steps in designing a singly reinforced rectangular beam for flexure:

a. Identify the value of dead and live load to be carried by the beam

(DD & LL)

b. Assume that the weight of the beam (DL) is between 20% and

25% of (DD & LL). This weight is added to the dead load.

c. Compute the factored load and factored moment (1.2DL + 1.6LL)

d. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam. Mu.

e. Try a value of steel ratio from 0.5b, but not less than min. This

value of will provide enough allowance in the actual value of

due to rounding-off the number of bars to be used, for it not to

exceed the maximum of 0.75b.

 0.851 600
=
(600 + )

1 = 0.85 30

1 = 0.85 0.008( 30) > 30

1.4
=

f. Compute the value of , =

g. Solve for bd2.

= 2 (1 0.59)

2 =
(1 0.59)

h. Try a ratio d/b (from d=1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d (round-off

this value to reasonable dimension). Also check the minimum

thickness of beam required by the Code.

After solving for d, substitute its value to step g, and solve for h.

Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption

made in step b.

i. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.

Number of bars (diameter = D)

2
=
4

4. Analysis and Design of Column according to ACI 318-05

Columns shall be designed to resist axial forces from factored loads on all

floors or roof and the maximum moment from factored load on a single

adjacent span of the floor or roof under consideration. Loading condition

giving the maximum ratio of moment to axial load shall also be

considered.

Axial load without moment is not a practical case in the design of

columns, but the discussion of such case is necessary for explaining the

theory involved in eccentrically loaded columns. For a column subjected

purely by an axial load, the nominal load Pn that it can carry is the sum of

the strength of steel which is fyAst and the strength of concrete 0.85fc(Ag

As) is the net concrete area, or

= 0.85 ( ) +

To counter the effect of possible eccentricities, the nominal strength Pn is

multiplied by 0.8 for tied columns and 0.85 for spiral columns. Finally, the

ultimate axial load capacity of the column Pn is Pn,

where is 0.70 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral column.

Tied Column

= = 0.80[0.85 ( ) + ]

where = 0.70

Ag = gross concrete area = b x t

Ast = area of steel reinforcement

 These maximum load limits govern wherever the moment is small

enough to keep the eccentricity under 0.10h, where h is the column width

parallel to the applied moment.

Limits of Reinforcement for Tied Columns

a. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and Ast shall not be more than

0.06Ag.

b. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for bars within

rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties.

5. Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties according to NSCP 2010

a. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than

1.5db nor 40mm. (Section 5.7.63)

b. Use 10-mm diameter ties for 32-mm bars or smaller and at least

12-mm in size for 36-mm and bundled longitudinal bars. (section

5.7.10.5.2)

c. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:

(Section 5.7.10.5.2)

1. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter)

2. 48 x tie diameter

3. Least dimensions of the column

d. Ties shall be arrange such that every corner and alternate

longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner

of the tie with an included angle of not more than 135 mm and no

bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie
 from such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are

located around the perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie is

allowed.

6. Designs and Analysis of Footings according to NSCP 2010

Footings are structural members used to support columns or walls and

transmit their load to the underlying soil. Reinforced concrete is the most

suited material for footing of reinforced concrete and structural steel

buildings, walls, towers, bridges and other structures. Since the bearing

capacity of soils is normally low (usually less than 400 kPa) and the load

from the column or wall is large (usually greater than 1000 kPa, the footing

spreads the column, or wall pressure to the soil by providing higher bearing

area, thus reducing the bearing pressure within permissible values.

Footings shall be proportioned to resist the factored load and induced

reactions, in accordance with the appropriate design requirements of this

code and as provided in this section. (NSCP Section 415.3.1)