Previews Engineering Mathematics II by Prof. P. D. Wasankar

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Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

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ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS-II
FIRST YEAR BE
(ALL BRANCHES)
BY
Prof. P. D. Wasankar
M. Sc. (Mathematics) B. Ed.
Price: 250Rs.

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Engineering Mathematics-II
B. E. FIRST Year (All Branches)
Publisher
All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever
without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.
ISBN: 978-93-5267-533-3
Published by
Mrs. Jyoti P. Wasankar
Sai Nagar Shegaon
Dist. Buldhana 444203
Mob 9422925819
E-mail jyotiwasankar@gmail.com

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Contents
Sr.No. Name of Chapter Page No.

1 MATRICES 4
2 FOURIER SERIES 43
3 VECTOR ALGEBRA 83
4 RULES OF 95
DIFFERENTIATION UNDER
INTEGRAL SIGN
5 TRACING OF CURVES AND 106
BETA AND GAMMA
FUNCTIONS
6 REDUCTION FORMULA 128
AND RECTIFICATION
7 DOUBLE INTEGRATION 150
8 TRIPLE INTEGRATION 186

5
11 21 31
1 = [12
13
22
23
32 ]
33

=
MATRICES ||
( )

Definition of Matrix:- 1. Find the inverse of the matrix [ ] by adjoint

A rectangular array of number of the form method
11 12 1 Solution:-
22 2
[ 21
.. .. . . . ]is called an matrix
1 2 3
1 2 Let = [1 1 5]
2 4 7
Types of matrix
|| = 1(7 20) 2(7 10) + 3(4 2)
Row Matrix:-A matrix which contain only one row is
called as row matrix || = 13 + 6 + 6 = 1 0
Column Matrix:-A matrix which contain only one
A is nonsingular matrix
columnis called as column matrix
Rectangular Matrix:- A matrix = [ ] is called 1 exists
rectangular matrix if
1 5
Square Matrix:- A matrix = [ ] is called square 11 = (1)1+1 | | = 1(7 20) = 13
4 7
matrix if = 1 5
Diagonal Matrix:-A square matrix = [ ] is called a 12 = (1)1+2 | | = 1(7 10) = 3
2 7
diagonal matrix if all it non diagonal elements are zero
1 1
Identity Matrix or Unit Matrix:- A square matrix = 13 = (1)1+3 | | = 1(4 2) = 2
2 4
[ ] is called a identity matrix if all it non diagonal
2 3
elements are zero and diagonal elements are one 21 = (1)2+1 | | = 1(14 12) = 2
4 7
Zero Matrix or Null Matrix:-A matrix in which every
1 3
elements is zero is called as zero matrix 22 = (1)2+2 | | = 1(7 6) = 1
2 7
Singular Matrix:- A square matrix A is said to be singular
if || = 0 1 2
23 = (1)2+3 | | = 1(4 4) = 0
2 4
Non- Singular Matrix:- A square matrix A is said to be
non-singular if || 0 2 3
31 = (1)3+1 | | = 1(10 3) = 7
Transpose of a matrix:- A matrix obtain from matrix A by 1 5
interchanging rows and column is called as transpose of 1 3
32 = (1)3+2 | | = (5 3) = 2
matrix A 1 5
1 2
Inverse of square matrix by adjoint method 33 = (1)3+3 | | = 1(1 2) = 1
1 1
11 12 13 11 12 13

The co-factor matrix of given matrix A is [ 21 22 23 ]
Co-factor matrix= [ 21 22 23 ]
31 32 33 31 32 33
11 12 13 13 3 2
= [21 22 23 ] Co-factor matrix= [ 2 1 0]
31 32 33 7 2 1

6
13 3 2 11 12 13
= [ 2 1 0] Co-factor matrix= [21 22 23 ]
7 2 1 31 32 33
13 2 7 4 3 2
= [ 3 1 2] Co-factor matrix= [ 2 0 2]
2 0 1 2 3 2
1 4 3 2
1 = ( ) = [ 2 0 2]
||
2 3 2
1 13 2 7 13 2 7
4 2 2
1 = [ 3 1 2] = [ 3 1 2]
1 = [ 3 0 3]
2 0 1 2 0 1
2 2 2
13 2 7
1
= [3 1 2 ] 1
1 = ( )
2 0 1 ||
1 4 2 2
2. Find the inverse of [ ] by adjoint method 1 = [3 0 3]
6
2 2 2
Solution:- 1 4 2 2
1 = [3 0 3]
6
1 0 1 2 2 2
Let = [0 2 3]
1 2 1
3. Find the inverse of the matrix [ ] by adjoint
|| = 1(2 6) 0 + 1(0 2)
method
|| = 4 2 = 6 0
Solution:-
1 2 3
1 exists Let = [1 1 2]
1 2 4
2 3
11 = (1)1+1 | | = 1(2 6) = 4 || = 1(4 4) 2(4 2) + 3(2 1)
2 1
0 3 || = 0 + 12 9 = 3 0
12 = (1)1+2 | | = 1(0 3) = 3
1 1
0 2
13 = (1)1+3 | | = 1(0 2) = 2
1 2 1 exists
0 1
21 = (1)2+1 | | = 1(0 2) = 2 1 2
2 1 11 = (1)1+1 | | = 1(4 4) = 0
2 4
1 1
22 = (1)2+2 | | = 1(1 1) = 0 1 2
1 1 12 = (1)1+2 | | = 1(4 2) = 6
1 4
1 0
23 = (1)2+3 | | = 1(2 0) = 2 1 1
1 2 13 = (1)1+3 | | = 1(2 1) = 3
1 2
0 1
31 = (1)3+1 | | = 1(0 2) = 2 2 3
2 3 21 = (1)2+1 | | = 1(8 6) = 2
2 4
1 1
32 = (1)3+2 | | = (3 0) = 3 1 3
0 3 22 = (1)2+2 | | = 1(4 3) = 1
1 4
1 0
33 = (1)3+3 | | = 1(2 0) = 2
0 2
7
1 2 0 0
23 = (1)2+3 | | = 1(2 2) = 0 21 = (1)2+1 | | = 1(0 0) = 0
1 2 2 1
2 3 1 0
31 = (1)3+1 | | = 1(4 3) = 1 22 = (1)2+2 | | = 1(1 0) = 1
1 2 5 1
1 3 1 0
32 = (1)3+2 | | = (2 + 3) = 5 23 = (1)2+3 | | = 1(2 0) = 2
1 2 5 2
1 2 0 0
33 = (1)3+3 | | = 1(1 + 2) = 3 31 = (1)3+1 | | = 1(0 0) = 0
1 1 3 0
11 12 13 1 0
32 = (1)3+2 | | = (0 0) = 0
Co-factor matrix= [21 22 23 ] 3 0
31 32 33
1 0
33 = (1)3+3 | | = 1(3 0) = 3
0 6 3 3 3
Co-factor matrix= [2 1 0]
11 12 13
1 5 3
Co-factor matrix= [21 22 23 ]
0 6 3 31 32 33
= [2 1 0]
3 3 9
1 5 3 Co-factor matrix= [ 0 1 2]
0 2 1 0 0 3
= [ 6 1 5]
3 0 3 3 3 9
= [ 0 1 2]
1 0 0 3
1 = ( )
||
3 0 0
= [ 3 1 0]
1 0 2 1 9 2 3
1 = [ 6 1 5]
3
3 0 3 1
1 = ( )
||
4. Find the inverse of matrix [ ] by adjoint method
1 3 0 0
1 = [ 3 1 0]
3
Solution:- 9 2 3
1 0 0 1 3 0 0
Let = [3 3 0] 1 = [3 1 0 ]
3
5 2 1 9 2 3

|| = 1(3 0) 0 + 0
|| = 3 0
method
Solution:-
1
exists
1 2 3
3 0 Let = [0 2 4]
11 = (1)1+1 | | = 1(3 0) = 3 0 0 5
2 1
3 0 || = 1(10 0) 2(0 0) + 3(0 0)
12 = (1)1+2 | | = 1(3 0) = 3
5 1
|| = 10 0 + 0 = 10 0
(1)1+3 3 3
13 = | | = 1(6 15) = 9
5 2 A is nonsingular matrix

8
1 exists || = 2(4 1) + 1(2 + 1) + 1(1 2)
2 4 || = 6 1 1 = 4 0
11 = (1)1+1 | | = 1(10 0) = 10
0 5
0 4
12 = (1)1+2 | | = 1(0 0) = 0
0 5 1 exists
0 2
13 = (1)1+3 | | = 1(0 0) = 0 2 1
0 0 11 = (1)1+1 | | = 1(4 1) = 3
1 2
2 3
21 = (1)2+1 | | = 1(10 0) = 10 1 1
0 5 12 = (1)1+2 | | = 1(2 + 1) = 1
1 2
1 3
22 = (1)2+2 | | = 1(5 0) = 5 1 2
0 5 13 = (1)1+3 | | = 1(1 2) = 1
1 1
1 2
23 = (1)2+3 | | = 1(0 0) = 0 1 1
0 0 21 = (1)2+1 | | = 1(2 + 1) = 1
1 2
2 3
31 = (1)3+1 | | = 1(8 6) = 2 2 1
2 4 22 = (1)2+2 | | = 1(4 1) = 3
1 2
1 3
32 = (1)3+2 | | = (4 0) = 4 2 1
0 4 23 = (1)2+3 | | = 1(2 + 1) = 1
1 1
1 2
33 = (1)3+3 | | = 1(2 0) = 2 1 1
0 2 31 = (1)3+1 | | = 1(1 2) = 1
2 1
11 12 13
2 1
Co-factor matrix= [21 22 23 ] 32 = (1)3+2 | | = (2 + 1) = 1
31 32 33 1 1
2 1
10 0 0 33 = (1)3+3 | | = 1(4 1) = 3
1 2
Co-factor matrix= [10 5 0]
2 4 2 11 12 13

10 0 0 31 32 33
= [10 5 0]
2 4 2 3 1 1
10 10 2 1 1 3
= [ 0 5 4]
0 0 2 3 1 1
= [ 1 3 1 ]
1
1 = ( ) 1 1 3
||
3 1 1
1 10 10 2 = [ 1 3 1]
1 = [0 5 4] 1 1 3
10
0 0 2
1
1 = ( )
||

1 3 1 1
method 1 = [ 1 3 1 ]
4
1 1 3
Solution:-
2 1 1 MATRIX INVERSION:-
Let = [1 2 1]
1 1 2

9
2 2 + 21 12 = 1
PARTITION METHOD:-
2 2 = 1 21 12
Let A be the matrix of order 3 that is the matrix A contain 3
rows and 3 columns 1 21 12
2 =
2 2
11 12 : 13
22 : 23 2 = 1 1
2 2 21 12
3 = [ .21
. .. : .. ]
31 32 : 33 Put in equation 3
2 21 12 (1 1
3 = [ ] 2 2 21 12 ) + 12 = 012
12
12 1 1
2 12 2 21 12 + 12 = 0
Where
11 12 13 ( 12 1 1
2 21 )12 = 12 2
2 = [ 22 ] , 21 = [ ]
21 23
12 1
2
12 =
12 = [31 32 ] , = 33 12 1
2 21
2 21 12 = 12 1
2
Let 1
3 =[ ]
12
To aid the memory we drop the subscripts then
3 1
3 = 3
:
21 2 21 021
= [ ] = [. . . . . .]
[ 2 ][ ]=[ 2 ]
12 12 012 1 :
2 2 + 21 12 2 21 + 21 021 Where A is invertible square matrix of order 2
[ ]=[ 2 ]
12 2 + 12 12 21 + 012 1
:

2 2 + 21 12 = 2 .1
=[ ] = [. . . . . .]

:
2 21 + 21 = 021 .2

=
= ( )
12 2 + 12 = 012 .3 ( )
12 21 + = 1 4 =
From equation 2 =
2 21 = 21 = ( )
21 7. Find the inverse of matrix W2004,W2010

21 = 21 = 1
2 21
2

Put in equation 4 [ ] By partitioning

12 (1
2 21 ) + = 1
:
[ 12 1
2 21 ] =1
1 3 3
1 3 = [1 4 3]
= 1 3 4
12 1
2 21
1 3 3
From equation 1 |3 | = |1 4 3|
1 3 4
2 2 + 21 12 = 2

10
|3 | = 1 |4 3
| 3|
1 3
|+ 3|
1 4
| 3 1
= ([4] [1 0] [ ])
3 4 1 4 1 3 3
|3 | = 1(16 9) 3(4 3) + 3(3 4) = ([4] [3 + 0])1
|3 | = 7 3 3 = 1 0 1
= (4 3)1 = 11 = =1
1
3 is nonsingular matrix
= 1
1
3 exists
4 3 3
= [ ][ ]
: 1 1 3

1
3 =[ ] = [. . . . . .]
12 9 3 3
: = [ ] = [ ] = [ ]
3 + 3 0 0
1 3 : 3 :
3 = [.1. 4 : 3 = 1
.. : . .] = [ . . .. . .]
1 3 : 4 : 4 3
= [1 3] [ ]
1 1
1 3 3
=[ ] , = [ ] , = [1 3], = [4]
1 4 3 = [4 3 3 + 3] = [1 0] = [1 0]
To find 1 = 1 ( )
|| = |1 3| = 4 3 = 1 0 =[
4 3 1 0
] ([
3
] [ ] [1 0])
1 4 1 1 0 1 3
is nonsingular matrix 4 3 1 0 3 0
=[ ] ([ ][ ])
1 1 0 1 3 0
1 exists
4 3 4 0
=[ ][ ]
Use adjoint method 1 1 3 1
16 9 0 3
11 = (1)1+1 4 = 4 =[ ]
4 + 3 0 + 1
12 = (1)1+2 1 = 1 7 3
=[ ]
1 1
21 = (1)2+1 3 = 3
7 3 : 3 7 3 3
22 = (1)2+2 1 = 1 1 1
= [ .. 1 : 0 ] = [1 1 0]
3 .. : ..
1 0 : 1 1 0 1
4 1
= [ ]
3 1
8. Find the inverse of the matrix W2005

4 1 4 3
= [ ] =[ ]
3 1 1 1
[ ] By partitioning
1
1 =
||
:
4 3
1 = [ ] 2 1 1
1 1
3 = [1 2 1]
= ( 1 )1 1 1 2
2 1 1
4 3 3 1 |3 | = |1 2 1|
= ([4] [1 3] [ ] [ ])
1 1 3 1 1 2
3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
= ([4] [4 3 3 + 3] [ ]) |3 | = 2 | |+ 1| |+ 1| |
3 1 2 1 2 1 1
11
|3 | = 2(4 1) + 1(2 + 1) + 1(3 4) 1

1 1
= ([2] [1 1] [ ])
3 1
|3 | = 6 1 1 = 4 0
1
1
3 is nonsingular matrix = ([2] [1 + 1])
3
1
3 exists 2 1 4 1 3
= (2 ) = ( ) =
: 3 3 4

1
3 =[ ] = [. . . . . .]
= 1
:
2 1 : 1 1 2 1 1 3
: = [ ][ ]
1
3 = [ . . 2 : 1] = [ . . .. . .] 3 1 2 1 4
.. : ..
1 1 : 2 : 1 21 1 1 1 1
= [ ]= [ ]= [ ]
4 12 4 1 4 1
2 1 1
=[ ] , = [ ] , = [1 1], = [2]
1 2 1 = 1
To find 1 1 2 1 3
= [1 1] [ ]
3 1 2 4
|| = | 2 1| = 4 1 = 3 0
1 2 1 1 1
= [2 1 1 2] = [1 1] = [1 1]
is nonsingular matrix 4 4 4
= 1 ( )
1 exists
1 2 1 1 0 1 1
Use adjoint method = [ ] ([ ] [ ] [1 1])
3 1 2 0 1 1 4
11 = (1)1+1 2 = 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 1
= [ ] ([ ] [ ])
3 1 2 0 1 4 1 1
12 = (1)1+2 (1) = 1
1 2 1 4 0 1 1
21 = (1)2+1 (1) = 1 = [ ] ([ ][ ])
12 1 2 0 4 1 1
22 = (1)2+2 2 = 2 1 2 1 5 1
= [ ][ ]
12 1 2 1 5
2 1
= [ ]
1 2 1 10 1 2 + 5
= [ ]
12 5 2 1 + 10
2 1 2 1
= [ ] =[ ]
1 2 1 2 1 9 3 1 3 1
= [ ]= [ ]
1 12 3 9 4 1 3
1 =
|| 3 1 : 1
1 1 3 : 1 1 3 1 1
1 2 1 1
3 = [ .. .. : .. ] = [ 1 3 1 ]
1
= [ ] 4 4
1 1 : 3 1 1 3
3 1 2
= ( 1 )1 9. Find the inverse of the matrix S2006
1 2 1 1 1
= ([2] [1 1] [ ] [ ]) [ ]By partitioning
3 1 2 1

1
1 1 :
= ([2] [2 1 1 2] [ ])
3 1

12
7 2 2 = ( 1 )1
3 = [6 1 2 ]
6 2 1 1 1 2 2 1
= ([1] [6 2] [ ] [ ])
7 2 2 5 6 7 2
|3 | = |6 1 2 | 1
1 2
6 2 1 = ([1] [6 + 12 12 + 14] [ ])
5 2
|3 | = 7 |1 2 | 2 |6 2 | 2 |6 1| 1
2 1 6 1 6 2 1 2
= ([1] [6 2] [ ])
5 2
|3 | = 7(1 4) 2(6 12) 2(12 + 6)
1
1
|3 | = 3 0 = ([1] [12 + 4])
5
3 is nonsingular matrix
8 1 3 1 5
= (1 + ) = ( ) =
1
3 exists
5 5 3
: = 1

1
3 =[ ] = [. . . . . .]
1 1 2 2 5
: = [ ][ ][ ]
5 6 7 2 3
7 2 : 2 :
6 1 : 2 ] = [. . 1 24 1 2 1 2
3 = [ . . .. : .. .. . .] = [ ]= [ ]= [ ]
: 3 12 + 14 3 2 3 2
6 2 : 1
= 1
7 2 2
=[ ] , = [ ] , = [6 2], = [1]
6 1 2 1 1 2 5
= [6 2] [ ][ ]
To find 1 5 6 7 3
1 1
7 2 = [6 + 12 12 + 14] = [6 2]
|| = | | = 7 + 12 = 5 0 3 3
6 1
is nonsingular matrix = 1 ( )
1 1 2 1 0 2 1
1 exists = [ ] ([ ] [ ] [6 2])
5 6 7 0 1 2 3
Use adjoint method
1 1 2 1 0 1 12 4
= [ ] ([ ] [ ])
11 = (1)1+1 (1) = 1 5 6 7 0 1 3 12 4
1 1 2 3 0 12 4
12 = (1)1+2 (6) = 6 = [ ] ([ ][ ])
15 6 7 0 3 12 4
21 = (1)2+1 (2) = 2 1 1 2 9 4
= [ ][ ]
22 = (1)2+2 7 = 7 15 6 7 12 7
1 9 24 4 14
1 6 = [ ]
= [ ] 15 54 + 84 24 + 49
2 7
1 15 10 1 3 2
1 6 1 2 = [ ]= [ ]
= [ ] =[ ] 15 30 25 3 6 5
2 7 6 7
1 3 2 : 2
1 = 1 6 5 : 2]
|| 1
3 = [ .. .. : ..
3
6 2 : 5
1 1 2
1 = [ ]
5 6 7
13
1 3 2 2 = [
3 4
]
1
3 = [6 5 2] 1 1
3
6 2 5
3 4 3 1
= [ ] =[ ]
10. Find the inverse of the matrix W2011,W2013 1 1 4 1
1
1 =
[ ]By partitioning ||

1 3 1 3 1
: 1 = [ ]=[ ]
1 4 1 4 1
1 1 1 = ( 1 )1
3 = [4 3 1]
3 5 3 3 1 1 1
= ([3] [3 5] [ ] [ ])
1 1 1 4 1 1
|3 | = |4 3 1| 1
1
3 5 3 = ([3] [9 + 20 3 5] [ ])
1
|3 | = 1 |3 1
| 1|
4 1
|+ 1|
4 3
| 1 1
5 3 3 5 3 5 = ([3] [11 2] [ ])
1
|3 | = 1(9 + 5) 1(12 + 3) + 1(20 9)
= ([3] [11 + 2])1
|3 | = 10 0
1
= (3 13)1 = (10)1 =
3 is nonsingular matrix 10
1 = 1
3 exists
3 1 1 1
: = [ ] [ ] [ ]
4 1 1 10
1
3 =[ ] = [. . . . . .]

: 1 3 1 1 4
= [ ]= [ ]
1 1 : 1 : 10 4 + 1 10 5
3 = [.4. 3 : 1] = [ . . . . . . ]
.. : .. = 1
3 5 : 3 :
3 1 1
1 1 1 = [3 5] [ ] [ ]
=[ ] , = [ ] , = [3 5], = [3] 4 1 10
4 3 1
1 1
To find 1 = [9 + 20 3 5] = [11 2]
10 10
|| = |1 1| = 3 4 = 1 0 = 1 ( )
4 3
is nonsingular matrix 3 1 1 0 1 1
=[ ] ([ ] [ ] [11 2])
4 1 0 1 1 10
1 exists
3 1 1 0 1 11 2
=[ ] ([ ] [ ])
Use adjoint method 4 1 0 1 10 11 2
1 3 1 10 0 11 2
11 = (1)1+1 (3) = 3 = [ ] ([ ][ ])
10 4 1 0 10 11 2
12 = (1)1+2 (4) = 4 1 3 1 1 2
= [ ][ ]
10 4 1 11 8
21 = (1)2+1 (1) = 1
1 3 + 11 6 + 8
22 = (1)2+2 1 = 1 = [ ]
10 4 11 8 8
14
1 14 2 11 = (1)1+1 (3) = 3
= [ ]
10 15 0
12 = (1)1+2 (1) = 1
14 2 : 4
1 15 0
1 = [ : 5
.. : .. ] 21 = (1)2+1 (1) = 1
3
10 . .
11 2 : 1
22 = (1)2+2 1 = 1
1 14 2 4
3 1
1
3 = [15 0 5] = [ ]
10 1 1
11 2 1
11. Find the inverse of the matrix S2011 3 1 3 1

= [ ] =[ ]
1 1 1 1

1
[ ]By partitioning 1 =
||
: 1 3 1
1 = [ ]
2 1 1
1 1 3
3 = [ 1 3 3] = ( 1 )1
2 4 4
1 3 1 3 1
1 1 3 = ([4] [2 4] [ ] [ ])
2 1 1 3
|3 | = | 1 3 3|
2 4 4 1 1
3
= ([4] [6 + 4 2 4] [ ])
2 3
|3 | = 1 | 3 3| 1 | 1 3| + 3 | 1 3|
4 4 2 4 2 4 1
1 1
|3 | = 1(12 12) 1(4 6) + 3(4 + 6) = ([4] [2 2] [ ])
2 1
|3 | = 16 0 1
1
= ([4] [2 + 2])
2
A3 is nonsingular matrix
1
A1 = (4)1 =
3 exists 4
: = 1

1
3 =[ ] = [. . . . . .]

: 1 3 1 3 1
= [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 : 3 2 1 1 3 4
:
1
3 = [ . . 3 : 3] = [ . . .. . .] 1 9+3 1 12 1 6
.. : .. = [ ]= [ ]= [ ]
2 4 : 4 : 8 3 3 8 6 4 3
1 1 3 = 1
=[ ] , = [ ] , = [2 4], = [4]
1 3 3
1 3 1 1
To find 1 = [2 4] [ ] [ ]
2 1 1 4
1 1
|| = |1 1| = 3 1 = 2 0 = [6 + 4 2 4] = [2 2]
1 3 8 8
A is nonsingular matrix 1
= [1 1]
4
A1 exists
= 1 ( )
Use adjoint method

15
1 3 1 1 0 3 1 0 sin : cos :
= [ ] ([ ] [ ] [1 1])
2 1 1 0 1 3 4 3 = [.1. cos
..
: sin ] = [ . .
: .. . . . .]
1 0 : 0 :
1 3 1 1 0 1 3 3
= [ ] ([ ] [ ])
2 1 1 0 1 4 3 3 0 sin cos
=[ ] , = [ ],
1 cos sin
1 3 1 4 0 3 3
= [ ] ([ ][ ])
8 1 1 0 4 3 3 = [1 0], = [0]
1 3 1 7 3 To find 1
= [ ][ ]
8 1 1 3 1
1 21 + 3 9 1 || = |0 | = 0 + sin = sin 0
= [ ] 1
8 7 3 3 + 1
1 24 8 1 12 2
= [ ]= [ ]
8 10 2 4 5 1 A1 exists
12 2 : 6 Use adjoint method
1 5 1 : 3
1
3 = [ .. .. : .. ]
4
1 1 : 1 11 = (1)1+1 (cos ) = cos
1 12 2 6 12 = (1)1+2 (1) = 1
1
3 = [5 1 3]
4
1 1 1 21 = (1)2+1 ( sin ) = sin
12. Find the inverse of the matrix W2008 22 = (1)2+2 0 = 0

cos 1
[ ]By partitioning = [ ]
sin 0

1 cos sin
= [ ] =[ ]
0 1 0
0 1
3 = [1 ] 1 =
||
1 0 0
1
0 1 = [ ]
|3 | = |1 | sin 1 0
1 0 0 = ( 1 )1
|3 | = 0 + sin |1 sin | + cos |1 | 1 1
1 0 1 0
= ([0] [1 0] [ ][ ])
1 0
|3 | = sin (0 sin ) + cos (0 cos )
1
1
2 2
|3 | = sin cos = (sin + cos )2 2 = (0 [cos + 0 sin + 0] [ ])
sin
|3 | = 1 0 1
1
= (0 [ ] [ ])
A3 is nonsingular matrix
1
1
A1
3 exists = (0 [cos 2 + sin2 ])
sin
:
1
1 1
3 =[ ] = [. . . . . .] = ( ) = sin

:
= 1

16
1 [ 1 1 1 1
= [ ][ ] ] = [1 2 3] , =[4]
1 0
1 3 6 10
2 2 1
= [ + sin ] = [ ] = [1 4 10] , = [20]
cos + 0 cos
= 1 To find 1 by using adjoint method
1 [ 1 1 1
= [1 0] [ ] sin ] Let = [1 2 3]
1 0
1 3 6
= [cos + 0 sin + 0] = [cos sin ]
|| = 1(12 9) 1(6 3) + 1(3 2)
1 (
= )
|| = 1 0
1 1 0
= [ ] ([ ] A is nonsingular matrix
1 0 0 1
cos
[ ][ ])
sin 1 exists
1 1 0 2 3
= [ ] ([ ] 11 = (1)1+1 | | = 1(12 9) = 3
1 0 0 1 3 6
2
[ cos ])
1 3
sin2 12 = (1)1+2 | | = 1(6 3) = 3
1 6
1 2
= [ ] [ sin ]
13 = (1)1+3 |
1 2
| = 1(3 2) = 1
1 0 cos2 1 3
sin 1 1
cos 2 ] 21 = (1)2+1 | | = 1(6 3) = 3
=[ ][ 3 6
1 0
sin
1 1
0 0 22 = (1)2+2 | | = 1(6 1) = 5
=[ ] 1 6
sin cos
1 1
0 0 : 1 23 = (1)2+3 | | = 1(3 1) = 2
1 3
1 sin cos : cos ]
1
3 = [ .. .. : ..
4 1 1
cos sin : 0 31 = (1)3+1 | | = 1(3 2) = 1
2 3
0 0 1 1 1
1 = [ sin cos cos ] 32 = (1)3+2 | | = (3 1) = 2
3 1 3
cos sin 0
1 1
33 = (1)3+3 | | = 1(2 1) = 1
13. Using partitioning method, find the inverse of the matrix 1 2
11 12 13

= [ ] S2013
31 32 33

3 3 1
Solution:- Co-factor matrix= [3 5 2]
1 2 1
:
3 3 1
1
4 =[ ] = [. . . . . .]
= [3 5 2]
:
1 2 1
1 1 1 : 1
1 2 3 : 4 : 3 3 1
4 = 1 3 6 : 10 = [ . . .. . .] = [3 5 2]
.. .. .. .. .. : 1 2 1
[1 4 10 : 20]
17
1 3 3 1 2 3 3
1 = ( ) = [3 5 2] [ 4 11 12]
||
1 2 1 10 30 31
1 3 3 1 3 3 1
6 12 + 10 9 + 33 30 9 36 + 31
1 = [3 5 2] = [3 5 2]
1 = [6 + 20 20 9 55 + 60 9 + 60 62]
1 2 1 1 2 1
2 8 + 10 3 + 22 30 3 24 + 31
= ( 1 )1
4 6 4
1 = [6 14 11]
3 3 1 1
= ([20] [1 4 4 11 10
10] [3 5 2 4 ])
] [
1 2 1 10 4 6 4 : 1
6 14 11 : 3
1 1 1 = 4 11 10 : 3
4
= ([20] [3 12 + 10 3 + 20 20 1 8 + 10] [ 4 ]) .. .. ..
.. ..
10 [1 3 3 : 1 ]
1 1 4 6 4 1
= ([20] [1 3 3] [ 4 ]) 6 14 11 3]
10 1
4 =[
4 11 10 3
1 3 3 1
= ([20] [1 12 + 30])1
14. Find the inverse by method of partitioning
= (20 19) = 1

= 1 = [ ]

3 3 1 1
= [3 5 2] [ 4 ]
1 2 1 10

3 12 + 10 3 = [ ]
= [3 + 20 20] 0
1 8 + 10

1 1 |3 | = | |
= [3] = [ 3 ] 0
3 3
|3 | = ( cos 0)
= 1 sin ( sin cos2 sin sin2 )
3 3 1 + (0 + cos sin )
= [1 4 10] [3 5 2]
1 2 1 |3 | = cos2 2 + 2 + 2 2
= [3 12 + 10 3 + 20 20 1 8 + 10] |3 | = 2 (cos2 + sin2 ) + 2 = 1 0
= [1 3 3] = [1 3 3] A3 is nonsingular matrix
= 1 ( ) A1
3 exists
3 3 1 1 0 0 1 :

= [3 5 2] ([0 1 0 ] [ 4 ] [1 3 3]) 1
3 =[ =
] [. . . . . .]

1 2 1 0 0 1 10 :
3 3 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 :
= [3 5 2] ([0 1 0] [ 4 12 12]) 3 = [ : ]
1 2 1 0 0 1 10 30 30 .. .. : ..
0 :

18
: 1
2 1 1
= [. . . . . .] = ( + ) =( )
cos cos
:
= cos
=[ ] , = [ ],

= 1
= [ 0], = [ ]
1
= [ ][ ]
To find 1
[ ]
|| = | |

2 2
2 2 = [ + ]
= cos cos + sin cos = 0 0
A is nonsingular matrix sin

= [ ]
0
A1 exists

=[ ]
0
Use adjoint method
= 1
11 = (1)1+1 ( ) =
1
12 = (1)1+2 ( ) = = [ 0] [ ] [ ]

21 = (1)2+1 ( ) = sin = [ + 0 + 0]
22 = (1)2+2 = = [ ]
= 1 ( )
= [ ]

1 1 0
= [ ] ([ ]
= [ ] 0 1

[ ] [ ])

=[ ]
1 1 0
= [ ] ([ ]
1 0 1
1 = 2 2 sin2 sin cos
|| [ 2 ])
sin sin cos sin2 sin2
1
1 = [ ] 1
= [ ]

= ( 1 )1
1 2 2 2
[ ]
1 1 2 1 2 2

[cos ] [ 0] [ ]
=( )

[ ] 3 2 2 2
1 cos
= [ cos 2 ]

sin
= ([ ]
1
1 cos cos sin2 cos
[ ]
sin sin [ ]) =[ 2 ]
cos

1
1
= ([ ] [ 2 2 sin2 sin2 ]) 2
= [cos cos cos ]
cos cot
19
2 : sin 2 3
1
3 = [ ..

..
: 0 ]
..
: 1 1 2 0
: 0 2 6 2 ]
=[
0 0 1 1

RANK OF MATRIX 0 1 3
1
1
4 4 + 2
2
ROW ECHELON 4 : 0 1 3 1
1
:
2 2
0 1 3 1
A matrix is said to be in row echelon from if 1
4 + 2 2 : 0 0 0 0
a) The leading entry of every row is 1
1 1 2 0
b) If a column contains the leading entry of any row then every = [0 2 6 2 ]
other entry in that column is 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
c) As we go down the row, the position of leading moves from 1
left to right 2 2
2
For example 1 1 2 0
= [0 1 3 1]
1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1
[0 0 1 3 ] 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
The number of nonzero rows in above matrix A is 3
15. Find the rank of matrix W2004, W2006, W2013
() = 3

= [ ] 16. Find the rank of the matrix S2007, W2010

=[ ]
Solution:-

0 1 3 1
= [0 0 1 1 ] Solution:-
3 1 0 2
1 1 2 0
1 2 3 2
1 4
=[ 2 5 1 2]
3 8 5 2
1 1 2 0
5 12 1 6
= [0 0 1 1 ]
3 1 0 2 1 1
0 1 3 1
1 2 3 2
3 3 31
= [2 5 1 2]
3 8 5 2
3 : 3 1 0 2
5 12 1 6
31 : 3 3 6 0
3 31 : 0 2 6 2 2 2 21 , 3 3 31
1 1 2 0 2 : 2 5 1 2
=[ 0 0 1 1 ] 21 : 2 4 6 4
0 2 6 2 2 31 : 0 1 7 2
0 1 3 1

20
3 : 3 8 5 2 Solution:-
31 : 3 6 9 6
3 31 : 0 2 14 4 1 1 1 2
= [2 1 3 4]
1 2 3 2 2 2 2 4
= [0 1 7 2 ] 4 2 6 8
0 2 14 4
5 12 1 6 2 2 21 , 3 3 21
4 4 51 2 : 2 1 3 4
21 : 2 2 2 4
4 : 5 12 1 6 2 21 : 0 3 1 0
51 : 5 10 15 10
4 51 : 0 2 14 4 3 : 2 2 2 4
21 : 2 2 2 4
1 2 3 2 3 21 : 0 0 0 0
= [0 1 7 2 ]
0 2 14 4 1 1 1 2
0 2 14 4 = [0 3 1 0]
0 0 0 0
For restoring the first row to the original view 4 2 6 8
1 (1)1 4 4 41
1 2 3 2 4 : 4 2 6 8
0 1 7 2 ] 41 : 4 4 4 8
=[
0 2 14 4 4 51 : 0 6 2 0
0 2 14 4
1 1 1 2
3 3 22 , 4 4 23
= [0 3 1 0]
0 0 0 0
3 : 0 2 14 4 0 6 2 0
22 : 0 2 14 4
4 1 : 0 0 0 0 4 4 22
4 : 0 2 14 4 4 : 0 6 2 0
23 : 0 2 14 4 22 : 0 6 2 8
4 23 : 0 0 0 0 4 22 : 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 2 1 1 1 2
= [0 1 7 2] = [0 3 1 0]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 (1)2 The number of nonzero rows in above matrix A is 2
1 2 3 2 r(A) = 2
= [0 1 7 2]
0 0 0 0 18. Find the rank of the matrix W2008
0 0 0 0

= [ ]

r(A) = 2
17. Find the rank of the matrix W2009 Solution:-
1 2 3 0
= [ ] = [2 4 3 2]
3 2 1 3
0 0 0 0
21
2 2 21 , 3 3 31 2 2 21
2 : 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 2
21 : 2 4 6 0 21 2 2 4
2 21 : 0 0 3 2 2 21 0 0 2
3 : 3 2 1 3 1 1 2
31 : 3 6 9 0 = [0 0 2]
3 31 : 0 4 8 3 0 3 2
1 2 3 0 2 3
=[ 0 0 3 2]
0 4 8 3 1 1 2
0 0 0 0 = [0 3 2 ]
0 0 2
2 3
1 2 3 0
0 4 8 3] r(A) = 3
=[
0 0 3 2
0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 2
+ = [1 2 3 ] + [2 2 2]
The number of nonzero rows in above matrix A is 3 1 1 1 0 3 2
r(A) = 3 2 2 4
+ = [3 4 5]
19. Find the rank of matrix A, B, A+B and AB where 1 2 1
1 3
= [ ] , = [ ] S2009
1 2 1

+ = [3 4 5]
: 2 2 4
1 1 2 2 2 31 , 3 3 21
= [1 2 3]
2 3 4 5
1 1 1
31 3 6 3
2 2 1 , 3 3 1 2 31 0 2 2
1 1 2 3 2 2 4
= [0 1 1] 21 2 4 2
0 2 3 3 21 0 2 2
3 3 21 1 2 1
+ = [0 2 2]
3 0 2 3 0 2 2
21 0 2 2
3 21 0 0 1 3 3 2
1 1 2 1 2 1
= [0 1 1] + = [0 2 2]
0 0 1 0 0 0
The number of nonzero rows in above matrix A is 3 The number of nonzero rows in above matrix A+B is 2
r(A) = 3 r(A + B) = 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
= [ 2 2 2] = [1 2 3 ] [ 2 2 2]
0 3 2 1 1 1 0 3 2
22
1+2+0 1+2+6 2+2+4 3 : 3 4 5 6 7

= [1 + 4 + 0 1 + 4 + 9 2 + 4 + 6] 31 : 3 6 9 12 15
12+0 123 222 3 31 : 0 2 4 6 8
3 9 8 4 : 4 5 6 7 8
= [ 5 14 12 ] 41 : 4 8 12 16 20
1 4 2 4 41 : 0 3 6 9 12
1 (1)3 1 2 3 4 5
=[ 0 1 2 3 4 ]
1 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
= [5 14 12] 0 3 6 9 12
3 9 8
2 (1)2
2 2 51 , 3 3 31
1 2 3 4 5
2 5 14 12 0 1 2 3 4 ]
51 5 20 10 =[
0 2 4 6 8
2 51 0 6 2 0 3 6 9 12
3 3 9 8 3 3 + 22 , 4 4 + 32
31 3 12 6
3 31 0 3 2 3 : 0 2 4 6 8
22 : 0 2 4 6 8
1 4 2 3 + 22 : 0 0 0 0 0
= [0 6 2]
0 3 2 4 : 0 3 6 9 12
32 : 0 3 6 9 12
1 4 32 : 0 0 0
3 3 2 0 0
2
Restore second row to original
1 4 2
= [0 6 2] 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 1 0 1 2 3 4
=[ ]
0 0 0 0 0
The number of nonzero rows in above matrix AB is 3
0 0 0 0 0
r(AB) = 3 The number of nonzero rows in above matrix A is 2
20. Find the rank of the matrix W2009 r(A) = 2
SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY MATRIX
= [ ]
METHOD

21. Solve with the help of matrix, the simultaneous equation
Solution:- W2008
1 2 3 4 5 + + = , + + = , + + =
= [2 3 4 5 6]
3 4 5 6 7 Solution:-
4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 3
2 2 21 , 3 3 31 [1 2 3] [] = [4]
1 4 9 6
4 4 41
2 2 1 , 3 3 1
2 : 2 3 4 5 6
21 : 2 4 6 8 10 1 1 1 3
2 21 : 0 1 2 3 4 [0 1 2] [] = [1]
0 3 8 3
23
3 3 32 1 3 8 10
12 17
3 0 [0 1 ] [] = [ ]
3 8 5 5
32 0 3 6 0 11 22 33
3 32 0 0 2
3 3 112
1 1 1 3
[0 1 2] [] = [1] 3 0 11 22
0 0 2 3 132
112 0 11
5
++ 3 22
=
[ + 2 ] [1] 3 32 0 0
5
2 3
1 3 8 10
+ + = 31 12 17
0 1
5 [] = 5
+ 2 = 1 .2 22 22
3 [0 0 ]
5 [ ]
5
2 = 3 = 2
2 3 8 10
12 17
3 +
+2 = 1 = 2 5 = 5
2 22
22
[ ]
3 1 3 [ 5 ] 5
2+ =1 =1+ =
2 2 2
3 8 = 10 1
22. Solve with the help of matrix, the simultaneous equation
12 17
+ = .2
+ = , + = , 5 5
+ + = S2009 22 22
= = 1 2
5 5
Solution:-
12 17
+ = =1
The given system of equations is 5 5
3 8 = 10, 3 + + 0 = 4 3 8 = 10 = 1
2 + 5 + 6 = 13
Types of linear equations:-
1 3 8 10
[3 1 0 ] [] = [ 4 ] Consistent:-
2 5 6 13
A system of equation is said to be consistent if they have
2 2 31 , 3 3 21
one or more solutions
2 3 1 0
31 3 9 24 Inconsistent:-
2 31 0 10 24
If a system of equations has no solutions then it is called as
3 2 5 6 inconsistent
21 2 6 16
3 21 0 11 22 CONSISTENCY OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
1 3 8 10 11 1 + 12 2 + + 1 1 = 1
[0 10 24 ] [] = [ 34 ]
0 11 22 33 21 2 + 22 2 + + 2 2 = 2
1
2
10 2
24
1 1 + 2 2 + + = 2 3 5 1 9
[7 3 2] [2 ] = [8]
Matrix form 2 3 3
11 12 1 1 1 =
22 2 2 2
[ 21
.. .. . ..][ : ] = [ : ] 2 3 5 1 9
1 2
= [7 3 2] , = [ 2 ] , = [8]
2 3 3
=
2 3 5 : 9
Where = [: ] = [7 3 2 : 8]
2 3 :
11 12 1
22 2 1
= [ 21
.. .. . ..] 2 2
2
1 2
3 5 9
1 1 1 :
2 2 =[ 2 2 2]
=[ : ] , =[ : ] 7 3 2 : 8
2 3 :
11 12 1 1

= [: ] = [ 21 22 2 2 ]
.. .. . .. .. 2 2 71 , 3 3 21
1 2
2 : 7 3 2 8
i. Consistent equations:- 21 35 63
71 : 7
2 2 2
() = () then the system of equations are consistent 15 39 47
2 71 : 0
2 2 2
ii. Unique solutions:-
3 : 2 3
() = () = . 21 : 2 3 5 9
3 21 : 0 0 5 9
iii. Infinite solutions:-
3 5 9
() = () < . 1 :
2 2 2
= 15 39 47
iv. Inconsistent equations:- 0 :
2 2 2
[0 0 5 : 9]
() () then the system of equations are
inconsistent i. No solution
23. Determine for what values of the following () () Which is possible if

system of equations having S20011, S2013
5 = 0 9 0
i. No solution
= 5 9
ii. Unique solution
ii. Unique solution
iii. Infinite number of solutions
() = () = . which is possible if
+ + = , 505
+ = , + + = iii. Infinite number of solutions
Solution:-

25
() = () < . which is possible if which is possible if

5 = 0 9 = 0
3 = 0 10 = 10
= 5 = 9
= 3 = 10
24. Determine for what values of the following
system of equations having S2005 24. For what values of k the equations
i. No solution + + = ,
ii. Unique solution + + = , + + =
Have the solution and solve them completely in each

iii. Infinite number of solutions
case S2006
+ + = ,
Solution:-
+ + = , + + =
1 1 1 1
Solution:- [2 1 4 ] [] = [ ]
4 1 10 2
1 1 1 6
[1 2 3] [] = [10] =
1 2
1 1 1 1
= [2 1 4 ] , = [] , = [ ]
=
4 1 10 2
1 1 1 6 1 1 1 : 1
= [1 2 3] , = [] , = [10] = [: ] = [2 1 4 : ]
1 2 4 1 10 : 2
1 1 1 : 6
2 2 21 , 3 3 41
= [: ] = [1 2 3 : 10]
1 2 : 2 : 2 1 4
21 : 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 , 3 3 2 2 21 : 0 1 2 2
1 1 1 : 6 3 : 4 1 10 2
= [0 1 2 : 4 ] 41 : 4 4 4 4
0 0 3 : 10
3 41 : 0 3 6 2 4
i. No solution
1 1 1 : 1
= [0 1 2 : 2]
() ()
0 3 6 : 2 4
Which is possible if 3 3 32
3 = 0 10 0 3 : 0 36 2 4
32 : 0 36 3 6
= 3 10 3 32 : 0 0 0 2 3 + 2
ii. Unique solution 1 1 1: 1
= [0 1 2: 2 ]
() = () = . 0 0 0: 2 3 + 2
which is possible if 3 0 3 1 1 1 1
[0 1 2] [] = [ 2 ] 1
iii. Infinite number of solutions 0 0 0 2 3 + 2
() = () < . If the given system has solution then

26
() = () = 2 2 3 + 2 = 0 =
( 1)( 2) = 0 = 1, = 2 Where is arbitrary constant
= 1 . 1 25. Test the consistency of the following equations and solve

them if possible W2007
1 1 1 1
[0 1 2] [] = [1] + = , + = ,
0 0 0 0
+ + =
+ + = 1 . .2
Solution:-
+ 2 = 1
4 5 1 2
=
[3 1 2] [] = [9]
+ 2 = 1 = 2 + 1 1 4 1 5
=
= 2 + 1 = 2
4 5 1 2
+ 2 + 1 + = 1 = [3 1 2] , = [] , = [9]
1 4 1 5
= 3
4 5 1 : 2
Hence the solution is = [: ] = [3 1 2: 9]
1 4 1: 5
= 3
1 3
= 2 + 1
1 4 1: 5
= = [3 1 2: 9]
4 5 1 : 2
Where c is arbitrary constant
2 2 31 , 3 3 41
= 2 . 1
2 : 3 1 2 9
1 1 1 1
31 : 3 12 3 15
[0 1 2] [] = [0]
2 31 : 0 115 6
0 0 0 0
+ + = 1 . .2 3 : 4 5 1 2
41 : 4 16 4 20
+ 2 = 0 = 2 3 41 : 0 213 18
= 1 4 1: 5
= [0 11 5: 6 ]
= 2 0 21 3: 18
1 1
= 2 = 2 2 2 , 3 3
11 3
+ 2 + = 1 1 4 1: 5
5 6
= 1 3 = [0 1 : ]
11 11
0 7 1: 6
Hence the solution is
, 3 3 72
= 1 3
= 2

27
1 6 Y is also called as column vector

3 : 0 7 35 42
72 : 0 7 11 11 Suppose the linear transformation = transform
3 72 : 0 0 24 24

11 11 X into scalar multiple of itself . .
1 4 1 : 5 = =
5 6
0 1 :
= 11 11 = = 0
24 24
[0 0 :
11 11] ( ) = 0
() = () is known as an Eigen values of matrix A and X is called as

corresponding Eigen vector.
The given system of equations is consistent
Characteristic values:-
1 4 1 5
5 6
0 1 The Eigen values are also called as characteristic values
11 [] = 11
24 24
0 0 Characteristic polynomials:-
[ 11] [11]
+ 4 + The determinant | | expand then we gets a

5
5 6 polynomial is called as characteristic polynomials of matrix
+ A
11 = 11
24 24
[ ] [11] Characteristic Equation:-
11
+ 4 + = 5 . .1 The equation | | = 0 is called as characteristic

equation of matrix A
5 6
+ = .2
11 11 Characteristic roots or Eigen values:-
24 24 The roots of the equation | | = 0 is called as
= = 1
11 11 characteristics roots or Eigen values of the matrix A
5 6 6 5
2 = = + Characteristic vectors or Eigen vectors:-
11 11 11 11
=1 The characteristic root and the nonzero vectors X satisfied

the equation | | = 0 then the nonzero vector X is
+41=5 =53 =2 called as characteristic vector or Eigen vector
EIGEN VALUES Properties ofCharacteristic vectors or Eigen vectors:-
a. The Eigen vectors X of a matrix A is not be unique

Let
b. The Eigen values of a matrix A are distinct then the
11 12 1 1 1 corresponding Eigen vectors from linearly independent
22 2 2 2 set
[ 21
.. .. . . .] [ : ] = [ : ]
1 2 c. If the two or more Eigen values are repeated it may not
= be possible to form linearly independent Eigen vectors
corresponding to repeated roots
Where A is matrix
d. Let 1 2 are two orthogonal vectors if 1 2 = 0
X is called as column vector

28
e. Let A be the symmetric matrix then the Eigen vectors of 1

A corresponding to different Eigen values are [ ] = 0 = [2 ]
3
orthogonal
1
26. Determine the characteristics roots and corresponding
= 0 [] [ 2 ] = 0
3
characteristics vectors of the matrix [ ]
8 6 2 1 0
[6 7 4] [2 ] = [0]
S2005, W2012 2 4 3 3 0
Solution:- 2 2 + 21
8 6 2 8 6 2 1 0

[10 5 0] [ 2 ] = [0]
= [6 7 4]
2 4 3 2 4 3 3 0
Characteristic equation is 81 62 + 23 = 0
| | = 0 101 52 = 0
8 6 2 1 0 0 21 42 + 33 = 0
= [6 7 4] [0 1 0]
2 4 3 0 0 1 101 = 52 2 = 21
8 6 2 0 0 21 81 + 33 = 0
= [6 7 4] [0 0]
2 4 3 0 0 33 = 61 3 = 31
8 6 2 1 = , 2 = 2 , 3 = 3
= [ 6 7 4 ]
2 4 3 1
1 = [2 ] 1 = [2]
8 6 2 3 3
| | = | 6 7 4 | = 0
2 4 3 1
= 3 [ 3] [2 ] = 0
(8 ) |7 4 6 4 6 7 3
|+ 6| |+ 2| |
4 3 2 3 2 4
=0 8 3 6 2 1 0
[ 6 7 3 4 ] [2 ] = [0]
(8 )(21 10 + 2 16) + 6(18 + 6 + 8) 2 4 3 3 3 0
+ 2(24 14 + 2) = 0
5 6 2 1 0
[6 4 4] [2 ] = [0]
(8 )(5 10 + 2 ) + 6(10 + 6) + 2(10 + 2) = 0
2 4 0 3 0
40 80 + 82 5 + 102 3 60 + 36 + 20 + 4 51 62 + 23 = 0
=0
21 42 = 0
3 + 182 45 = 0
21 = 42 1 = 22
(2 18 + 45) = 0
102 62 + 23 = 0
= 0 , ( 15)( 3) = 0
42 = 23 3 = 22
= 0 , = 3 , = 15 are the characteristics roots of the
given matrix 2 = , 1 = 2 , 3 = 2

29
2 2 | | = 0
2 = [ ] 2 = [ 1 ]
2 2 2 2 3 1 0 0
= [ 2 1 6] [0 1 0]
1
1 2 0 0 0 1
= 15 [ 5] [2 ] = 0
3 2 2 3 0 0
= [ 2 1 6] [0 0]
8 15 6 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 0
[ 6 7 15
4 ] [ 2 ] = [0]
2 4 3 15 3 0 2 2 3
= [ 2 1 6]
7 6 2 1 0 1 2
[6 8 4 ] [2 ] = [0]
2 4 12 3 0 2 2 3
| | = | 2 1 6| = 0
2 2 + 21 1 2
7 6 2 1 0 2 6
(2 ) |1 6
| 2| | 3|
2 1
|=0
[20 20 0 ] [ 2 ] = [0] 2 1 1 2
2 4 12 3 0
(2 )( + 2 12) 2(2 6) 3(4 + 1 )
1 =0
2
20 2
1 2 22 + 24 + 2 3 + 12 + 4 + 12 + 9 + 3 = 0
7 6 2 0
[1 1 0 ] [2 ] = [0] 3 2 + 21 + 45 = 0
2 4 12 3 0
3 + 2 21 45 = 0
71 62 + 23 = 0
3 1 1 21 45
1 + 2 + 03 = 0
1 2 3 3 6 45
= =
6 2 7 2 7 6
| | | | | | 1 2 15 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 2 3 ( + 3)(2 2 15) = 0
= =
0 2 0 2 7 + 6
( + 3)( + 3)( 5) = 0
1 2 3
= = =
2 2 1 = 3 , = 3 , = 5 are the characteristics roots of the
given matrix
1 = 2 , 2 = 2 3 =
1
2 2
[ ] = 0 = [2 ]
3 = [ 2 ] 3 = [ 2 ]
3
1
1
27. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix
= 5 [ 5] [ 2 ] = 0
3

=[ ]S2005, W2008 2 5 2 3 1 0
[ 2 15
6] [ 2 ] = [0]
1 2 5 3 0
Solution:-
7 2 3 1 0
2 2 3 [ 2 4 6] [2 ] = [0]
= [ 2 1 6] 1 2 5 3 0
1 2 0
2 2 21
Characteristic equation is
30
7 2 3 1 0 1
[ 16 8 0 ] [2 ] = [0] 3
0 0
3 = [1 ] 3 = [1] 3 = [0]
1 2 5 3 0
1
3 3
71 + 22 33 = 0
28. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix
161 82 + 03 = 0

1 2 3 = [ ] W2005
= =
2 3 7 3 7 2
| | | | | |
8 0 16 0 16 8
Solution:-
1 2 3
= =
0 24 0 + 48 56 32 1 1 2
1 2 3 = [ 0 2 1 ]
= = 0 0 3
24 48 24
1 2 3 Characteristic equation is
= = =
1 2 1
| | = 0
1 = , 2 = 2 3 =
1 1 2 1 0 0
1 = [ 0 2 1 ] [0 1 0]
1 = [ 2 ] 1 = [ 2 ] 0 0 3 0 0 1
1
1 1 2 0 0
1 = [ 0 2 1 ] [0 0]

= 3 [ + 3] [ 2 ] = 0 0 0 3 0 0
3
1 1 2
2 + 3 2 3 1 0 = [ 0 2 1 ]
[ 2 1+3 ]
6 2[ ] = [0] 0 0 3
1 2 3 3 0
1 1 2
1 2 3 1 0 | | = | 0 2 1 |=0
[2 4 6] [2 ] = [0] 0 0 3
1 2 3 3 0
(1 ) |2 1 0 1
|1| |

Here = 3 is repeated root and i.e. A is not 0 3 0 3
0 2
symmetric matrix 1 = 0 2 = 0 2| |=0
0 0
1 + 22 33 = 0 (1 )(6 + 5 + 2 ) 1(0) 2(0) = 0
2 6 5 2 6 52 3 = 0
1 = 0 , 22 33 = 0 3 = 2
3
3 62 11 6 = 0
2
2 = , 3 =
3 3 + 62 + 11 + 6 = 0
0 0
0 1 1 6 11 6
1
2 = [2 ] 2 = [2] 2 = [3]
2 1 5 6
3 3
1 1 5 6 0
2 = 0 , 1 33 = 0 3 = 1
3 ( + 1)(2 + 5 + 6) = 0
1
1 = , 3 = ( + 1)( + 3)( + 2) = 0
3

31
= 1 , = 3 , = 2 are the characteristics roots of 1 = , 2 = 2 3 = 2

the given matrix
1
1 2 = [2 ] 2 = [2]
[ ] = 0 = [2 ] 2 2
3 1
1 = 2 [ + 2] [2 ] = 0
= 1 [ + ] [2 ] = 0 3
3 1
1 + 2 1 2 0
1 + 1 1 2 1 0 [ 0 2 + 2
1 ] [ 2 ] = [ 0]
[ 0 2 + 1
1 ] [ 2 ] = [ 0] 0 0 3 + 2 3 0
0 0 3 + 1 3 0 1 1 2 1 0
0 1 2 1 0 [0 0 1 ] [2 ] = [0]

[0 1 1 ] [ 2 ] = [0] 0 0 1 3 0
0 0 2 3 0
1 + 2 + 23 = 0
01 + 2 + 23 = 0
01 + 02 + 3 = 0
01 2 + 3 = 0 1 2 3
= =
1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 1
= = | | | | | |
1 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
| | | | | |
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 3
= = =
1 2 3 10 10 00
= = =
3 0 0 1 2 3
= = =
1 = 3 , 2 = 0 3 = 0 1 1 0
3 3 1 = , 2 = 3 = 0
1 = [0 ] 1 = [0]
1
0 0 3 = [ ] 3 = [1]
1 0 0

= 3 [ + 3] [ 2 ] = 0
3 28. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix
1 + 3 1 2 1 0
[ 0 2 + 3
1 ] [ 2 ] = [ 0] = [ ] S2006, W2011,S2011
0 0 3 + 3 3 0
2 1 2 1 0 Solution:-
[0 1 1] [2 ] = [0]
0 0 0 3 0 2 2 3
= [1 1 1]
21 + 2 + 23 = 0 1 3 1
01 + 2 + 3 = 0 Characteristic equation is
1 2 3 | | = 0
= =
1 2 2 2 2 1
| | | | | | 2 2 3 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
= [1 1 1 ] [0 1 0]
1 2 3 1 3 1 0 0 1
= = =
12 20 20
2 2 3 0 0
1 2 3 = [1 1 1 ] [0 0]
= = =
1 2 2 1 3 1 0 0

32
2 2 3 1 2 3
= =
= [ 1 1 1 ] 2 3 1 3 1 2
| | | | | |
1 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2 2 3 1 2 3
= = =
| | = | 1 1 1 |=0 2 1 3 0 + 2
1 3 1
1 = 2 , 2 = 2 3 = 2
1 1
(2 ) |1 1
|+ 2| |+3|
1 1
|
3 1 1 1 1 3 2 1
=0 1 = [ 2 ] 1 = 2 [ 1 ]
2 1
(2 )(1 + 2 3) + 2(1 1) + 3(3 1 + )
1
=0 = 3 [ 3] [2 ] = 0
3
(2 )(2 4) + 2(2 ) + 3(2 + ) = 0
2 3 2 3 1 0
[ 1 13 1 ] [2 ] = [0]
1 3 1 3 3 0
22 8 3 + 4 4 2 + 6 + 3 = 0
1 2 3 1 0
3 2
+ 2 + 5 6 = 0 [ 1 2 1 ] [2 ] = [0]
1 3 4 3 0
3 22 5 + 6 = 0
1 1 + 2
1 1 2 5 6
0 4 4 1 0
1 1 6 [1 2 1 ] [2 ] = [0]
1 3 4 3 0
1 1 6 0
01 42 + 43 = 0
2
( 1)( 6) = 0
1 22 + 3 = 0
( 1)( 3)( + 2) = 0 1 2 3
= =
4 4 0 4 0 4
= 1 , = 3 , = 2 are the characteristics roots of the | | | | | |
2 1 1 1 1 2
given matrix
1 2 3
1 = = =
4 + 8 0 4 0 + 4

[ ] = 0 = [ 2 ]
3 1 2 3
= = =
4 4 4
1
1 2 3
= 1 [ ] [2 ] = 0 = = =
3 1 1 1
2 1 2 3 1 0 1 = , 2 = 3 =
[ 1 11 1 ] [2 ] = [0]
1 3 1 1 3 0 1
2 = [ ] 2 = [1]
1 2 3 1 0 1
[1 0 1 ] [2 ] = [0]
1
1 3 2 3 0
= 2 [ + 2] [2 ] = 0
1 22 + 33 = 0 3
2 + 2 2 3 1 0
1 + 02 + 3 = 0
[ 1 1+2 1 ] [2 ] = [0]
1 3 1 + 2 3 0

33
4 2 3 1 0 2 2
(2 ) |3 2
| 1| |+ 1|
2 3
|=0
[1 3 1] [2 ] = [0] 3 4 3 4 3 3
1 3 1 3 0
(2 )(12 7 + 2 6) (8 2 6) + (6 9 + 3)
1 1 32 =0
1 11 0 1 0 12 20 + 92 3 2 + 2 3 + 3 = 0
[1 3 1] [2 ] = [0]
1 3 1 3 0
1 112 + 03 = 0
3 + 92 15 + 7 = 0
1 + 32 + 3 = 0
3 92 + 15 7 = 0
1 2 3
= = 1 1 9 15 7
11 0 1 0 1 11
| | | | | |
3 1 1 1 1 3
1 8 7
1 2 3
= = = 0
11 0 1 0 3 + 11 1 8 7
1 2 3 ( 1)(2 8 + 7) = 0
= = =
11 1 14
( 1)( 1)( 7) = 0
1 = 11 , 2 = 3 = 14
= 1 , = 1 , = 7 are the characteristics roots of the
11 11
3 = [ ] 3 = [ 1 ] given matrix
14 14 1
29. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of matrix [ ] = 0 = [2 ]
3
1
= [ ] S2009
= 1 [ ] [ 2 ] = 0
3
Solution:- 1 1 1 1 0
[2 2 2] [2 ] = [0]
2 1 1
3 3 3 3 0
= [2 3 2]
3 3 4 2 2 21 , 3 3 31
Characteristic equation is 1 1 1 1 0

[0 0 0] [ 2 ] = [0]
| | = 0 0 0 0 3 0
2 1 1 1 0 0 Here = 1 is repeated root and A AT i.e. A is not
= [2 3 2] [0 1 0]
symmetric matrix x1 = 0 and x2 = 0
3 3 4 0 0 1
2 1 1 0 0 1 + 2 + 3 = 0
= [2 3 2] [0 0]
3 3 4 0 0 1 = 0 , 2 + 3 = 0 3 = 2
2 1 1 2 = , 3 =
= [ 2 3 2 ]
3 3 4 0 0
1 = [ ] 1 = [ 1 ]
2 1 1 1
| | = | 2 3 2 |=0
3 3 4 2 = 0 , 1 + 3 = 0 3 = 1

34
1 = , 3 = 9 1 9 1 0 0
= [ 3 1 3 ] [0 1 0]
1 7 1 7 0 0 1
2 = [ 0 ] 2 = [ 0 ]
1 9 1 9 0 0
= [ 3 1 3 ] [0 0]
1 7 1 7 0 0
= 7 [ 7] [2 ] = 0
3 9 1 9
= [ 3 1 3 ]
27 1 1 1 0 7 1 7
[ 2 37
2 ] [ 2 ] = [0]
3 3 4 7 3 0 9 1 9
| | = | 3 1 3 |=0
5 1 1 1 0 7 1 7
[ 2 4 2 ] [2 ] = [0]
3 3 3 3 0 (9 ) |1 3 3 3
|+ 1| |
1 7 7 7
3 3 + 31 3 1
+ 9| |=0
7 1
5 1 1 1 0
[ 2 4 2] [2 ] = [0] (9 )(7 + 8 + 2 3) + (21 3 + 21)
12 6 0 3 0 + 9(3 7 7) = 0
21 42 + 23 = 0 36 + 72 + 92 4 82 3 3 36 63 = 0
121 + 62 + 03 = 0 3 + 2 + 2 = 0
1 2 3
= = (2 2) = 0 ( + 1)( 2) = 0
4 2 2 2 2 4
| | | | | |
6 0 12 0 12 6 = 0 , = 1 , = 2 are the characteristics roots of the
1 2 3 given matrix
= = =
0 12 0 + 24 12 48
1
1 2 3
[ ] = 0 = [ 2 ]
= = = 3
12 24 36
1 2 3 1
= = = []
1 2 3 = 0 [ 2] = 0
3
1 = , 2 = 2 3 = 3
9 1 9 1 0
1 [ 3 1 3 ] [2 ] = [0]
3 = [2 ] 3 = [2] 7 1 7 3 0
3 3
1 1 + 3
30. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of matrix
2 0 2 1 0
[ 3 1 3 ] [2 ] = [0]
= [ ]S2013 7 1 7 3 0

21 + 02 + 23 = 0
Solution:-
31 2 + 33 = 0
9 1 9
= [ 3 1 3 ] 1 2 3
= =
7 1 7 0 2 2 2 2 0
| | | | | |
1 3 3 3 3 1
Characteristic equation is
1 2 3
= = =
| | = 0 2 0 2

35
1 = 2 , 2 = 0 3 = 2 1 2 3
= =
8 0 2 0 2 8
| | | | | |
2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 = [ 0 ] 1 = 2 [ 0 ]
1 2 3
2 1 = = =
24 0 6 0 6 24
1
1 2 3
= 1 [ + ] [2 ] = 0 = = =
3 24 6 18
1 1 2 3
9+1 1 9 0 = = =
[ 3 1 + 1
3 ] [ 2 ] = [0] 4 1 3
7 1 7 + 1 3 0
1 = 4 , 2 = 3 = 3
10 1 9 1 0
[3 0 3 ] [2 ] = [0] 4 4
7 1 6 3 0 2 = [ ] 2 = [ 1 ]
3 3
101 2 + 93 = 0
31. Find the characteristic roots and characteristic vectors of
31 + 02 + 33 = 0 the matrix
1 2 3
= =
1 9 10 9 10 1 [ ]W2013
| | | | | |
0 3 3 3 3 0
1 2 3 :
= = =
3 0 30 27 0 + 3
6 2 2
1 2 3
= = = = [2 3 1]
3 3 3 2 1 3
1 2 3
= = = Characteristic equation is
1 1 1
| | = 0
1 = , 2 = 3 =
6 2 2 1 0 0
1
= [2 3 1] [0 1 0]
2 = [ ] 2 = [ 1 ]
2 1 3 0 0 1
1
1 6 2 2 0 0
= [2 3 1] [0 0]
= 2 [ 2] [2 ] = 0
3 2 1 3 0 0
92 1 9 1 0 6 2 2
= [ 2 3 1 ]
[ 3 1 2 3 ] [2 ] = [0]
7 1 7 2 3 0 2 1 3
7 1 9 1 0 6 2 2
| | = | 2 3 1 | = 0
[ 3 3 3 ] [2 ] = [0]
7 1 9 3 0 2 1 3
(6 ) |3 1 2 1 2 3
3 3 + 1 , 1 1 32 |+ 2| |+ 2| |
1 3 2 3 2 1
2 8 0 1 0 =0
[ 3 3 3] [2 ] = [0]
0 0 0 3 0 (6 )(9 6 + 2 1) + 2(6 + 2 + 2)
+ 2(2 6 + 2) = 0
21 + 82 + 03 = 0
(6 )(8 6 + 2 ) + 2(4 + 2) + 2(4 + 2) = 0
31 32 + 33 = 0

36
48 36 + 62 8 + 62 3 16 + 8 = 0 2 2
1 = [ ] 1 = [1]
3 + 122 36 + 32 = 0 1
1
3 122 + 36 32 = 0
= 2 [ 2] [2 ] = 0
3
2 1 12 36 32
6 2 2 2 1 0
2 20 32
[ 2 3 2 1 ] [ 2 ] = [0]
2 1 3 2 3 0
1 10 16 0
4 2 2 1 0
( 2)(2 10 + 16) = 0 [2 1 1] [2 ] = [0]
2 1 1 3 0
( 2)( 2)( 8) = 0
1
= 2 , = 2 , = 8 are the characteristics roots of the 2 2 + 1 , 3 3 + 2
2
given matrix
4 2 2 1 0
1 [0 0 0] [2 ] = [0]
[ ] = 0 = [2 ] 0 0 0 3 0
3
41 22 + 23 = 0
1
= 8 [ 8] [2 ] = 0 2 = 0 , 41 + 23 = 0 3 = 21
3
1 = , 3 = 2
6 8 2 2 1 0

[ 2 3 8 1 ] [ 2 ] = [0] 1
2 1 3 8 3 0 2 = [ 0 ] 2 = [ 0 ]
2 2
1 1 + 3
Here = 2 is repeated root and A = AT i.e. A is symmetric
2 2 2 1 0 matrix so the Eigen vector 3 is orthogonal to X1 and X 2
[2 5 1] [2 ] = [0]
2 1 5 3 0
3 = []
3 3 + 2

2 2 2 1 0
2
[2 5 1] [ 2 ] = [0]
1 3 = [1] [] = 0
0 6 6 3 0
1
21 52 3 = 0
1 3 = [2 1 1] [] = 0
01 62 63 = 0

1 2 3
= = 2 + = 0
5 1 2 1 2 5
| | | | | |
6 6 0 6 0 6
1
1 2 3 2 3 = [ 0 ] [] = 0
= = = 2
30 6 12 0 12
1 2 3
= = = 2 3 = [1 0 2] [] = 0
24 12 12

1 2 3
= = = + 0 2 = 0
2 1 1
1 = 2 , 2 = 3 =
37
2 1 1 0 0
= = = [1 2 1] [0 0]
1 1 2 1 2 1
| | | | | | 1 1 2 0 0
0 2 1 2 1 0
6 2 2
= = = = [ 2 3 1 ]
2 4 1 1
2 1 3

= = = 2 1 1
2 5 1 | | = | 1 2 1 | = 0
= 2 , = 5, = 1 1 2
(2 ) |2 1 1 1 1 2
2 2 |+ 1| |+ 1| |
3 = [5 ] 3 = [5] 1 2 1 2 1 1
=0
1
(2 )(4 4 + 2 1) 2 + + 1 + 1 2 + = 0
CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM
(2 )(3 4 + 2 ) + 2 2 = 0
Statement:-
6 8 + 22 3 + 42 3 + 2 2 = 0
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation
3 + 62 9 + 4 = 0
Let A be the square matrix and if 3 22 + 3 4 = 0 be
3 62 + 9 4 = 0
the characteristic equation then by Cayley-Hamilton
theorem it satisfied by matrix A By Cayley-Hamilton theorem
3 22 + 3 4 = 0 . .1 3 62 + 9 4 = 0
To find 1 2
Multiply equation 1 by 1 from left side to both sides 2 1 1 2 1 1

2 = = [1 2 1] [1 2 1]
1 (3 22 + 3 4) = 1 (0) 1 1 2 1 1 2
2 2 + 3 41 = 0 4 + 1 + 1 2 2 1 2 + 1 + 2
2 = [2 2 1 1 + 4 + 1 1 2 2]
2 2 + 3 = 41 2 + 1 + 2 1 2 2 1 + 1 + 4
6 5 5
1
1
= [2 2 + 3] 2 = [5 6 5]
4 5 5 6
32. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix 3 = 2
2 1 1 6 5 5
= [ ] Hence find W2005, W2011 3
= [1 2 1] [5 6 5]
1 1 2 5 5 6
Solution:- 12 + 5 + 5 10 6 5 10 + 5 + 6
3 = [6 10 5 5 + 12 + 5 5 10 6]
The characteristic equation of the matrix is 6 + 5 + 10 5 6 10 5 + 5 + 12
| | = 0 22 21 21
3 = [21 22 21]
2 1 1 1 0 0 21 21 22
= [1 2 1] [0 1 0]
1 1 2 0 0 1 . . . = 3 62 + 9 4

38
22 21 21 6 5 5 1 0 3 1 0 0
= [21 22 21] 6 [5 6 5] = [2 1 1] [0 1 0]
21 21 22 5 5 6 1 1 1 0 0 1
2 1 1 1 0 0
+ 9 [1 2 1] 4 [0 1 0] 1 0 3 0 0
1 1 2 0 0 1 = [2 1 1] [0 0]
1 1 1 0 0
22 21 21 36 30 30
= [21 22 21] [30 36 30] 1 0 3
21 21 22 30 30 36 = [ 2 1 1 ]
18 9 9 4 0 0 1 1 1
+ [9 18 9] [0 4 0]
9 9 18 0 0 4 1 0 3
| | = | 2 1 1 | = 0
14 9 9 14 9 9 1 1 1
=[ 9 14 9 ] + [9 14 9]
9 9 14 9 9 14 (1 ) |1 1 2 1 2 1
|+ 0| |+ 3| |=0
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
. . . = [0 0 0] = 0 = . . . (1 )(1 2 + 2 1) + 3(2 1 + ) = 0
0 0 0
(1 )(2 + 2 ) + 3 9 = 0
Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified
2 + 2 + 22 3 + 3 9 = 0
1

3 + 32 + 9 = 0
1 (3 2 1 (0)
6 + 9 4) =
3 32 + 9 = 0
2 6 + 9 41 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem
2 1
6 + 9 = 4
3 32 + 9 = 0
1
1 = {2 6 + 9} 1
4
1 6 5 5 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 (3 32 + 9) = 1 (0)
= {[5 6 5] 6 [1 2 1] + 9 [0 1 0]}
4
5 5 6 1 1 2 0 0 1 2 3 + 91 = 0
1 6 5 5 12 6 6 9 0 0 91 = 3 + 2
= {[5 6 5] [6 12 6] + [0 9 0]}
4
5 5 6 6 6 12 0 0 9 2
1 6 1 1 9 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 3
= {[ 1 6 1 ] + [0 9 0]} 2 = [2 1 1] [2
4 1 1]
1 1 6 0 0 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 1 1 1+0+3 3 3+3
1 = [ 1 3 1 ]
4 2 = [2 + 2 1 1+1 6 1 1]
1 1 3
12+1 1 1 3+1+1

4 3 6
33. Find the inverse of the matrix = [ ] Using 2
= [ 3 2 4]

0 2 5
Cayley-Hamilton theoremS2006
1 0 3 1 0 0 4 3 6
Solution:- 91 = 3 [2 1 1] + [0 1 0] [3 2 4]
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 5
The characteristic equation of the matrix is
| | = 0
39
4 0 9 4 3 6 2 6 + 6 = 111
1
9 = [6 4 3] [3 2 4]
3 3 4 0 2 5 2
1 0 3 3 4 3 1 4 3 1
1 = [3 2 7] 2 = [2 1 2] [2 1 2]
9
3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
34. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find 16 + 6 + 1 12 + 3 + 2 46+1
2 = [ 8 + 2 2 6+14 2 2 2]
4+4+1 3+2+2 14+1
= [ ]S2007
23 17 1
2 = [ 8 3 2]
: 9 7 2
The characteristic equation of the matrix is 23 17 1 4 3 1 1 0 0

111 = [ 8 3 2] 6 [2 1 2] + 6 [0 1 0]
| | = 0 9 7 2 1 2 1 0 0 1
4 3 1 1 0 0 23 17 1 24 18 6 6 0 0
1
= [2 1 2] [0 1 0] 11 =[8 3 2] [12 6 12] + [0 6 0]
1 2 1 0 0 1 9 7 2 6 12 6 0 0 6
4 3 1 0 0
= [2 1 2] [0 0]
1 2 1 0 0 1 1 7 6 0 0
111 = [4 3 10 ] + [0 6 0]
4 3 1 3 5 8 0 0 6
= [ 2 1 2 ]
1 2 1 5 1 7
111 = [4 3 10 ]
4 3 1 3 5 2
| | = | 2 1 2 | = 0
1 2 1 1 5 1 7
1 = [4 3 10 ]
11
(4 ) |1 2 2 2 2 1 3 5 2
| 3| |+ 1| |=0
2 1 1 1 1 2
35. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find
2
(4 )(1 2 + + 4) 3(2 2 + 2) + 4 1 +
=0
= [ ]W2009, W2012
(4 )(5 2 + 2 ) 12 + 6 + 3 + = 0
20 8 + 42 5 + 22 3 9 + 7 = 0 :
3 + 62 6 + 11 = 0 The characteristic equation of the matrix is
3 62 + 6 11 = 0 | | = 0
8 8 2 1 0 0
= [4 3 2] [0 1 0]
3 4 1 0 0 1
3 62 + 6 11 = 0
8 8 2 0 0
1 = [4 3 2] [0 0]
3 4 1 0 0
1 (3 62 + 6 11) = 1 (0)
8 8 2
2 1 = [ 4 3 2 ]
6 + 6 11 =0
3 4 1

40
8 8 2 22 16 10 11 0 0
| | = | 4 3 2 | = 0 61 = [10 3 8 ] + [ 0 11 0]
3 4 1 7 8 3 0 0 11
4 2 11 16 10
(8 ) |3 2
|+ 8| | 2|
4 3
|
4 1 3 1 3 4 61 = [10 14 8]
=0 7 8 8
(8 )(3 + 2 + 2 8) + 8(4 4 + 6) 1
1 11 16 10
= [10 14 8 ]
2(16 + 9 + 3) = 0 6
7 8 8
(8 )(11 + 2 + 2 ) + 80 32 + 14 6 = 0 36. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and hence find
88 + 16 + 82 + 11 22 3 + 94 38 = 0
Where = [ ]S2013
3 + 62 11 + 6 = 0
3 62 + 11 6 = 0 Solution:-
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem The characteristic equation of the matrix is
3 62 + 11 6 = 0 | | = 0
1 1 1 3 1 0 0
= [ 1 3 3 ] [ 0 1 0]
1 (3 62 + 11 6) = 1 (0) 2 4 4 0 0 1
2 6 + 11 61 = 0 1 1 3 0 0
= [ 1 3 3] [0 0]
2 6 + 11 = 61 2 4 4 0 0
2 1 1 3
= [ 1 3 3 ]
8 8 2 8 8 2 2 4 4
2 = [4 3 2] [4 3 2] 1 1 3
3 4 1 3 4 1 | | = | 1 3 3 | = 0
64 32 6 64 + 24 + 8 16 + 16 2 2 4 4
2 = [32 12 6 32 + 9 + 8 8 + 6 2 ]
(1 ) |3 3 1 3
24 16 + 3 24 + 12 4 6 + 8 + 1 | 1| |
4 4 2 4
26 32 2 1 3
+ 3| |=0
2 = [14 15 4] 2 4
11 16 3 (1 )(12 + + 2 12) (4 6)
26 32 2 8 8 2 + 3(4 + 6 2) = 0
61 = [14 15 4] 6 [4 3 2]
11 16 3 3 4 1 (1 )(24 + + 2 ) + 10 + + 6 6 = 0
11 0 0
+ [ 0 11 0 ] 24 + + 2 + 24 2 3 + 16 5 = 0
0 0 11
3 + 20 8 = 0
26 32 2 48 48 12
61 = [14 15 4] [24 18 12] 3 20 + 8 = 0
11 16 3 18 24 6
11 0 0 By Cayley-Hamilton theorem
+ [ 0 11 0 ]
0 0 11 3 20 + 8 = 0
3
41
3 = 2 20 0 0 4 8 12
81 = [ 0 20 0 ] [ 10 22 6 ]
1 1 3 1 1 3 0 0 20 2 2 22
2 = = [ 1 ]
3 3 1 [ 3 3]
2 4 4 2 4 4 24 8 12
81 = [10 2 6]
2 2 2
1+16 1 + 3 12 3 3 12 1
1 24 8 12
2
=[ 1+3+6 1 + 9 + 12 3 9 + 12 ] = [10 2 6]
8
2 4 + 8 2 12 + 16 6 + 12 + 16 2 2 2
4 8 12 37. Find the characteristics equation of the matrix

2 = [ 10 22 6 ]
2 2 22
= [ ] and hence find the matrix represented by
4 8 12 1 1 3
3 = [ 10 22 6 ][ 1 3 3]
2 2 22 2 4 4 W2008,W2010
4 8 + 24 4 24 + 48 12 + 24 + 48 8 57 + 76 35 + 4 53 + 62 2 + 1
3
= [10 + 22 12 10 + 66 24 30 66 24 ]
2 + 2 44 2 + 6 88 6 6 88 Solution:-
12 20 60 The characteristic equation of the matrix is
3 = [ 20 52 60]
40 80 88 | | = 0
3
. . . = 20 + 8
2 1 1 1 0 0
12 20 60 1 1 3 = [0 1 0] [0 1 0]
. . . = [ 20 52 60] 20 [ 1 3 3] 1 1 2 0 0 1
40 80 88 2 4 4 2 1 1 0 0
8 0 0 = [0 1 0] [0 0]
+ [0 8 0] 1 1 2 0 0
0 0 8
2 1 1
12 20 60 20 20 60 = [ 0 1 0 ]
. . . = [ 20 52 60] [ 20 60 60]
1 1 2
40 80 88 40 80 80
8 0 0 2 1 1
+ [0 8 0] | | = | 0 1 0 |=0
0 0 8 1 1 2
8 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
. . . = [ 0 8 0 ] + [0 8 0] (2 ) |1 0
| 1| |+ 1|
0 1
|=0
1 2 1 2 1 1
0 0 8 0 0 8
(2 )(2 3 + 2 ) + 1(1 + ) = 0
0 0 0
. . . = [0 0 0] = 0 4 6 + 22 2 + 32 3 1 + = 0
0 0 0
3 + 52 7 + 3 = 0
Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified
3 52 + 7 3 = 0
1
1 (3 20 + 8) = 1 (0)
3 52 + 7 3 = 0 .1
2 20 + 81 = 0
To find the matrix

42
8 57 + 76 35 + 4 53 + 62 2 + 1 2 4 5 = 0 . .1
= (8 57 + 76 35 ) + 4 53 + 72 2 3 The given polynomial equation is

++1
5 44 73 + 112 10
3 2 + 3
= 5 (3 52 + 7 3) + (3 52 + 7 3) 2
++1 2 4 55 44 73 + 112 10
1 5 44 53
= 5 (0) + (0) 2 + + 1 23 + 112 10
= 2 + + 1 23 + 82 + 10
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 32 11 10
= [0 1 0] [0 1 0] + [0 1 0] + [0 1 0]
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 32 12 15
4+0+1 2+1+1 2+0+2 3 1 1 + 5

= [0 + 0 + 0 0+1+0 0+0+0 ] + [0 2 0]
2+0+2 1+1+2 1+0+4 1 1 3 =(3 2 + 3)(2 4 5) + ( + 5)
5 4 4 3 1 1 = (3 2 + 3)(0) + ( + 5)
= [0 1 0] + [0 2 0]
4 4 5 1 1 3 = + 5
8 5 5 1 4 1 0
= [ 0 3 0] =[ ]+ 5[ ]
2 3 0 1
5 5 8
1 4 5 0
38. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, express the polynomial =[ ]+[ ]
2 3 0 5
+ in terms of matrix A
6 4
where = [ =[ ]
] S2011 2 8

Solution:- 39. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find if = [ ]

The characteristic equation of the matrix is W2013
| | = 0 Solution:-
1 4 1 0 The characteristic equation of the matrix is
= [ ][ ]
2 3 0 1
1 4 0 | | = 0
= [ ][ ]
2 3 0
1 2 1 0
= [ ][ ]
1 4 2 1 0 1
= [ ]
2 3
1 2 0
= [ ][ ]
2 1 0
| | = |1 4
|=0
2 3
1 2
= [ ]
2
3 4 + 8 = 0 2 1
2 4 5 = 0 | | = |1 2
|=0
2 1
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem 1 + + 2 4 = 0
43
2 5 = 0 2 4 5 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem By Cayley-Hamilton theorem
2 5 = 0 . .1 2 4 5 = 0 . .1
6 + 54 + 252 + 125 The given polynomial equation is
2 5 8 5 + 54 63 + 22 4 + 7
8 56 3 + 92 + 35 + 187
56 2 4 55 + 54 63 + 22 4 + 7
56 254 5 44 53
254
254 1252 94 3 + 22 4 + 7
1252 94 363 452
1252 625
625 353 + 472 4 + 7
8 = (6 + 54 + 252 + 125)(2 5) + 625 352 1402 175
8 = (6 + 54 + 252 + 125)(0) + 625 1872 + 171 + 7
8 = 625 1872 748 935

625 0 919 + 942
8 = [ ]
0 625
=(3 + 92 + 35 + 187)(2 4 5)

40. Find characteristic equation for = [ ] and using to

+(919 + 942)
find the simplified expression for
= (3 + 92 + 35 + 187)(0) + (919 + 942)
+ + + S2012
= 919 + 942
Solution:-
1 4 1 0
The characteristic equation of the matrix is = 919 [ ] + 942 [ ]
2 3 0 1
| | = 0 919 3676 942 0
=[ ]+[ ]
1838 2757 0 942
1 4 1 0
= [ ][ ] 1861 3676
2 3 0 1 =[ ]
1838 3699
1 4 0
= [ ][ ] 41. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, express the polynomial
2 3 0
+ + as a linear polynomial
1 4
= [ ]
2 3 in A where = [ ] S2005

| | = |1 4
|=0 Solution:-
2 3
3 4 + 2 8 = 0 The characteristic equation of the matrix is

44
| | = 0
1 2 1 0
2
= [ ][ ]
1 3 0 1
= [
1 2
1 3
][
0
0
] FOURIER SERIES
1 2 Periodic function:-
= [ ]
1 3
A function () is said to be periodic if it is defined as for all
| | = |1 2
|=0 real and positive number T such that ( + ) = ()
1 3
3 4 + 2 + 2 = 0 Where T is period of ()
2 4 + 5 = 0 Example:- The e m f in an a. c. circuit ,digital signals, thrust

on the piston etc.
( + ) = (), ( 0) T is period then is also
2 4 + 5 = 0 . .1 called as period
The given polynomial equation is The period of sin sin 2 is 2
6 45 + 84 123 + 142 Even and Odd functions:-
4 + 32 1 a. A function () is an even function if () = ()
2 4 + 56 45 + 84 123 + 142 b. A function () is an odd function if () = ()
6 45 + 54 Example:-
34 123 + 142 Test () = cos is an even or odd function
34 123 + 152 () = cos
2
2 + 4 5 () = cos()
4 + 5 () = () = ()
= (4 + 32 1)(2 4 5) + (4 + 5) cos is an even function
= (4 + 32 1)(0) + (4 + 5) Test () = sin is an even or odd function
1 2 1 0
= 4 [ ]+ 5[ ] () = sin
1 3 0 1
4 8 5 0
=[ ]+[ ]
4 12 0 5
() = sin()
1 8
=[ ]
4 7 () = sin () = ()
sin is an odd function
Test () = 2 is an even or odd function
() = 2

45
FOURIER SERIES OF FUNCTIONS WITH PERIOD
() = ()2 Let () is a periodic function with period 2 over the

interval [ , + 2] is represented as
() = 2 () = ()

0
2 is an even function () = + ( cos + sin ) 1
2
=1
Test () = 3 is an even or odd function
To determine 0 ,
() = 3
Integrating equation 1 within limit + 2 both sides

+2 +2
0
() = ()3 () =
2

() = 3 () = () +2
+ ( cos + sin )
3 is an odd function
=1
Trigonometric values for sine and cosine functions:- +2 +2

0
Let n be an integer then = 1 + [
2
=1
1) sin = 0 +2
+ ]
2) cos = (1)
1
3) sin ( + ) = (1) 0
2
= []+2
+ [ (0) + (0)] 8
2
1 =1
4) cos ( + ) = 0
2
+2
0
5) cos(2 1) = 1 () = ( + 2 )
2

6) cos( 1) = (1)1
+2
7) sin( 1) = 0 0
() = (2)
2

ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS
+
If m and n are integers then
= ()

+2 +2
8) = = 0
Multiply equation 1 both sides by cos and integrating
+2 +2
9) cos = cos =0 within limit + 2 both sides
+2 +2
0
() cos = cos
+2 +2 2
10) sin = sin = 0
+2

+ ( cos + sin ) cos
+2 +2
11) sin2 = cos2 = =1

46
+2 +2
() cos () sin =

+2
0 +
= cos
2 = ()

+2
2
+ [
Note I:-
=1
+2
If = 0 then the Fourier series for 0 2 is as
+ ]
2
1
0 = ()
+2
0 0
() cos = (0) + [ + (0)]
2 2
=1 1
= ()
+2
0
() cos =
2
1
= ()
+
0
= ()
Note II:-

Multiply equation 1 both sides by sin and integrating If = then the Fourier series for
within limit + 2 both sides
When () is neither even nor odd
+2 +2
0
() sin = sin 1
2 0 = ()

+2

+ ( cos + sin ) sin 1
= ()
=1

+2

() sin 1
= ()

+2
0
= sin Note III:-
2

+2 When () is an odd function in <
+ [ sin cos
=1
0 = = 0

+2
+ 2 ] 2
= ()

0
+2
0
() sin = (0) + [ (0) + ()] () =
2
=1 =1
Note IV:-

47
When () is an even function in < <

1
= () ( )

2 0
0 = ()

0 1
= () ( ) = 0

2 0
= ()

0 0
() = + ( )
= 0 2
=1

0 This is also called as half range cosine series in interval 0
() = +
2
=1
When () is an odd function in
FOURIER SERIES IN AN INTERVAL

2
0 0 = () = 0
() = + [ cos ( ) + sin ( )]
2 0
=1

2
1 1
0 = () = () ( ) = 0

0
0

2
1 1
= () ( ) = () ( ) = 0

0
0

2
1 () = ( )
= () ( )
=1
0
This is also called as half range sine series in interval 0
FOURIER SERIES IN AN INTERVAL

0 1. Obtain Fourier series expansion for () =
() = + [ cos ( ) + sin ( )]
2
=1
W2004

1 :-
0 = ()

0
() = + ( cos + sin )
1 2
=1
= () ( )

0

sin = + ( cos + sin )
2
1 =1
= () ( )

To find
When () is an even function in 0 ,

2 () =
0 = ()

0

48
() = () 1 1 1
= (1) sin ( )
+
() = () = ()
1 2
= (1) sin 2
is an odd function 2

0 = = 0 1 2
sin = (1) 2
2
=1
2
= ()
2 sin 2
0
sin = (1) 2
2
=1
2. Expand the function () = as a Fourier series in

2 the interval S2006
=

0
Solution:-
Apply 2 sin sin = cos( ) cos( + )
0
() = + ( cos + sin )
2 1 2
= [cos( ) cos( + )] =1
2
0
0
sin = + ( cos + sin )
1 2
=1
= { ( ) ( + ) }

0 0 To find

1 sin( ) ( + ) 0 ,
= {[ ] [ ] }
0
+ 0
() =
1 ( ) ( + )
= { 0 + 0}
+
() = () ()
1 ( ) ( + )
= [ ]
+ () = () = ()
1 ( ) ( + ) is an even function
= [ ]
+

2
1 sin cos sin 0 = ()
= [
0
+
]
+ 2
0 =

sin = 0, cos = (1) 0

1 sin (1) cos (0) 2

= [ 0 = {[ sin ] [ () ] }
0
0
(1) + (0)
]
+ 2
0 = {[ ]0 [1( cos )] }
1 sin (1) (1)
0
= [ ]
+
2
0 = [ 0 + [sin ]0 ]

49
2 (1) (1) (1) (1)

0 = [ + sin sin 0] =
+1 1
2 ( + 1) ( 1)
2 [ +0
0 = [ + 0 0] ( + 1)2 ( 1)2

+ 0]
0 = 2

2 (1) (1) (1) (1) 2
= () = + [0 0 + 0 + 0]
+1 1
0
1 1 2(1)
= (1) ( )= 2 1
2 +1 1 1
= sin

0 To find 1

2 2 2
= 1 = ( )
2
0 0

2 1
= {[ ] 1 = 2
0
0

[ () ] } 1 cos 2 cos 2
1 = {[ ] }
0 2 2
0
Consider
1 2 1
1 = {[ ] + cos 2 }
1 2 0 2
= 2
2
1 1 sin 2 1
1 = { + [ ] } 1 =
2 sin cos = sin( + ) + sin( ) 2 2 2 0 2
1 = 0
= [sin( + 1) + sin(1 )]
2

2 1 2(1)
1 cos( + 1) (1 ) () = cos + [ 2 + (0) ]
= [ ] 2 2 1
2 +1 1 =2

2 1 ( + 1) (1 )
1 (1)
= {[ ( )] () = 1 2 2
2 +1 1 2 1
0 =1

( + 1) 3. Given that () = + < < find the
[ (
+1 Fourier expansion of ()S2007
0
( 1)
)] } Solution:-
1

0
1 ( + 1) (1 ) () = + ( cos + sin )
= ( ) 2
+1 1 =1

2 ( + 1) ( 1) 0
[ ] + = 2
+ ( cos + sin )
( + 1)2 ( 1)2 0
2
=1
To find

50
0 ,

1 () = ()
0 = ()
() = ()2 ()

1 () = () () = ()
0 = ( + 2 )
is an odd function and 2 is an even

function

1
0 = [ + 2 ]
1
= {0 + 2 2 }

0
() = () = 2

2 sin
= {[ 2 ] 2 }
0
0
() = () () = ()2

() = () = 2 4
= sin

0
() = () () = ()

2
is an odd function and is an even function 4 cos
= {[ 2 ] 1 ( ) }
0 2
0

4 (1) 1 sin
= { + 2[ ] }
2 0
() = 2 () ()
0 4 (1)
= { + 0}
2
() = 0 ()
4(1)
=
3

1
0 = [0 + 2 2 ] 1
= ()
0

3 2
2 2
0 = [ ] 0 = 1
3 0 3 = ( + 2 )

1
= ()
1
= { + 2 }

1
= ( + 2 ) () = () = 2

() = ()
1
= { + 2 } () = ()2 ()

() = () () = ()
() = cos () = 2
51
is an even function and 2 sin is an odd 2 2

2
function 0 = { 2 2 1 }

0 0

1 2
= {2 + 0} 2 3
0 = {[ ] 2[]20 }
0 3 0

2 2 8
= {[ ] 1 ( ) } 0 = [ 2(2 0)]
2 0 2 3
0
2 8 8
2 (1) 1 0 = [ 4] =
= { + 2[ ] } 3 3
2 0
2
2 (1) 2
= { + 0} = ()
2
0
2(1) 2
= 2
2 = ( 2 2)

0
2 2 4(1) 2(1)
+ 2 = +[ cos sin ] 2 2
6 3 2 1
=1
= {2 2 4 }

4. Find the Fourier series to represent () = when 0 0
W2008 2
1 2 2
Solution:- = {2 [ 2 ] 2 4 [ ] }
0 0
0

0 2
() = + ( cos + sin ) 8 2 2
2 = sin 2 {[ ] 1 ( ) }
=1 2
0 2
0
0 4
2 2 = + ( cos + sin ) sin 2
2
=1
To find 4 2 2 1 sin 2
= 2 { 2 cos 2 + 0 + 2 [ ] }
0
0 ,
4 2 2 1
2 = 2 { 2 cos 2 + 3 sin 2}
() = 2
4 4 2
= 2 + 3 cos 2 4 sin 2

() = ()2 2
43 4 2
= 2 + 3 cos 2 4 sin 2
() = 2 2 () = () 4

2 2 is an even function 2 4
= 4
(23 1) 2 + 3 cos 2

2
2 = 0
0 = ()

0
2
2
0 = ( 2 2)

0
52

2
4 2 2 2
2 = + [ 4 (23 1) 2 0 = (1 )
3
=1 0
4
+ 3 2] cos
2 2 2
0 = [ ]
2 0
5. Obtain the Fourier series for the function ()given by

2 1
+ , < < 0 0 = [ 2 ]
0
() = {

, < < 2
0 = ( 0 + 0)

And hence deduce that + + = 0 = 0

W2010 2
= ()
Solution:-
0
2
1+ , < < 0 2 2
= (1 ||)
() = {
2 0
1 ,0 < <

2 2
= (1 )

0
2
1 , < < 0
() = { 2 2
2 = {[(1 ) ]
1+ , 0 < < 0

2
2 [ (1 ) ] }
1 ,0 < <
() = { 0
2
1 + , < < 0
2 2 sin 2
= {[(1 ) ( )] [ ( )] }
0
() = () 0

() is an even function 2 2
= {0 + sin }

= 0 0
2 2 cos
0 = { ( ) }
() = + ( cos + sin ) 0
2
=1

4 (1) 1
2 0 = [ ]
|| = 2 2
1 +
2
=1
0
4 (1) 1
[ ] = { 8
2 2 2 = 2 1
0 = () 2 (2 1)2

0

2 8
1 || = 0 + 2 (2 1)
2 2 (2 1)2
0 = (1 ||) =1

0

53

2 8 (2 1) 2
1 || = 2 = 2
(2 1)2
=1 0
= 0
2

= {[ 2 ( )] [2 ( )] }
8 0 0
0
10= 2
(2 1)2
=1
2 2 (1) 2
= { + 0 + cos }
8 1
1= 2 0
(2 1)2
=1
2 2 (1) 2
= { + [ ( )]
1 2 0
=
(2 1)2 8 2
=1
[1 ( )] }

1 1 1 2 0
+ + =
12 32 52 8
2 2 (1) 2
6. Find the Fourier series for the function () where = { + 0 2 sin }

0

() = { W2012, S2013 2 2 (1) 2 cos
= { 2 [ ] }
0
Solution:-
2 2 (1) 2 (1) 1
= { 2 ( + )}
2 0
() = {
2 0
2 2 (1) 2(1) 2
= { + 3}
3
()2 0
() = { 2 2 (1) 2(1) 2
()2 0 () = { + 3 }
3
=1
2 0
() = { 2
0 2 2 (1) 2
() = { + 3 (1 (1) )}

() = () =1
7. Obtain Fourier expansion for () defined is as follows

() is an odd function

0 = = 0 + , < < 0
() = { S2012

, < <

0
() = + ( cos + sin )
2 Solution:-
=1

+ , < < 0
() = () = { 2
=1 , 0 < <
2

2
= () + , < < 0

0 () = { 2
+ , 0 < <
2

54
2 (1) 1
,0 < < = [ ]
() = {2 2
+ , < < 0
2 2 1 (1)
= [ ]
() = () 2
() is an even function
= 0 0
2 1 (1)
[ ]={ 4
2 = 2 1
0 (2 1)2
() = + ( cos + sin )
2
=1 4
|| = 0 + (2 1)
2 (2 1)2
0 =1
() = +
2
=1 4 1
|| = (2 1)
2 (2 1)2
2 =1
0 = ( )
2
0 Deduction:-

2 2 = 0
0 = [ ]
2 2 0
4 1
|0| = 0
2 2 2 2 (2 1)2
0 = [ ] =1
2 2 0

4 1
0 = 0 =
2 (2 1)2
=1

2
= () 1 2
=
0 (2 1)2 8
=1

2 1 1 1 2
= ( ) + + + ..=
2 12 22 32 8
0

, < <
2 8. If () = { show that
= {[( ) ] , < <
2 0

[ ( ) ] } () = [ + + + ]
2
0
S2008
2 sin
= {[( ) ( )] [1 ( )] } Solution:-
2 0
0

0
2 1 () = + ( cos + sin )
= {0 + sin } 2
=1
0

2 1 cos 2
= 0 = ()
{ ( ) }
0 0

55
/2 2 1 /2
2 = { ( ) }
0 = { + ( ) } 2 2 0

0 2 1
2 + { + ( ) }
2 2 /2
/2
2 2 ( )2
0 = {[ ] +[ ] } 2 cos 2 1 cos + 2
2 0 2 /2 = [ + ]
2 2
2 2 2
0 = { 0+ }
8 8
2 2 cos 2 1 cos
= ( )
2
0 =
2

2 2 2 2 (1 + )
= () = [ ]
2
0
/2 2
2 2 2 2 2 cos 2
= { + ( ) } = [ ]
2
0 /2

/2 4 cos 2 1 cos 2
2 = ( )
= {[ ] 2
0
/2

[ () ] } 4 2 2 sin2 4
= ( )
0 2

2
+ {[( ) ]
/2
= 0

[ ( ) ] }

4 2 2 2 4
/2
() = + ( ) cos
4 2
/2 =1
2 /2
= {[ ( )] [1 ( )] } 2 2
0 () = + [0 cos 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 cos 6 + 0
0
4 9
2 2
+ {[( ) ( )] +0+0 10 . . ]
25
/2
2 cos 2 cos 6 cos 10

() = [ + + + ..]
[1 ( )] } 4 12 32 52

/2 ,
8. If() = { Show that in interval
/2
( ) ,
2 1
= { sin }
2 2
0
() = [ ( + )]
2 1 ( + )
=
+ { + }
2 2
/2 W2013
Solution:-
56
1
0 1
() = + ( cos + sin ) = {[ ( )] [1 ( )] }
2 0
=1
0
2 = 2 = 1 2
2
+ {[(2 ) ( )] [1 ( )] }
0 1
() = + ( cos + sin ) 1
2 1 1
=1
1 cos 1 1 2
= 0 0 [ ] 0 0 + [ ]
0 0 1
() = + ( cos + sin )
2
=1 1 1 1 1
= 2
2 2 cos 2 + 2 cos
2 2
1
0 = () = () 2 1 1
= 2
2 2
0 0
1 2 2 2
= 2
(1) 2
0 = () + ()
0 1
2
1 2 = (1 (1) )
2
0 = + (2 ) 2
0 1 1
= () sin
1 2

2 (2 )2 0
0 = [ ] + [ ]
2 0 2 1
2
1
= ()
2 1 1
0 = (0 1) = = 0
2 2 2
2
2
1 = ()
= ()
0
0
1 2
= 1 = + (2 )
2 0 1

= () 1
1 cos 1
0 = {[ ] }
0
1 2 0
= + (2 ) 2
2
0 1 (2 )
+ {[ ] (1) }
1

1 1
1

= {[ ] [ () ] }
0 1 1 sin 1 1
0 = cos [ ] cos
0
2 1 sin 2
+ {[(2 ) ] + [ ]
1
1
2 = 0 + 0 = 0

[ (2 ) ] }

1

57

2 1 2
() = + [ 2 (1 (1) ) cos + 0 sin ] = {[ ]
2
=1 0
2
2 1 (1)
() = [( ) cos ] [ () ] }
2 2
=1 0
If n is odd then = 2 + 1 (1)2+1 = 1 Consider

2 1+1 1
() = [ cos ] = 2
2 ( + 1)2 2
=0
2 sin cos = sin( + ) + sin( )

4 1
() = [ cos 2] 1
2 (2 + 1)2 = [sin( + 1) + sin(1 )]
=0
2
9. Expand () = in a Fourier series in the interval
1 cos( + 1) (1 )
W2005,S2007,S2011 = [ ]
2 +1 1
Solution:-
2
1 1 ( + 1) (1 )
2 = {[ ( )]
1 2 +1 1 0
0 = ()
2
0 ( + 1)
[ (
2 +1
1 0
0 = sin
( 1)
0 )] }
1
2
2
1
0 = {[ sin ] [ () ] }
0 1 ( + 1)2 (1 )2
0 = 2 ( )
2 +1 1
2 2
1 ( + 1) ( 1)
1 [ ]
0 = {[ ]2
0 [1( cos )] } ( + 1)2 ( 1)2 0

0
1 1
1 = [ ]
0 = [2 cos 2 0 + [sin ]2
0 ]
+1 1
1 ( + 1) ( 1)
[ +0
1 ( + 1)2 ( 1)2
0 = [2 + sin 2 sin 0]
+ 0]
1
0 = [2 + 0 0]
1 1 1
= [ ] [0 0 + 0 + 0]
1 +1
0 = 2
2
2 = 1
1 2 1
= sin

0 When = 1
To find 1

58
2 2
1 2 1 1 (1 ) (1 + )
1 = ( ) = {[ ( )]
2 2 1 1+
0 0
2
(1 ) (1 + )
1 [ ( )] }
1 = 2 1 1+
2 0
0
2 1 (1 )2 (1 + )2
1 cos 2 2 2 =
2
2(
1

1+
)
1 = {[ ] }
2 2 0 2 2
0 1 cos(1 ) cos(1 + )
[ + ]
2 (1 )2 (1 + )2 0
2
1 2 2 1
1 = {[ ] + 2 } 1 1 1 1
2 2 0 2 = [0 0] [ + +
0 2 (1 ) 2 (1 + )2 (1 )2
1
1 2 1 sin 2 2 1 ]
1 = { + [ ] } 1 = (1 + )2
2 2 2 2 0 2
= 0 > 1
2
1
= () When = 1

0
To find 1
2
1 2
= 1

0 1 = sin

0
2
1 2
= sin 1

0 1 = sin2

0
2
1
= {[ ] 1 cos 2
0
2 = 1 2 sin2 sin2 =
2
2
2
[ () ] } 1 1 2
1 = ( )
0 2
0
Consider
1 2 2
= 2 1
2 1 = { cos 2 }
2
0 0
2 sin sin = cos( ) cos( + )
2 2
1 1 2 sin 2 2 2
= [cos(1 ) cos(1 + )] 1 = {[ ] ( ) + }
2 2 2 0 2 0 2
0
1 sin(1 ) (1 + )
= [ ] 1 1 cos 2 2
2 1 1+ 1 = 2
{2 0 + [ ] }
2 2 2 0
1 1 1
1 = {2 2 + } =
2 4 4
The Fourier series formula is

59
0
() = + 1 cos 2

2 = {[cos ]
0
+ 1 sin + ( + ) 2
=2
[ ( ) ] }
1
0
sin = 1
2
2
+
2

= [ ]
2
+( 2 + (0) ) 0 0
1
=2
2
2 1
1 1 = 2 +
sin = 1 + + 2 ( 2 )
2 1 0
=2
1 2 1
10. For prove that =

2 2

= ( ) { + } + {[sin ] cos }
+ 0
= 0
2
W2006 1 2 2
= ( 1) + (0) 2
Solution:-
0
2
0
() = + ( cos + sin ) =
2
=1
0

0 1 2 2
= + ( cos + sin ) = ( 1) 2
2
=1
2 1
1 + = ( 2 1)
0 = ()

0 2 1
(1 + 2 ) = ( 2 1)
2
1
0 =
2 + 2 1
0 ( 2 ) = ( 2 1)

2

0 = [ ] ( 2 1)
0 =
2 + 2
1 2 2
0 = ( 0) 1
= ()

1 2 0
0 = ( 1)
2
1
2 =
1
= 0

0 2
=
0

60
2
2
2
1 kcos sin
= [sin ] [ ( ) ] = ( 1) [ + ( 2 )]
0 2 + 2 2 + 2
0 =1

2 1 cos sin
2

= ( 2
1) [ + ( )]
= [ ] 2 2 + 2
0
=1
0

2 11. Obtain Fourier series to represent () = ( ) in the

= 0 0 interval S2008

0
Solution:-
2

= {[ ] 0

0 () = + ( cos + sin )
2
2 =1

[ ( ) ] }
2 0
0 ( ) = + ( cos + sin )
2 2
=1
2 2
2
= {[ ] } 1

0 0 0 = ()

0
2
2
2 1 2
= ( + sin ) 1 2
0 = ( )
0 2
0
2
2
= 1
0 = ( )2
0 4
0
2
2 2
= 2 ( 1) 2 1 ( )3
0 = [ ]
4 3 0
2
+ 2 = 2 ( 2 1)
1
0 = [( )3 ]2
0
12
2
(1 + 2 ) = 2 ( 2 1) 1
( 3 3 )
0 =
12
2 + 2
( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 1) 2 3 2
0 = =
12 6

= ( 2 1) 2
2 + 2 1 2
= ( )
1 2 2
0
= ( 1)
2 2

( 2 1) 1
+( = ( )2
2 + 2 4
=1 0

2 ( 2 1) )
+ 2

61
2 2
1 1 ( )2
= {[( )2 cos ] = {[ ]
4 0 4 0
2 2
cos
[ ( )2 cos ] } 2( ) ( ) }

0 0
2 2 2
1 ( )2 sin sin 1 2 2 2
= {[ ] 2( ) } = { + ( ) }
4 0
4
0 0
2 2
1 2 1 2
= {0 + ( ) } = {[( ) ] (1) ( ) }
4 2 0
0 0
1 cos 2
= {[( ) ]
2 0 2
1 1
2 = (0 + sin )
2
(1) ( ) } 0

0
1 2
= [ ]
2 22 0
1 1
= { + cos } 1 1 1
2 = ( + )
0 2
2
= 0
1 1 sin 2 2 2 1

= 2 [ ] ( ) = + ( 2 cos + (0) sin )
0 2 12
=1
1
= 2
2 2 1
( ) = + 2
2
2 12
=1
1
= ()
12. Find the half range sine series for the function ( )
0
in the interval S2006
2
1 2 Solution:-
= ( )
2
0
The half-range series for sine function is
2
1 2
= {[( ) ]
4 0
() =
2
=1
[ ( )2 ] }

0 2
= ()

0

2
= ( )

0

62

2 2 2 2 (1) 2 (1) 1
= 2 sin = { 2 ( + )}

0 0
2 2 (1) 2(1) 2
2 = { + 3}
3
= 2 2 sin

0 0
(1) 2 2 (1) 2(1) 2

= 2 + { + 3}
Consider 0 3
2(1) 2(1) 4(1) 4

= + 3
+ 3

0
4 1 (1)
= ( )
3

= {[ ( )] [1 ( )] }
0
0 4 1 (1)
() = ( )
3
=1
(1) 1
={ + 0 + cos }
13. Find a Fourier series to represent () = from =
0
= and deduce that
(1) 1
={ + [ ] }
0 + + = S2012, W2012

(1) Solution:-
=

2
() = 2
Consider 0 2

2
= 2 () = ()2

0
() = 2

2
= {[ 2 ( )] [2 ( )] } () = ()
0
0
2

2 2 (1) 2 = 0
= { + 0 + cos }

0
2
2 2 (1) 2 0 = ()
= { + [ ( )]
0
0

2 2
[1 ( )] } 0 = 2

0 0

2 2 (1) 2 2 3
= { + 0 2 sin } 0 = [ ]
3 0
0
2 2 (1) 2 cos 2 3 2 2
= { 2 [ ] } 0 = =
0 3 3

63

2 2
= () cos ( ) 0 = ()

0 0

2 2
= 2 ( ) 0 = 2

0 0

2
2 3
2 sin ( ) sin ( )

0 = [ ]
3 0
= {[ ] 2 }

0 0
2 3 2 2
0 = =
3 3
2 2 ( )
= {0 [( )
2
0
= () cos

0
cos ( )
]}
2
0 = 2

0
2 (1)
4
= +0 2 2 sin

sin
2 2
= {[ ] 2 }

0

0 0
() = + ( )
2
=1 2 2 cos
= {0 [( ) ]}
0
2
2 4 2 (1) 0
= + 2 2
( )
3 4 (1) 1
=1
= [ 0] + 2 [sin ]0

= 0
4
2 4 2 (1) = (1)
0= + 2
3 2 2
=1
2 4
() = + 2 (1)
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 3
0= 2 + 2 2 2 2 + .. =1
3 2 3
15. Obtain Fourier half range sine series for
4 2 1 1 1 2
(1 + + . . ) =
2 22 32 42 3 ,

() = { S2005
1 1 1 1 2 ,
+ + . . =
12 22 32 42 12
Solution:-
14. Find the half-range cosine series for the function
() () = < < W2012 Formula for finding the Fourier half range sine series is
=
Solution:-
() = sin
The half-range cosine series is =1

0 2
() = + = () sin
2
=1 0

64
/2
2 4 cos 3 4 sin 3
= { + ( ) } = + [ ]
2 3 3 3 0
0 /2
2 2 3 1 sin
+ { [ 2 ] }
2 cos 2 9 3 /3
= [ ]
2 0

4 cos 3 4 sin 3 4 3 2 3
2 = + + +
+ {[( ) ] } 9 32 9 3 2
/2
/2
4 cos 3 4 sin 3 4 3 2 3
= + + +
cos 2 1 2 2 sin 9 32 9 3 2
= + + { [ 2 ] }
2 /2 3
= 2
2

cos
= 2 +1+ 2 +2 2 =
2 3
() = 2 sin
2
=1
1 2 2
= +
2 3 3 3
() = 2
sin + 2 sin 2 + 0 2 4
= 1 2 4
1 2 2 3
() = ( + ) sin 2 5 .
2 5
=1
3 sin sin 2 sin 4 sin 5

, () = [ + ]
16. If () =
{
Prove that if 12 22 42 52

,
,
17. If () = { Show that
( ),
() = [ + ..]

() = [ + . . ]S2012,S2013
W2005
Solution:- Solution:-
=
=
() = sin () = sin
=1
=1

2 2
= () sin = () sin

0
0
/2
/3
2 2 ( ) 2
= { + } = { + ( ) }
3 3
0 /2
0 /3
/2
/3
22 cos
3
2 cos 2
= {[ ] } = {[ ] }
3 0 0
0
0

2 ( ) 1
2
+ {[ ] } + {[( ) ] }
3 3 /2
/3 /2
/3

65
1
2 cos 2 2 sin 2 2
= + [ ] = () cos
2 0 1 1
0
2 2 sin
+ { [ 2 ] } 1
2 /2
= 2 (1 2 ) cos
0

cos 2 2 sin 2 3 2 2
= + + + 1
2 2 sin 1
= 2 {[(1 2 ) ] (2) }
0
2 0
= 4
2 1
cos
= = 0 + 4 { 2 2
2 2 }
2
() = 4 sin 0
2
=1
4 1 sin 1
4 4 4 = 2 2 cos + 2 2 [ ]
() = sin 2 sin 3 + 0 + 2 5 . 0
2
1 3 5
4(1)
4 sin sin 3 sin 5 = 2 2
() = [ + ]
12 32 52
= 0
18. Find the Fourier series for the function

2 4(1)
() = in the interval < < 1S2009 () = + [ 2 2 cos + 0 sin ]
3
=1
Solution:-

2 (1)
() = 1 2 () = 4 2 2
3
=1

19. Find half range cosine series to represent function
() = 1 ()2 () = (, )W2009
() = 1 2 Solution:-
() = () The half range cosine series is
2 an even function 0

() = + cos
1 2
2 =1
0 = ()
1
0 2
0 = ()
1
0
0 = 2 (1 2 )

0 2
= () cos
1
3 0
0 = 2 [ ]
3 0
Here = 1
1 4 1
0 = 2 (1 ) = 2
3 3 0 = ()
1
0

66
1
2 1 2 1 + (1)
= () cos () = 2 cos
1 1 6 2
0 =1
1 20. Find a Fourier series with period 3 to represent () =

0 = 2 () in the range (, )W2009,S2013
0
S:
1

= 2 () cos 0
() = + ( cos + )
0 2
=1
1
2
0 = 2 ( 2 ) 1
0 = ()
0
0
3 1
2 2
0 = 2 [ ] 1
2 3 0 = () cos

0
1 1 1
0 = 2 ( ) = 2 ( ) 2
2 3 6 1
= () sin
1
0 = 0
3
3
1 Here 2 = 3 =
2
= 2 ( 2 ) cos
0
0 2 2
() = + ( cos + )
2 3 3
1 1 =1
( 2 ) sin
= 2 {[ ] (1 2) } 3
0
2
0 0 = ()
3
1 1 0

= 2 {0 + 2 } 3
2 2
0 0 = () cos
3 3
0
cos 1
= 2 [ 2 2 ] 3
0 2 2
= () sin
1 3 3
1 0
+2 {[2 2 2 ] 2 2 2 }
0 3
0 2
0 = (2 2 )
3
2(1) 2 4(1) sin 1 0
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 [ 3 3 ]
0 3
2 2 3
2 2(1) 0 = [2 ]
3 2 3 0
=
2 2 2 2
2
= 0 0 = (9 9) = 0
3

1 2 2(1) 3
() = + [ 2 2 2 2 ] cos 2 2
6 = (2 2 ) cos
=1 3 3
0

67

2 3 9 2 3 2
(2 2 ) sin
2
= {[3 3 ] () = 0 + ( 2 2
cos + )
2 3 3
3 2 =1
0

3 2 9 2 3 2
3 () = ( 2 2
cos + )
3(2 2) } 2 3 3
2 =1
0
20. Find a Fourier series with period 2 to represent () =
3 2
3
3 2
3 in the range (, )W2007
2
= {0 6 + 3 2 }
3 2 2 Solution:-
0 0

2 3 0
cos 3 () = + ( cos + )
= 4 [3 ] 2
=1
42 2
0 2
1
2 3 3 2 0 = ()

+3 {[6 3 ] 6 3 } 0
42 2 42 2
0 2
0
1
= () cos
2 3
sin 0
3 3 9 3 3 ]
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 + [3
2 2 23 3 2
0
1
= () sin

9 0
=
22 2 Here 2 = 2 = 1
3
2 2
= (2 2 ) sin 0
3 3 () = + ( cos + )
0 2 1 1
=1
2 2
2 cos 3
2)
= [3(2 0 = ()
3 2
0
2 3
2
3(2 2) 3 ]
2 = () cos
0
1
0
2 2 3 2
(2 2)
=
3
+ [3 3 2 3 ] = () sin

42 2 42 2 1
0
0
2
2 3
3 1 cos 3 ] 0 = (2 2 )
= [3
2 23 3 0
0
2
2 3
3 3 1 1 0 = [2 ]
= + ( 3 3 3 3) 2 3 0
4
3 8 4
= 0 = (4 ) =
3 3

68
2 We know that the Fourier sine series is

2)
= (2 cos

0
() =
2 2 =1
(2 2 )
= [ ] (2 2)
0
2
0
= ()

2 2 0

= 0 2 + 2
2
0 0
=

cos 2 0
= 2 [ ]
2 2 0
2
2 = {[ cos ] cos }
2 0
0
+ [2 2 2 ] 2 2 2
0
0
2 (1)
= { cos }
2 2 4 sin 2
= + 2 [ ] 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 0
2(1) 2
4 =
=
2 2

2 2
{[cos ] sin }
= (2 2 ) sin 0
0
0
2(1) 2 2(1)
cos 2 =
= [(2 2 ) (2 2) ] 2

0 22
2
2
(2 2) 0
= 0 + [ 2 2
2 2 2 ]
0

=
cos 2 2
= 2 [ ] 0
3 3 0
2(1) 2 2(1) 22
1 1 = 2
= 2 ( 3 3 + 3 3 ) 2 2

2 2(1) 2 2(1)
= 0 + =
2 2

2 4 2 + 2
() = + ( 2 2 cos + 0 ) ( )
3 2
=1

2 4 2(1) 2 2(1)
() = 2 = 2
3 2 2 2
=1
2 2(1) 2 2(1)
21. Find the Fourier sine series for the function = ( ) ( 2 )
2 + 2 2 2
() = < < where a is constant S2007
1 2(1) 2 2(1)
= ( 2 ) ( )
Solution:- + 2

69
2(1) 1 2 2(1)
= 2 2
( 1) ( 2 2
) =
( + ) + (2 + 2 )

2(1) 1 2 1
() = [ 2 2
( 1) ( 2 2
) ] = sin
( + ) +
=1
22. Find the Fourier sine series for the function

1 1
= [sin ] [ (sin ) ]
() = < < where a is constant

Solution:-
1
= 0 cos

0
() = + ( + )
2
=1 1
= [ 2 ]

0
= + ( + ) 1
2 + [ ( ) ]
=1

1
0 = = [ cos ()]
2

1
1 1 + 2 sin 2
0 = [ ] = ( )

2 = [ (1) (1) ]
0 = ( ) 2
2
2
2
2
0 = sinh

2(1) 2
1 = ( )
= cos 2 2 2

2 2(1)
+ = sinh
1 1 2 2
= [cos ] sin
2 + 2 2(1)
( ) =

2 2
(1) (1)
= + [sin ] 2(1)

=
(2 + 2 )

cos 1
() =

2(1) 2 2(1)
= ( ) 2 +[
2 (2 + 2 )
=1
2
2(1)
2(1)
+ 2 = ( ) ]
2 (2 + 2 )
1
2 + 2 2(1) () =
( ) = sinh
2

70
1
2 sinh (1) (1)
+ [ 2 ] = 4 () 2
( + 2 ) (2 + 2 )
=1 0
23. Find the half range cosine series for 1/2

1
= 4 ( ) 2
, < < 4
0
() = { W2008 1
<<1 3

+ 4 ( ) 2
4
Solution:- 1/2
1/2
0 1 2 1/2 2
() = + = 4 [( ) ] 4 (1)
2 4 2 0 2
=1 0
2 1
2 3 2 1 2
0 = () +4 [( ) ] 4 1
4 2 1/2 2
0 1/2
2 1
2 cos 2 2 2 1
= () cos = 0 + 4 [ ] + 0 4 [ ]
42 2 0 42 2 1
0 2
1
Here (0,2) = (0, 1) 2 = 1 = (1) 1 1 (1)
2 = + ( + )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0
() = + (1) 1 1 (1)
2 1/2 = + +
=1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
0 = 4 () = [1 (1) ]
2 2
0

2
1 () = [1 (1) ] 2
2 2
= 4 () cos 2 =1
0
2 [1 (1) ]
1 () = 2 2
2
=1
0 = 4 ()
0 24. In the range (, ) () is defined by the relation
1/2 1
1 3 ,
() = { Expand () in Fourier series
0 = 4 ( ) + 4 ( ) ,
4 4
0 1/2 of period S2009
1
1 Solution:-
1 2 2 2 3
0 = 4 [ ] + 4 [ ]
4 2 0 2 4 1
2 0
() = + ( + )
2
1 1 1 3 1 3 =1
0 = 4 ( ) + 4 ( + )
8 8 2 4 8 8 2
2
2 3 1 0 = ()
0 = 4 ( + ) = 0
4 4 4 0

71
2
2 2 21
4 cos 21 ]
= () cos = [
21 2
0
21 1
2
2 2 2
= () = (1 + )
21
0
21 2 2 2
Here (0,2) = (0, 21) 2 = 1 = = +
2 21

0 40 2 2 2
() = + () = + [
2 21/2 21 21 21
=1 =1
2 2 2 2
21 + ( + ) ]
4 21 21
0 = ()
21
0 40 2 2 2 2 2
() = + [
1 21 21 21 21 21
=1
4 4
0 = 0 + 2 2 2
21 21 + ]
0 1 21 21

4 21 40 2 2 2 2
0 = [] () = [ +
21 1 21 21 21 21
=1
4 80 2 2
0 = (21 1) = ]
21 21 21 21
21
4 2 40 2 2 2
= () cos () = [
21 21 21 21 21
0 =1
2 2 2
1 21 + ]
4 2 4 2 21 21 21
= 0 cos +
21 21 21 21 40 2 2 2 2
0 1
() = [ ( ) + ]
21 21 21 21
2 21 =1
4 sin 21
= [ ]
21 2
21 1
40 2 2 2
2 2 () = [ (1 ) + ]
= (0 ) 21 21 21
21 =1
2 2 25. Find Fourier series for the function

=
21
, < < 1
21 + , < < 0
4 2 () =
= () , < < 1
21 21 {,
0 <<2
1 21 S2011,W2013
4 2 4 2
= 0 +
21 21 21 21 Solution:-
0 1
Here the interval is (2, 2) so first we test the given

function is even or odd

72
0, 2 < < 1 1

1+, 1< <0 = (1 ) + 0
() = 2
1 , 0<<1 0
{0, 1<<2
1 1
sin 2 2
= [(1 ) ] (1)
0, 2 < < 1 2 0 0 2
1 + () , 1 < < 0 1
() =
1 (), 0 < < 1
= 0 + [ 2 ]
{ 0, 1 < < 2 2 2
22 0
0, 1<<2
1, 0<<1 4 4
() = = [0 + 1] =
1 + , 1< <0 2 2 2 2
{0 , 2 < < 1

1 4
() = () () = + 2 2
4 2
=1
() is an even function
26. If () = in the interval (, ), then show that
= 0 the Fourier half range series for () is

0 ( + )
() = + cos
2 ( + )
=1 =

2 S2011
0 = ()

0 Solution:-

2 The Fourier half range series for sine function is
= ()

0
() = sin
(, ) (2, 2) = 2
=1

0 2
() = + = ()
2 2
=1 0
2
2
0 = () = ( 2 )
0

0
1 2

0 = (1 ) + 0 2 cos
= [( 2 ) ]
0 1
0
1
2 1 1 2
0 = [ ] = 1 =
2 0 2 2 ( 2)

0
1 2

= (1 ) + 0 2
2 2 = 0 + ( 2)
0 1
0

73

2 2 2 cos

= [( 2) ] (2) = [( 2 ) ]

0 0 0

2

4 ( 2)
= 2 2 [ ]
0
0

4 2 2
= [(1) + 1] = 0 + ( 2)
3 3
0
42
= [1 (1) ] 2 2
3 3 = [( 2) ] (2)

0
42 0
() = 3 3 [1 (1) ] sin

=1
4

= [ ]
2
[1 (1) ] 2 2
4
() = sin 0
3 3
=1
42
= 2 + 1 (1) = 1 , = 0,1,2, . = [(1) + 1]
3 3

42 2 (2 + 1) 42
() = 3 sin = [1 (1) ]
(2 + 1)3 3 3
=0

2
42
8 1 (2 + 1) () = 3 3 [1 (1) ] sin
() = 3
3
sin
(2 + 1) =1
=0

42 [1 (1) ]
27. Find the half range sine for () = ( ) in the () = 3 sin
interval W2011 3
=1
Solution:- = 2 + 1 (1) = 1 , = 0,1,2, .

The formula for half range sine series is 42 2 (2 + 1)
() = 3 3
sin
(2 + 1)
=0

() = sin
82 1 (2 + 1)
=1
() = 3 3
sin
(2 + 1)
=0
2
= ()
PRACTICAL HARMONIC ANALYSIS
0

2 We know that the Fourier series for function () in
= ( )

0 Interval (0, 2) is

2 0
= ( 2 ) () = + ( cos + sin )
2
0 =1

74
2 2
1 1 2 2
0 = () 0 = =

0 0
2 2
1 1 2 2
= () = =

0 0
2 2
1 1 2 2
= () = () =

0 0
Sometimes the function () is not given explicitly, Half range sine and cosine series

Instead a graph or table of corresponding values of 2 2 4
0 = =
() are given. In such a case we do not find the values of
0
0 , , with the help of above formulas so we use the

following process for finding the Fourier coefficients called 2 2 4
= =
as harmonic analysis
0
= ()be the function over the range (0, 2) 2

2 2 4
= () =
We divide the interval (0, 2) into m sub-interval each
0
of length h at points
1. Analyse harmonically the data given bellow and express
0, 0 + , 0 + 2, .0 + = 2
y in Fourier series upto third harmonic
2
= 2 =

Using this result we rewrite the above result
. . . . . . .
2
1 2 2 S2005
0 = =

0
Solution:-
2
1 2 2 Here the last value is more repetition of first value so we
= = cos
omit that value and consider the remaining 6 values = 6
0
2 The formula for finding the Fourier series up to third

1 2 2
= () = sin harmonic is

0
0
0
= + 1 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 2
2
In () =
2
+ =1( cos + sin ) the term
+ 3 3 + 3 3
1 cos + 1 sin is called as first harmonic
2 cos 2 + 2 sin 2 is called as second harmonic
Procced in this way
Similarly we can obtain the harmonic for Fourier
series in interval (0, 2)

75
2
1 = [0 + 1.4(0.866) + 1.9(0.866) + 0 + 1.5(0.866)
6
sin cos sin 2 cos 2 sin 3 + 1.2(0.866)]
0 1.0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 = (0.5196) = 0.1732
3
1.4 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0
3 2
2 = 2
6
2 1.9 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0
3 2
2 = [0 + 1.4(0.866) + 1.9(0.866) + 0 + 1.5(0.866)
6
1.7 0 1 0 1 0 + 1.2(0.866)]
4 1.5 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1
2 = (0.1732) = 0.057
3 3
5 1.2 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 2
3 = 3
3 6
2
3 = (0) = 0
6
From the above table
2.9
() = 0.37 + 0.1732 0.1 2
2 2(8.7) 2
0 = = = 2.9 0.057 2 + 0.03 3
6
cos () = 1.45 (0.37 0.1732 )
1 = 2
6 (0.1 2 + 0.057 2)
+ 0.03 3
1 1 + (1.4)(0.5) + (1.9)(0.5)
1 = [ ]
3 +(1.7)(1) + (1.5)(0.5) + (1.2)(0.5) 2. Obtain the constant term and coefficients of the first
1.1 sine and cosine terms in the Fourier expansion of y as
1 = = 0.37 given in the following table S2006,S2013
3
2 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 = 2
6
9 18 24 28 26 20
1
2 = [1 + 1.4(0.5) + 1.9(0.5) + 1.7 + 1.5(0.5)
3 Solution:-
+ 1.2(0.5)]
= 6
0.3
2 = = 0.1 (0, 6) = (0, 2) 2 = 6 = 3
3
3 0
3 = 2 = + 1 + 1
6 2
1 0
3 = [1 1.4 + 1.9 1.7 + 1.5 1.2] = + 1 + 1
3 2 3 3
0.1
3 = = 0.03
3
2
1 = sin
6

76
Solution:-
= 6

3 3
(0, 6) = (0, 2) 2 = 6 = 3
0 9 1 0
The Fourier cosine series for y is
1 18 0.5 0.866
0 2 3
2 24 0.5 0.866 = + 1 + 2 + 3
2 3 3 3
3 28 1 0 2 3
cos
3 3 3
4 26 0.5 0.866
0 4 1 1 1
5 20 0.5 0.866
1 8 0.5 0.5 1
2 15 0.5 0.5 1
= 125,
3 7 1 1 1
2 2 4 6 0.5 0.5 1
0 = = (125) = 41.67
6
5 2 0.5 0.5 1
cos
1 = 2 3
6
1 2 2
1 = [9(1) + 18(0.5) + 24(0.5) + 28(1) 0 = = (42) = 14
3 6
+ 26(0.5) + 20(0.5)]

cos
1 = 2 3
25
1 = = 8.33 6
3
1
2 1 = [4(1) + 8(0.5) + 15(0.5) + 7(1) + 6(0.5)
1 = sin 3
6 3 + 2(0.5)]
1
1 = [9(0) + 18(0.866) + 24(0.866) + 28(0) 8.5
3 1 = = 2.83
3
+ 26(0.866) + 20(0.866)]
2

1 =
3.464
= 1.15 2 = 2 3
3 6
41.67 1
= 8.33 1.15 2 = [4(1) + 8(0.5) + 15(0.5) + 7(1) + 6(0.5)
2 3 3 3
+ 2(0.5)]

= 20.835 8.33 1.15
3 3 4.5
2 = = 1.5
3. Obtain the first three coefficient in the Fourier cosine 3
series for y where y is given in the following table 3

2 = 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 8 15 7 6 2
1
W2006 2 = [4(1) + 8(1) + 15(1) + 7(1) + 6(1) + 2(1)]
3

77
8 1.1
2 = = 2.67 1 = = 0.37
3 3
14 2 3 2
= 2.83 + 1.5 + 2.67 2 = 2
2 3 3 3 6
2 3 1
= 7 2.83 + 1.5 + 2.67 2 = [1 + 1.4(0.5) + 1.9(0.5) + 1.7 + 1.5(0.5)
3 3 3 3
+ 1.2(0.5)]
4. Analyse the data given below and express y in Fourier
series up to second harmonic S2007 0.3
2 = = 0.1
3

2
1 = sin
6
. . . . . . .
2
1 = [0 + 1.4(0.866) + 1.9(0.866) + 0 + 1.5(0.866)
Solution:- 6
+ 1.2(0.866)]
Here the last value is more repetition of first value so we
1
omit that value and consider the remaining 6 values = 6 1 = (0.5196) = 0.1732
3
The formula for finding the Fourier series up to third 2
harmonic is 2 = 2
6
0 2
= + 1 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 = [0 + 1.4(0.866) + 1.9(0.866) + 0 + 1.5(0.866)
2 6
sin cos sin 2 cos 2 + 1.2(0.866)]
1
0 1.0 0 1 0 1 2 = (0.1732) = 0.057
3
1.4 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0
3 = + 1 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 2
2
2 1.9 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 2.9
3 = 0.37 + 0.1732 0.1 2
2
0.057 2
1.7 0 1 0 1
= 1.45 (0.37 0.1732 )
4 1.5 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5
(0.1 2 + 0.057 2)
3
5 1.2 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 5. Express y in Fourier series upto third harmonic, using
3 following data S2008
2 2(8.7) 1.98 2.15 2.77 . . 1.43 1.98

0 = = = 2.9
6
Solution:-
cos
1 = 2
6 = 2
1 1 + (1.4)(0.5) + (1.9)(0.5) The Fourier series up to third harmonic is

1 = [ ]
3 +(1.7)(1) + (1.5)(0.5) + (1.2)(0.5)

78
0 2
= + 1 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 2 1 = [0 + 2.15(0.866) + 2.77(0.866) + 0
2 6
+ 3 3 + 3 3 0.31(0.866) + 1.43(0.866)]
Here the last value is more repetition of first value so we 1

1 = (3.2908) = 1.0969
omit that value and consider the remaining 6 values = 6 3
sin cos sin 2 cos 2 sin 3 cos 3 2

2 = 2
6
0 1.98 0 1 0 1 0 1
2
2 = [0 + 2.15(0.866) + 2.77(0.866) + 0
600 2.15 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 6
0.31(0.866) + 1.43(0.866)]
1200 2.77 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1
1
2 = (2.0438) = 0.6813
1800 0.22 0 1 0 1 0 1 3
2
2400 0.31 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 3 = 3
6
3000 1.43 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 2
3 = (0) = 0
6
2.6
2 2(7.8) () = + 0.92 + 1.0969 0.42 2
0 = = = 2.6 2
6 0.6813 2 + 0.36 3
cos () = 1.3 + (0.92 + 1.0969 )
1 = 2
6 (0.42 2 + 0.6813 2)
1 1.98 + 2.15(0.5) + (2.77)(0.5) + 0.36 3
1 = [ ]
3 +(0.22)(1) + (0.31)(0.5) + (1.43)(0.5)
5. Obtain the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic
2.76 to represent the function given by S2009
1 = = 0.92
3

2
2 = 2
6 4.0 3.8 2.4 2.0 . 0.0 2.8 3.4
1 Solution:-
2 = [1.98 + 2.15(0.5) + 2.77(0.5) 0.22
3
0.31(0.5) + 1.43(0.5)] = 2
1.26 The Fourier series up to third harmonic is

2 = = 0.42
3
0
3 = + 1 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 2
2
3 = 2
6
=8
1
3 = [1.98 2.15 + 2.77 + 0.22 0.31 1.43]
3
1.08
3 = = 0.36
3
2
1 = sin
6

79
1
1 = [4(0.71) + 3.8(1) + 2.4(0.71) + 2(0)
4
1.5(0.71) + 2.8(0.71) + 3.4(0)]
sin cos sin 2 cos 2 1

1 = (7.42) = 1.85
4
450 4.0 0.71 0.71 1 0
2
0 2 = 2
90 3.8 1 0 0 1 8
1350 2.4 0.71 0.71 1 0 1

2 = [4(1) + 3.8(0) + 2.4(1) + 2(0) 1.5(1)
4
1800 2.0 0 1 0 1 + 2.8(1) + 3.4(0)]
1
2250 1.5 0.71 0.71 1 0 2 = (2.7) = 0.67
4
2700 0.0 1 0 0 1 4.22
= + 1.39 + 1.85 + 0.4 2
3150 2.8 0.71 0.71 1 0 2
0.67 2
3600 3.4 0 1 0 1

= 1.11 + 1.39 + 1.85 + 0.4 2
2 0.67 2
0 =
6. The displacement () of a part of a machine is
2 tabulated with corresponding angular moment of the
= (4.0 + 3.8 + 2.4 + 2.0 1.5 + 0.0 + 2.8 + 3.4)
8 crank. Express f() as Fourier series upto second
harmonic W2007
1
= (16.9) = 4.22
4 ()
cos
1 = 2 0 1.8
8
1 1.1
1 = [4(0.71) + 3.8(0) + 2.4(0.71) + 2(1)
4
1.5(0.71) + 2.8(0.71) + 3.4(1)] 0.3
1 0.16
1 = (5.59) = 1.39
4
0.5
2
2 = 2 1.3
8
1 2.16
2 = [4(0) + 3.8(1) + 2.4(0) + 2(1) 1.5(0)
4
+ 2.8(0) + 3.4(1)] 1.25
1 1.3
2 = (1.6) = 0.4
4
1.52
2
1 = sin
8 1.76

80
Solution:- () 2
2 = 2
12
Here period = 2
1.8(1) + 1.1(0.5) + 0.3(0.5) + 0.16(1)
The Fourier series up to second harmonic is 1 +0.5(0.5) + 1.3(0.5) + 2.16(1) +
2 = [ ]
6 1.25(0.5) + 1.3(0.5) + 1.52(1)
0 +1.76(0.5) + 2(0.5)
() = + 1 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 2
2
1
() sin cos sin 2 cos 2 2 = (3.175) = 0.52
6
0 1.8 0 1 0 1 2
1 = () sin
12
300 1.1 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.5
1.8(0) + 1.1(0.5) + 0.3(0.866) + 0.16(1)
0 0.5 1
60 0.3 0.866 0.5 0.866 +0.5(0.866) + 1.3(0.5) + 2.16(0) +
1 = [ ]
6 1.25(0.5) + 1.3(0.866) + 1.52(1)
900 0.16 1 0 0 1 +1.76(0.866) + 2(0.5)
1200 0.5 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 1

1 = (3.74) = 0.62
6
1500 1.3 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.5
2
2 = () sin 2
1800 2.16 0 1 0 1 12
2100 1.25 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.5 1.8(0) + 1.1(0.866) + 0.3(0.866) + 0.16(0)
1 +0.5(0.866) + 1.3(0.866) + 2.16(0) +
2 = [ ]
2400 1.3 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 6 1.25(0.866) + 1.3(0.866) + 1.52(0)
+1.76(0.866) + 2(0.866)
2700 1.52 1 0 0 1
1
2 = (1.39) = 0.23
300 0 1.76 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 6
2.525
3300 2 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.5 () = + 0.04 cos
2
0.62 sin + 0.52 cos 2 0.23 sin 2
2 () = 1.26 + (0.04 cos 0.62 sin )

0 = () + (0.52 cos 2 0.23 sin 2)
12
1 6. Analyses the current I with the constituents harmonic as
0 = (1.8 + 1.1 + 0.3 + 0.16 + 0.5 + 1.3 + 2.16 + 1.25 for as the third harmonics. Thevalues of I and being as
6
+ 1.3 + 1.52 + 1.76 + 2) follows S2013
1
0 = (15.15) = 2.525
6
() cos I 0 33.5 18.2 0 . . 0
1 = 2
12
Solution:-
1.8(1) + 1.1(0.866) + 0.3(0.5) + 0.16(0)
1 +0.5(0.5) + 1.3(0.866) + 2.16(1) + Here period = 2
1 = [ ]
6 1.25(0.866) + 1.3(0.5) + 1.52(0)
+1.76(0.5) + 2(0.866) The Fourier series up to third harmonic is
1 0
1 = (0.2463) = 0.04 = + 1 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 2
6 2
+ 3 3 + 3 3
81
Here the last value is more repetition of first value so we 1

3 = (30.6) = 5.2
omit that value and consider the remaining 6 3
2
values = 6 1 = sin
6
The values of , I, , cos , sin 2 , cos 2 , sin 3 and 1
cos 3 is tabulate is as follows 1 = [0(0) + 33.5(0.866) + 18.2(0.866) + 0(0)
3
33.5(0.866) 18.2(0.866)]
sin cos sin 2 cos 2 sin 3 cos 3
1
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 = (89.55) = 29.85
3
33.5 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 2
3 2 = sin 2
6
2 18.2 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 1
3 2 = [0(0) + 33.5(0.866) + 18.2(0.866) + 0(0)
3
33.5(0.866) 18.2(0.866)]
0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1
4 33.5 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 2 = (0) = 0
3
3
3 = 0
5 18.2 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1
3 = 0 + 5.3 cos + 29.85 sin + 0 cos 2 + 0 sin 2
5.2 cos 3 + 0 sin 3
2 = 5.3 + 29.85 5.2 3

0 = = 0
6 7. Using the tabulated values of . Obtain a Fourier
cos series upto third harmonic
1 = 2
6

1
1 = [0(1) + 33.5(0.5) + 18.2(0.5) + 0(1) 70
3
33.5(0.5) 18.2(0.5)]
886
1
1 = (15.3) = 5.3 1293
3
2 1400
2 = 2
6 1307
1
2 = [0(1) + 33.5(0.5) + 18.2(0.5) + 0(1) 814
3
33.5(0.5) 18.2(0.5)]
1
2 = (0) = 0
3

3
3 = 2
6
1
3 = [0(1) + 33.5(1) + 18.2(1) + 0(1) 33.5(1)
3
18.2(1)]

82
Solution:- 70(1) + 886(0.5) + 1293(0.5) + 1400(1)

1 +1307(0.5)
The values of , , , cos , sin 2 , cos 2 , sin 3 and = +814(0.5) 70(1) 886(0.5)
6
cos 3 is tabulate is as follows 1293(0.5) 1400(1)
[ 1307(0.5) 814(0.5) ]
sin cos sin 2 cos 2 sin 3 cos 3
1
0 70 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 = (0) = 0
6
300 886 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.5 1 0 2
3 = 3
600 1293 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 12
70(1) + 886(0) + 1293(1) + 1400(0)
900 1400 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 +1307(1)
1200 1307 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 = +814(0) 70(1) 886(0)
6
1293(1) 1400(0)
1500 814 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.5 1 0 [ 1307(1) 814(0) ]
1800 70 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
2 = (0) = 0
2100 886 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.5 1 0
6
2
2400 1293 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 3 = 3
12
2700 1400 1 0 0 1 1 0
70(1) + 886(0) + 1293(1) + 1400(0)
3000 1307 0.866 0.5 0.866 0.5 0 1 1 +1307(1)
= +814(0) 70(1) 886(0)
3300 814 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.5 1 0 6
1293(1) 1400(0)
[ 1307(1) 814(0) ]
2
0 =
12 1
3 = (168) = 28
1 6
0 = (70 + 886 + 1293 + 1400 + 1307 + 814 70
6 2
886 1293 1400 1307 814) 1 = sin
12
1 70(0) + 886(0.5) + 1293(0.866) + 1400(1)
0 = (0) = 0
6 1 +1307(0.866)
= +814(0.5) 70(0) 886(0.5)
2 6
1 = cos 1293(0.866) 1400(1)
12 [ 1307(0.866) 814(0.5) ]
70(1) + 886(0.866) + 1293(0.5) + 1400(0) 1
+1307(0.5) 1 = (9003.2) = 1500.54
1 6
= +814(0.866) 70(1) 886(0.866)
6
1293(0.5) 1400(0) 2
[ 1307(0.5) 814(0.866) ] 2 = 2
12
1 70(0) + 886(0.866) + 1293(0.866) + 1400(0)
1 = (250.70) = 41.79
6 1 +1307(0.866)
= +814(0.866) 70(0) 886(0.866)
2 6
2 = 2 1293(0.866) 1400(0)
12 [ 1307(0.866) 814(0.866) ]
1
2 = (0) = 0
6

83
2 t A 2 2
3 = 3
12
70(0) + 886(1) + 1293(0) + 1400(1) 0 1.98 0 1
1 +1307(0)
= +814(1) 70(0) 886(1) 1.3 0.866 0.5
6
1293(0) 1400(1) 6
[ 1307(0) 814(1) ]
1.05 0.866 0.5
1 3
3 = (600) = 100
6
1.3 0 1
= 41.79 + 1500.54 + 28 3 2
+ 100 3
2 0.88 0.866 0.5
7. The following table gives the variation of periodic 3
current over a period T W2011, S2012 5 0.25 0.866 0.5
6
() 0
2
0 =
6
() 1.98 1.3 1.05 1.3 . . 1.98
1
Show by numerical analysis that there is a direct current of 0 = (1.98 + 1.3 + 1.05 + 1.3 0.88 0.25)
3
0.75 amp in the variable current and obtain the amplitude
1
of the first harmonic 0 = (4.5) = 1.5
3
Solution:-
2 2
1 =
Here period T 6
1
1 = [1.98(1) + 1.3(0.5) + 1.05(0.5) + 1.3(1)
2 = = 3
2
0.88(0.5) 0.25(0.5)]
Here the last value is more repetition of first value
1
1 = (1.12) = 0.374
so we omit that value and consider the remaining 6 3
2 2
values = 6 1 =
6
The Fourier series for first harmonic is 1
1 = [1.98(0) + 1.3(0.866) + 1.05(0.866) + 1.3(0)
0 3
= + 1 cos + 1 0.88(0.866) 0.25(0.866)]
2 /2 /2
0 2 2 1
= + 1 + 1 1 = (3.014) = 1.005
2 3
2 2 1.5 2 2
The value of t, A, and tabulate in the = + 0.374 + 1.005
2
Following table 2 2
= 0.75 + 0.374 + 1.005

= 0.75
Amplitude of the first harmonic =

(0.374)2 + (1.005)2 = 1.1499 = 1.204
84
Definition of dot product

3 = ||||
VECTOR ALGEBRA =

= |||
|
Definition of vector:-
A physical quantity which has magnitude and direction If =

both is called as vector If =
A B = || =

= ||
)
Read as vector AB (
Dot product of basic unit vectors , ,
A is called as initial point and B is called as terminal point

of vector. And direction of vector is initial point to terminal
point
1 0 0
Definition of magnitude:-
0 1 0
Length of vector is called as magnitude of vector

0 0 1
| = ()
|
Definition of position vector:-

Definition of cross product
Let O be the fixed point (origin) and A be the any point
= ||||

then the position vector of A with respective to origin O is

= =
if =
O A
if =
in terms of position vector at its end points:-
Write
= |||
|
Area of parallelogram with adjacent

| |
Area of parallelogram with diagonal

| |

Area of triangle is | |
In above fig use triangle law for vector addition
Let and
= + +
=
+ =

= + +

=

85

The dot product of a and (b c) is called as scalar triple
= |

| product

Properties of scalar triple product
Volume of parallelepiped is []
1) In scalar triple product or box product vectors are

Volume of tetrahedron is
[] interchange in cyclic order then the value of box product
remain unchanged
The vector equation of a line passing through the given
point () is = + i. e. [abc] = [bca] = [cab]
where is a scalar.
2) In box product any two vectors are equal then the value of
Cartesian form box product is zero.
i. e. [abb] = [bcc] = [caa]=0

= =

3) If a , b and c are coplanar then [abc] = 0
The vector equation of the line passing through the two
points () () 4) If [abc] = 0 then the vectors a , b and c are coplanar
= ( ) + where is a scalar 5) If the four points A, B,C and D are coplanar then the

[AB AC
AD] = 0
Cartesian form

6) If [AB AC
AD] = 0 then the four points A, B,C and D are

= = coplanar

7) In S. T. P. the dot and cross are interchange then the values
SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
of S. T. P. remain unchanged
Expression for S. T. P. or box product , = +
and
1. If = +
a (b c) =. [abc] Then find ( )
= +
Let a = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k
Solution:-
b = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k
a = 3i 2j + 7k
c = a3 i + b3 j + c3 k
b = 5i + j 2k
i j k c = i + j k
a (b c) = (a1 i + b1 j + c1 k) |a2 b2 c2 |
a3 b3 c3 3 2 7
a (b c) =. [abc] = |5 1 2|
= (a1 i + b1 j + c1 k) 1 1 1
[i(b2 c3 b3 c2 ) j(a2 c3 c2 a3 )
1 2 5 2 5 1
+ k(a2 b3 b2 a3 )] a (b c) = .3 | |+ 2| |+ 7| |
1 1 1 1 1 1
= a1 (b2 c3 b3 c2 ) b1 (a2 c3 c2 a3 ) + c1 (a2 b3 b2 a3 ) a (b c) = 3(1 + 2) + 2(5 + 2) + 7(5 1)
a1 b1 c1 a (b c) = 3 6 + 28 = 25
a (b c) =. [abc] = |a2 b2 c2 |
a3 b3 c3 , = +
2. If = + and

Definition of scalar triple product: -

86
Then find ( ). Interpret the

= + ,
4. Find the value of if the vectors + +
result
+ +
+ are coplanar
Solution:-
Solution:-
a = 2i j + k
Let a = i + j + k
b = i + 2j 3k
b = i j + k
c = 3i 4j + 5k
c = 2i + 3j + k
2 1 1

a (b c) =. [abc] = |1 2 3| a , b and c are coplanar
3 4 5
i. e. a (b c) =. [abc] = 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
a (b c) = .2 | |+ 1| |+1| |
4 5 3 5 3 4 1 1 1
|1 1 1| = 0
a (b c) = 2(10 12) + 1(5 + 9) + 1(4 6)
2 3
a (b c) = 4 + 14 10 = 14 14 = 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1| | 1| |+ 1| |=0
3 2 2 3
a (b c) =. [abc] = 0
( 3) 1( 2) + 1(3 + 2) = 0
a , bandc are coplanar
3 + 2 + 5 = 0
, +
3. Show that the vectors and
2 + 4 = 0
are coplanar
+
2 = 4 , = 2
Solution:-
5. Find the volume of tetrahedron formed by the points
Let a = i j 6k (, , ), (, , ), (, , ) (, , )S2006
b = i 3j + 4k Solution:-
c = 2i 5j + 3k (1, 1, 3) (4, 3, 2 )
To show that a , b and c are coplanar (5, 2, 7) (6, 4, 8)
i. e. to show that a (b c) =. [abc] = 0 = + + 3 , = 4 + 3 + 2
1 1 6 = 5 + 2 + 7 , = 6 + 4 + 8
L. H. S. = |1 3 4 |
2 5 3 =

3 4 1 4 1 3 = (4 + 3 + 2 ) ( + + 3 )

L. H. S. = 1 | |+1| | 6| |
5 3 2 3 2 5
L. H. S. = 1(9 + 20) + 1(3 8) 6(5 + 6) = 3 + 2

L. H. S. = 11 5 6 = 11 11 =

L. H. S. = 0 = (5 + 2 + 7 ) ( + + 3 )

L. H. S. = R. H. S = 4 + + 4

a , b and c are coplanar =


87
= (6 + 4 + 8 ) ( + + 3 )
= 1(3 2) 0 + 2(4 2)
= 5 + 3 + 5
=1+4=5
1

] Hence the volume of parallelepiped is 5 cubic units
Volume of tetrahedron = 6 [
= + +
7. Find the volume of the parallelepiped if
1 3 2 1
,
= +
and =
are three
= |4 1 4|
6 co-terminus edges of the parallelepiped. S2007
5 3 5
1 1 4 4 4 4 1 Solution:-
= [3 | | 2| | 1| |]
6 3 5 5 5 5 3
a = 3i + 7j + 5k
1
= [3(5 12) 2(20 20) 1(12 5)]
6 b = 3i + 7j 5k
1 28 14
= (21 7) = = c = 7i 5j 3
6 6 3
6. If A, B, C, D are(, , ), (, , ), (, , ), (, , ) volume of parallelopiped = [abc]

respectively; then find the volume of the parallelepiped 3 7 5
with AB, AC and AD as the concurrent edges.W2006 volume of parallelopiped = |3 7 5|
7 5 3
Solution:-
= 3(21 25) 7(9 + 35) + 5(15 49)
let a = i + j + k
= 340
b = 2i + j + 3k
8. Find the volume of the tetrahedron formed by the
c = 3i + 2j + 2k points (1,1,1),(2,1,3),(3,2,2), (3,3,4) W2008, S2009
= 3i + 3j + 4k
d Solution:-

volume of parallelopiped = [AB AC
AD] let a = i + j + k
AB = b a
b = 2i + j + 3k
AB = (2i + j + 3k) (i + j + k)
c = 3i + 2j + 2k
AB = i + 0j + 2k
= 3i + 3j + 4k
d

AC = c a 1
AC
volume of terahedron = [AB AD
]
6
= (3i + 2j + 2k) (i + j + k)
AC
AB = b a

AC = 2i + j + k

AB = (2i + j + 3k) (i + j + k)

a
= d
AD
AB = i + 0j + 2k

AD = (3i + 3j + 4k) (i + j + k)

= c a
AC
AD = 2i + 2j + 3k

AC = (3i + 2j + 2k) (i + j + k)

1 0 2
volume of parallelopiped = |2 1 1| AC = 2i + j + k

2 2 3
a
AD = d

88
AD = (3i + 3j + 4k) (i + j + k)
1 2 3
volume of parallelopiped = |2 5 1 |
= 2i + 2j + 3k
AD 3 0 5
= 1(25 0) 2(10 3) + 3(0 + 15)

1 1 0 2
volume of terahedron = |2 1 1|
6 = 25 + 26 + 45 = 96
2 2 3
1 Hence the volume of parallelepiped is 96 cubic units
= [1(3 2) 0 + 2(4 2)]
6
, + +
11. If the vectors + and
1 5
= (1 + 4) = are the co-terminus edges of the
6 6 +
5
parallelepiped then find the volume of the parallelepiped
Hence the volume of tetrahedron is 6 cubic units
Solution:-
9. Find the volume of the tetrahedron three of whose co-
, +
terminus edges are + and + let a = 2i + 5j 4k
S2007
b = 5i + 7j + 5k
Solution:-
c = 4i + 5j 2k
let a = 3i j + 2k volume of parallelopiped = [abc]
b = 2i + j k 2 5 4
volume of parallelopiped = |5 7 5|
c = i 2 + 2k 4 5 2
1 = 2(14 25) 5(10 20) 4(25 28)
volume of terahedron = [abc]
6
= 78 + 150 + 12 = 84
1 3 1 2
volume of terahedron = |2 1 1| Hence the volume of parallelepiped is 84 cubic units
6
1 2 2
1 12. The concurrent edges of the lengths a, b, c of the
= [3(2 2) + 1(4 + 1) + 2(4 1)]
6 parallelepiped are along the lines = = , = =

= = respectively by using scalar triple
1 5
= (0 + 5 10) = product, prove that the volume of the parallelepiped is
6 6

, +
and . W2007
10. If the vectors + +
are the co-terminus edges of the parallelepiped

Solution:-
then find the volume of the parallelepiped
Let be the concurrent edges of length a along line 1 =

Solution:- =3
2
let a = i + 2j + 3k + 2 + 3

=
b = 2i 5j + k 12 + 22 + 32

c = 3i 5k =
( + 2 + 3 )
14
volume of parallelopiped = [abc] Let be the concurrent edges of length b along line 2 =

1
=3

89
2 + + 3 2

= =
(2 + + 3 )
22 + 12 + 32 14

Let be the concurrent edges of length 7 along line 3 =

= (2 + + 3 )
14 =2
1

Let be the concurrent edges of length c along line 3 =
3 + + 3

= 7
1
= 2 32 + 12 + 22
3 + + 3 7
=

= (3 + + 2 )
32 + 12 + 22 14
Required volume of parallelepiped

= (3 + + 2 )
14

= [
]
Required volume of parallelepiped
14 3 1 2 3

= [
] = |2 1 3|
1414 3 1 2
1 2
3
= |2 1 3
3| = {1(2 3) 2(4 9) + 3(2 3)}
1414 3 1 2 14
18
= {1(2 3) 2(4 9) + 3(2 3)} Required volume of parallelepiped=
14
1414
14. Find the volume of the tetrahedron having vertices
6 14
Required volume of parallelepiped= 14 14 , + +
, + +
and + +
. Also
14
find the value of for which these four points are
314
Required volume of parallelepiped= coplanar.
98
13. The concurrent edges of the lengths 3, 2, and 7 of the Solution:-

parallelepiped are along the lines = = ,
= , = 4 + 5 +

= 3 + 9 + 4 , = 4 + 4 + 4

= = = = respectively. Find the volume
of the parallelepiped. W2005 =

Solution:- = (4 + 5 + ) ( )

Let be the concurrent edges of length 3 along line 1 = = 4 + 6 + ( + 1)

=3 =
2
+ 2 + 3 = (3 + 9 + 4 ) ( )

= 3

12 + 22 + 32
= 3 + 10 + 5

3

= ( + 2 + 3 )
14 =

Let be the concurrent edges of length 2 along line 2 = = (4 + 4 + 4 ) ( )

=3 = 4 + 5 + 5
1
2 + + 3 1

= 2 Volume of tetrahedron = 6 [
]
22 + 12 + 32
90
4 6 +1 16. Show that the four points whose position vectors are
1
Volume of tetrahedron = 6 | 3 10 5 | , + +
+ , + +
and + +
4 5 5
. are coplanar W2007

1
= {4(50 25) 6(15 + 20) + ( + 1)(15 + 40)} Solution:-
6
1 55 let
= {55 + 55} = ( 1)
6 6
= 3 2 + 4
Since the four points A, B, C, D is coplanar
= 6 + 3 +

[
] = 0
= 5 + 7 + 3
4 6 +1
| 3 10 5 |=0 = 2 + 2 + 6
4 5 5
Show that the four points A, B, C, and D are coplanar
4(50 25) 6(15 + 20) + ( + 1)(15 + 40) = 0

. . [
] = 0
110 + 55 + 55 = 0
= = (6 + 3 + ) (3 2 + 4 )

55 + 55 = 0
55 = 55 = 1 = 3 + 5 3

15. Find the constant p such that the co-terminus vectors = = (5 + 7 + 3 ) (3 2 + 4 )

, +
+ + +
are coplanar
= 2 + 9

W2006
= = (2 + 2 + 6 ) (3 2 + 4 )

Solution:
= + 4 + 2

a = 2i j + k
3 5 3

[ ]
= | 2 9 1|
b = i + 2j 3k
1 4 2
c = 3i + pj + 5k 9 1 2 1 2 9
= 3| | 5| | 3| |
4 2 1 2 1 4
a , b and c are coplanar
= 3(18 + 4) 5(4 1) 3(8 + 9)
i. e. a (b c) =. [abc] = 0
= 66 15 51 = 66 + 66 = 0
2 1 1
|1 2 3| = 0
[
] = 0
3 p 5
17. Prove that [ + + + ] = []
2 3 1 3 1 2
1| |+ 1| |+ 1| |=0
p 5 3 5 3 p S2009, S2013
(10 + 3p) + 1(5 + 9) + 1(p + 6) = 0 Solution:-

10 + 3p + 14 + p + 6 = 0 L. H. S. = [a + bb + cc + a]
4p + 30 = 0
L. H. S. = (a + b) [(b + c) (c + a)]
30 15 15
p= = , p= L. H. S. = (a + b) [b (c + a) + c (c + a)]
4 2 2

91
L. H. S. = (a + b) [b c + b a + c c + c a] = ( ) , = ( )
L. H. S. = (a + b) [b c + b a + 0 + c a] ( ) = ( ) ( )
L. H. S. = a [b c + b a + c a] + b For finding the value of

[b c + b a + c a]
Taking = , = =
L. H. S. = a (b c) + a (b a) + a (c a) + b
( ) = ( ) + ( )
(b c) + b (b a) + b (c a)
( ) = ( ) + (0)
L. H. S. = [abc] + 0 + +0 + 0 + 0 + [bca]
= (1)
L. H. S. = [abc] + [abc]
= = 1
L. H. S. = 2[abc]
( ) = 1( ) + 1( )
L. H. S. = R. H. S.
( ) = ( ) ( )
VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT
) = (
(
19. Prove that (
) )

If , , be any three vectors then the cross product of
is called as vector triple product of , , and is W2004, S2013
denoted by ( )
Solution:-
) = (

18. Prove that ( (
) )

( )is perpendicular to the vector and .
Solution:-
is perpendicular to the plane containing
( ) is perpendicular to the vector and .
( ) , lie in the same plane
is perpendicular to the plane containing
( ) , are coplanar
( ) , lie in the same plane
( )can be express as a linear combination of
( ) , are coplanar
( ) can be express as a linear combination of ( ) = +

Where are scalars
( ) = + Taking dot product with
Where are scalars
{ ( )} = ( ) + ( )
Taking dot product with
[ ] = ( ) + ( )
{( ) } = ( ) + ( )
0 = ( ) + ( )
[ ] = ( ) + ( )
( ) = ( )
0 = ( ) + ( )
= = ()

( ) = ( )
= ( ) , = ( )

= = ()

92
( ) = ( ) ( ) = [ ( )] {[ ( )] [ ( )]}
For finding the value of = [( ) ( )]

{[( ) ( )]
Taking = = , =
[( ) ( )]}
( ) = ( ) ( )
= [( ) ( )]
( ) = (0) (1) {( ) [( ) ( )]
( ) [( ) ( )]}
= (1)
= = 1 = [( ) ( )]
{( )( )( )
( ) = 1( ) 1( ) ( )( )( ) 0
+ ( )( )( )}
( ) = ( ) ( )
= [( ) ( )] {( )( )( )}
20. Show that S2008
[( ) ( )]
) +
(
(
) + ( ) =
{( )( )( )}
+ [( ) ( )]
Solution:-
{( )( )( )}
. . . = ( ) + ( ) + ( )
= ( )( )( )[] 0 0 + 0
= ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( )( )( )[]
( )
= ( )( )( )[] ( )( )( )[]
=
. . . = 0 = . .
= ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( )
The vectors a (b c ), b (c a ) and c (a b ) are
( )
coplanar
. . . = 0 = . . .
22. Show that
),
(
21. Find whether the vectors
) (
{( {( ) (
)} + )} +

(
) ( )are coplanar
) (
{(
)} = W2007
W2005, S2010
Solution:- = {( ) ( )}
To show that the vectors a (b c ), = {[ ] [ ]}
b (c a ) and c (a b ) are coplanar = {[ ] [ ] }
That is to show that = 0
[ ( ) ( ) ( ] = 0 = {( ) ( )}
. . . = {[] [ ]}
= [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
= {[] [ ] }

93
= 0 . . = ( )( ) ( )( )
= {( ) ( )} |
. . = |

] [
= {[ ]}
. . = . . .
] [
= {[ ] }
25. Prove that
= 0
( ) ( ) + (

) ( ) + ( )

+ + = 0 ) = W2009
(
{( ) ( )} + {( ) ( )} + :
{( ) ( )} = 0
= ( ) ( )
23. Prove that
= ( )( ) ( )( )

) {( ) ( )} = []

(
= ( ) ( )
S2005, W2012, W2013
= ( )( ) ( )( )
Solution:-
= ( ) ( )
. . . = ( ) [( ) ( )]
= ( )( ) ( )( )
. . = ( ) {[] []}
+ + =
[] = 0 ,
( )( ) ( )( ) + ( )( )
. . = ( ) {[] 0} ( )( ) + ( )( )
( )( )
. . . = [][]
= ( )( ) ( )( ) + ( )( )
2
. . . = [] ( )( ) + ( )( )
( )( )
) (

24. Prove that (
) = |

|
=0
W2009
26. Show that S2007
Solution:-
[

] = [

][
] [
][

]
. . . = ( ) ( )
Solution:-
=
. . . = [ ]
. . . = ( )
= ( ) {( ) ( )}
. . . = ( )
= {( ) } ( )
Dot and cross are interchange
Dot and cross are interchange
. . . = { ( )}
= {[] []} ( )
. . . = {( ) ( ) }
= []{ ( )} []{ ( )}
94
= [][ ] [][ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) +
( ) + ( ) = 0
. . . = . . .
( ) ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + 0
27. Show that
+0=0
(
) + ( (
) + ) =

[] [] + [] + [] = 0
S2006
[] = [] + [] + []
Solution:-
) (
28. Prove that ( ) + (
) ( ) +
. . = ( ) + ( ) + ( )
( ) (
) = [
] W2010
= ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) Solution:-
( )
= ( ) ( )
= 1 ( ) + 1 ( ) + 1 ( )
= [] []
= 3 {( ) + ( ) + ( ) }
= ( ) ( )
= 3 {1 + 2 + 3 }
= [] [ ]
1 = , 2 = , 3 =
= ( ) ( )
. . . = 3
= ( ) ( )
1 + 2 + 3 =
= [] + []
. . . = 2 = . . .
+ + =
, ,
,
29. If the four points with position vectors are are
coplanar show that [] [] + [] [] [] + []

[ ] = [

] + [
] + [
]W2010 = [] [] [] [] []
+ []
:
= 2[]
, , are four coplanar points with position
vectors , , ;
=
30. If = +
;

[
] = 0 find(
= ) (
) W2006
[ ] = 0 Solution:-
( ) {( ) ( )} = 0 ( ) ( ) = [] []
( ) { ( ) ( )} = 0 ( ) ( ) = [] 0
( ) { + } = 0 ( ) ( ) = []
( ) { + 0} = 0 1 2 3
[] = |2 1 1|
{ } { } 1 3 1
=0
[] = 1(1 3) + 2(2 + 1) 3(6 1)
95
[] = 4 2 + 21 = 15 = 2 + 6 + 4 = 8
2
( ) ( ) = 15(2 + ) ||2 = (4 + 9 + 1) = 14
satisfies the equations

31. If vector =
and
( ) ( ) = 14(3) (4)(8)
(
)
= prove that
= S2008

( ) ( ) = 42 32 = 74
Solution:-
The given vector equation is
Taking cross product from left with
( ) = ( )
( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )
= 0
( ) 0 = ( ) ( )
( ) = ( ) ( )
Divided both sides by
( ) ( ) ( )
=

( )
=

;
= +
32. If = +
;
Find(
= + + ) (
)
Solution:-
( ) ( ) = ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) = ||2 ( ) ( )( )
= ( + 2 4 ) ( + + )
= 1 + 2 4 = 3
= (2 + 3 ) ( + + )
= 2 + 3 1 = 4
= ( + 2 4 ) (2 + 3 )

96
S2011
4 Solution:-
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION 2
= log
UNDER INTEGRAL SIGN

Consider the integral with one parameter
2

() = (, ) Where is called as parameter and a = 1 log
and b are called as lower and upper constant limit
2

2

( + ) = (, + ) = [ log ] (log ) 1

2
Using definition of derivative from first principle
= 2 log 3 log 2

( + ) ()
() =
0
2
Here = 2 log 3 log 2 1

() ( + ) ()
= 2
0 = 32 log 2 log []
1 [( = 32 log 2 log (2 )
() = + ) ()]
0

= 32 log 2 log 2 + +
1
() = [ (, + ) (, ) ] Diff. both sides with respective to a
0

dI 1 1
= 3a2 + 6a log a (2a + 2 log a) 2a + 1
(, + ) (, ) da a a
() =
0 dI
= 3a + 6a log a 2 2 log a 2a + 1
da

()
= (, ) = 1 + 6 log 2 log -------------------1
0

2

= log
() = (, )

Bu using DUIS

[()] = (, ) 2
2
= log + ( )(log )2

[ (, ) ] = (, ) ()(log )

1. Verify the rule of DUIS for the integral
97
2
2 1 ()
2 + 4
= tan log ( )
= + 2 log 3 log 2 2 2

= 2 tan1 () 2 log(1 + 2 )+c
2
1
= 1 + 6 log 2 log Diff. both sides with respective to a

1 2 1
1 2 = 2 2
+ 2 tan1 () 2
log(1 + 2 )
= [] + 6 log 2 log 1+ 21+ 2

2 1 ()
2 1
1 2 = 2
+ 2 tan 2
log(1 + 2 )
= ( ) + 6 log 2 log 1 + 1+ 2

1

= 1 + 6 log 2 log -----------------2 = 2 tan1 () log(1 + 2 ) 1
2
a2
From equation 1 and equation 2 DUIS is verified x
I = tan1 ( ) dx
a
2. Verify the rule of DUIS for the integral () 0
By using DUIS
S2010
2
Solution:- 2
= (tan1 ( )) + ( ) (tan1 ( ))
2
a2 0
x
I = tan1 ( ) dx (0) (tan1 ( ))
a 0
0
2
2
2 (/2 )
= 1 tan1 ( ) = + 2 tan1 () 0
2 + 2
0
0
2
2
2
1 2
= [ tan1 ( )] (tan1 ( )) 1 = 2 + 2 tan1()
0 2 + 2
0
0
2 1 2
2 2 1 = [log( 2 + 2 )]0 + 2 tan1 ()
= 2 tan1 ( ) tan1 (0) 2 2
+ 2
0 1
= (log(2 + 4 ) log 2 ) + 2 tan1 ()
2
2

= 2 tan1 ()
2 + 2
0
1 2 + 4
2 = 2 tan1 () log ( )
2 2 2
= 2 tan1 () 2
2 + 2 1
0

= 2 tan1() 2 log(1 + 2 )--------------2
2
= 2 tan1 () [log(2 + 2 )]0 From equation 1 and equation 2 DUIS is verified
2
+
3. Verify DUIS, Evaluate ( + )
= 2 tan1 () (log(2 + 4 ) log 2 )
2
Solution:-

98

1 + 1 + 1
I = log ( ) 1 = log(1 + 2 ) log(1 + 2 )
1 + 2 1 +
0 0

By using DUIS 2 2
+
1 + 2
0
1 + 1 +
= [log ( )] + () (log ( ))
1+ 2 1 + 2 1 + 1 1 + 2 1
0 = + + 2
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2
(0) (log ( 0 0 0
))
1 + 2 0
1
= + log(1 + 2 ) + 2 2 tan1

= [log(1 + ) log(1 + 2 )]
1
0 = + log(1 + 2 ) 2 tan1
1 + 2
+ 1 log ( )
1 + 2 Diff. both sides with respective to a

1 1 + 1 1 2 1 2)
2
= + 1 log(1) =1+ log(1 +
1 + 1 + 2 2 1 + 2
0
2 1 2
=1+ 2
2 log(1 + 2 )
1 1 + 1 1+ 1 + 2
= [ ]
1 + 1 + 1
0 0
= 1 2 log(1 + 2 ) 2

1 1
= [ 1 ] From equation 1 and equation 2 DUIS is verified
1 +
0 0

1 1 4. If () =

, W2010
= [] [log(1 + )]0
0 2
()
1
= 1 2 log(1 + 2 ) 1
Solution:-

/2
1 + sin
= log ( ) () =
1 + 2 /6
0
/2
() sin sin
= [log(1 + ) log(1 + 2 )] = [ ] + ( )( )
2
0 /6 2

sin
( )( )
6
= 1 log(1 + ) 1 log(1 + 2 ) 6
0 0 /2

() cos sin 2 sin 6
= 2 +
2 /2 62 /6
= [ log(1 + )]0 [ log(1 + 2 )]0 /6
1 +
0
/2
2 () 2 6 1
+ = cos 2 + 2
1 + 2 2 6 2
0 /6

99
() sin /2 1 1 1 2
=[ ] + = 2
/6 2 2 +1
1
() 1 1 1 1 1 = log(2 + 1) + 2
= = 2
2 2

()
= 0 Hence f is independent of a
= 1 1 2
+
5. Prove that = ( ) , > 0 1 1
0 = log 2 + = log 2
2 2
W2009, W2012
1 1
= log(2 + 1) log 2
Solution:- 2 2

1 2 + 1
= 1 = log ( )
sec 2 2
0

6. Evaluate

= [ ]
sec
0 = S2009

= Solution:-
0 sec

sin

= 1
= = cos 0
0 sec 0

sin
= [cos ] = [ ]
0

0

[ (cos ) ]
sin
0
=
0

= [cos ] sin
0 0 = sin
0
1

= + [sin 2 ] cos ( 2 )
0 0 = [sin ]
0
1 1 1 1

= 2 cos = 2 [ (sin ) ]
0 0
1 1

+ 2 = = [sin ] cos
0 0
1 1
(1 + ) =

2 = [cos ] sin ( )
2 0 0 2
2 + 1 1
( ) = 1 1
2 = 2 2 sins
0

= 2 1 1
+ 1 = 2 2


100

1 1 ()
+ 2 = 2 =
0
1 1 ()
(1 + 2
) = 2 =
0
2 + 1 1
( 2 ) = 2 () 1
=[ ] =
0
1
= 2 1
+1 () = = log +

1
= = tan1 + () = log + 2
2 + 1

= tan1 + 2
= 1 1 2

= 1 2 = log 1 +
0
0 = tan1 () +

=
0= + = 0
2 2

() = log +
= tan1 + = tan1 0
2 2

sin Similarly
= tan1

0 2 () = log +
0
= 0

sin = log + + log

= tan1(0) = 0 0 0
0 2 2

sin = log ( )

=
0 2
/ (+ )
8. Using DUIS theorem evaluate

7. Prove that
= ()W2011
S2005, S2009, W2012, S2013
Solution:-
Solution:-

/2
= log(1 + 2 )
0 () = 1
0 2

= /2
0 0 () log(1 + 2 )
= [ ]
2
0
() = 1
0 /2
() 2
= [ 2 ]
() (1 + 2 )
= [ ] 0

0

101
/2
() 1
=
1 + 2 = 0 1 2
0
/2 0=+ =
() 1
=
+ 2 + 2
2 () = 1 +
0
/2 () = (1 + 1)
() 1
= 9. Using DUIS theorem evaluate
+ 2 (1 + )
2
0
+
/2
= (+)W2006
2
()
=
1 + 2 (1 + ) Solution:-
0
1
Put tan = 2 =
=
0 log
If = 0 = 0 , = 2 =
1
1

()
=
0 log 0 log
= 2

0 1 + (1 + )
= () ()

() 1
= 1

1+ 0 1
+ 2 () = 1
1+ 0 log

() 1 1
= 2 ()
1+ 0 1 = [ ]
( ) + 2 log
1 + 0
1
() 1 1 () log
= [tan1 ( )] = [ ]
1+ 1 1 log
0
1 + 1 + 0
1 1
() +1 1
() 1 = = [ ] =
= [tan1 (1 + )]0 +1 0 +1
1 + 0
() 1 1
= [tan1 () tan1(0)] () =
1 + 1+
() 1 () = log(1 + ) + 2
=
1 + 2
1
() = = 0 1 2
2 1 +
1
2 1
() = =
2 21 + 0 log
1
1 1
() = () = log(1 + ) +
21 + 0 log
() = 1 + + 2

102

Similarly sinb
1
1 = [ ]
() = log(1 + ) +
log 0
0

1 1
1 1 =
= log(1 + ) + log(1 + ) 0
0 log 0 log

= log(1 + ) log(1 + ) = cosb
0
+1
= log ( )
+1 = [cosb ] [ (cos ) ]
0 0

= [ cos ]
0 bsinb ( )
= ( + ) , > 0S2012 0

Solution:- = 1 sin
1 0
1
() = 1
0 log
= 1 [[sinb ]
0 bcosb ]
1 0
() 1
= [ ]
log = 1 2
0
1
() log
= [ ] + 2 =1
log
0

1 (1 + 2 ) =1
+1 1
() 1
= = [ ] =
+1 0 +1 1
0 =
1 + 2
1
() = 1
1+ = = tan1 +
2 +1
() = log(1 + ) + 2
= tan1 + 2

= 0 1 2
= 0 1 2
0=0+ =0
0 = tan1 (0) + =0
() = log(1 + )
= tan1


12. If || < 1
W2010
/
+
Solution:- ( ) = ( )

sin Solution:-
= 1
0
/2 1 + sin
Let = 0 sin
log ( sin ) 1

103
2
We choose b as a parameter
= [tan1 ( )]

2 2 2 2 0
2
1 + sin 2
= [ log ( )] = [tan1 () tan1 (0)]
sin sin 2 2
0
/2 2
1 = ( )
= [log( + sin ) log( sin )] 2 2 2
sin
0
=
/2 2 2
1 sin sin
= [ ] 1 1 1
sin + sin sin = =
0 1 (/)2
2 2
/2
1 1
= [ + ] = sin1 ( ) + 2
+ sin sin
0
/2
sin + + sin
= [ ] = 0 1 2
2 2 2
0
0=0+ =0
/2
2
= [ 2 ] = sin1 ( )
2 2
0
/2 13. Prove that

1
= 2 [ 2 ]
2 2
+
0 ( + ) = ( )

. 2
|| < 1
/2
2 Solution:-
= 2 [ 2 ]
2 2
0
= log(1 + cos ) 1
/2
0
2
= 2 [ 2 ]
(1 + 2 ) 2
0
= [log(1 + cos )]

/2 0
2
= 2 [ 2 ]
( 2 ) + 2 1 1 + 1
0 =
1 + cos
0
Put cot = 2 =

If = 0 = , =

= 0 1 1 + 1 1
2 =
1 + cos 1 + cos
0 0
0
1 2 2
= 2 2 Put tan /2 = , cos = 1+ 2 = 1+ 2
2 2 + 2
( )
If = 0 = 0 , = =

= 2 2
(2 2 ) + 2
0
104
2 = log + log (1 + 1 2 ) log +

1 1 1 + 2
=
1 2
0 1+( ) = log (1 + 1 2 ) + 2
1 + 2

1 2
=
1 + + 2
2
0 = 0 1 2

2 0 = log 2 + = log 2
=
(1 + ) + 2 (1 )
0 = log (1 + 1 2 ) log 2

2
= 1 + 1 2
(1 ) (1 + 2 = log ( )
0 1 ) + 2
14. Prove that

2
= 2
(1 ) 1+ /
0 (1 ) + 2 ( + )
/
+
= ( ) <<1
2 1
= tan1
(1 ) 1 +
1 + Solution:-
1[ ( 1 )]0
/2
2 = log(1 + sin ) 1
= [tan1 () tan1 (0)]
1 2 /2
/2

=
1 2 = [log(1 + sin )]

/2
1 1
= /2
1 2 1 1 + 1
=
1 cos 1 + sin
= /2
sin cos
/2 /2
= sin cos = 1 1 + 1 1
=
1 + sin 1 + sin
/2 /2
= log +
2 2
Put tan /2 = , sin = 1+ 2 = 1+ 2
= log + log( + cot ) +

1 cos If = 2 = 1 , = 2
= 1
= log + log ( + )+
sin sin
2
1 1 1 1 + 2
1 + 1 2 =
= log + log ( )+ 1 1 + 2
sin 1 + 2
1 + 1 2 1 2 1
= log + log ( )+ = 2
1 + 2 + 1
= log + [log (1 + 1 2 ) log ] +

105
1 2 1 1 cos
= 2 = log + log ( + )+
1 + 2 + 2 2 + 1 sin sin
1 2 1 1 + 1 2
= = log + log ( )+
1 ( + ) + 1 2
2 sin
1 2 1 1 + 1 2
= = log + log ( )+
1 ( + )2 + (1 2 )2
1 2 1 + 1 = log + [log (1 + 1 2 ) log ] +

= [tan1 ( )]
1 2 1 2 1
= log + log (1 + 1 2 ) log +
1 2 1 1+
= [tan1 ( )
1 2 1 2 = log (1 + 1 2 ) + 2
1 +
tan1 ( )]
1 2

tan1 ( ) = tan1 tan1 = 0 1 2
1 +
0 = log 2 + = log 2
1+ 1 +

1 2 1 2 1 2
= tan1 [ 1 ] = log (1 + 1 2 ) log 2
1 2 1+ 1 +
1+( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 + 1 2
2 = log ( )
2
1 2 1 1 2 ]
= tan1 [ 2
1 2 1 15. Using DUIS theorem evaluate
/ (+ )
1+
1 2
2 Solution:-
1 2 1 2
= tan1 [ 1 2 ] /2
log(1 + sin )
1 2 1
1 2 () = 1
1 0 sin
1 2 1 /2
= tan1 () () log(1 + sin )
1 2 = [ ]
sin
1 2 1 0
=
1 2 2 /2
() sin
1 1 = [ ]
sin (1 + sin )
= 0
1 2
/2
1 1 () 1
= =
1 2 1 + sin
0
1 cos 2 2
= Put tan /2 = , sin = =
sin cos 1+ 2 1+ 2
= sin cos =
If = 0 = 0 , = 2
= 1
= log +
1
2
() 1 + 2
=
= log + log( + cot ) + 0 1+
2
1 + 2
106
() 1

= 2 2 1 2 sin 2 cos 2
1
0 + 2 + 1 = 2 tan ( ) sin
sin
2 cos 2 2
1
()
= 2 2 2 2
0 + 2 + + 1 = 2 tan1 (tan )
2
1
()
= 2 2 2
0 ( + ) + 1 = 2
2
1
()
= 2 2 1
0 ( + )2 + (1 2 )
2 = = (cos1 )2
2 2
1 16. Prove that W2005, S2006, S2009, S2013
() 2 +
= [tan1 ( )]
1 2 1 2 0
()
= ( + ) , >0
() 2 1+ ( + )
= [tan1 ( ) tan1 ( )]
1 2 1 2 1 2
Solution:-
1

tan ( ) = tan1 tan1
1 +
1 ()
() =
1+ (1 + 2 )
0
2 2 1 2 ]
= tan1 [ 1
1 2 1+
1+( 2
)( ) () 1 ()
1 1 2 = [ ]
(1 + 2 )
0
1
2 2
tan1 [ 1

= ] () 1
1 2 (1 + ) =
1+ (1 + ) 1 + 2 2
2
1 2
0
1
2 1 2 ] () 1
= tan1 [ =
1 2 + 2 (1 + )(1 + 2 2 )
2
1+ 0
1 2
1 1
1 =
(1 + 2 )(1 + 2 2 ) (1 + )(1 + 2 )
2 1 2
= tan1
1 2 1+ 2 = for partial fraction only
2
[ (1 2 ) ]
1
= +
2 1 2 (1 + )(1 + 2 ) 1 + 1 + 2
= tan1 [ ]
1 2 1+
1 (1 + 2 ) + (1 + )
=
2 1 2 (1 + )(1 + 2 ) (1 + )(1 + 2 )
= 1 [ ]
1 2 1+ 1 = (1 + 2 ) + (1 + )
= cos = sin 1
= 1 1 = (1 2 ) =
1 2
2 sin
= 1 [ ] sin
1 cos2 1 + cos 1 1
= 2
1 = (1 2 )


107
2 1 2 2
1 = ( 2 ) = 2
1
=
1 2 5
1 2
2
1
2 2
(1 + )(1 + ) 1 +
2
= 1 2 1
2
1 + 2
2
TRACING OF CURVES AND
1 2
()

2
= [ 1 2 1
2
]
BETA AND GAMMA
1+ 1 + 2
2
0

FUNCTIONS
() 1 1 2
= { } Double point:-
1 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 2
0 0
The point from which the two branches of curve passes is

2 called as double point.
() 1 1
= { }
1 2 1+ 2
2( 1 2)
0 0 + The curve has two tangents one for each branch at such
2
point
() 1 1
1 1

= {tan tan ( )}
1 2 1/ 1/ 0 Node:-
() 1 Double point is called as node when the tangents are real

= {tan1 tan1 ()}
0
1 2 and distinct
() 1 Cusp:-
= {1 1 () 1 0
1 2
+ 1 (0)} Double point is called as cusp when the tangents are real
and coincident
() 1
= 2
( 0 + 0)
1 2 2 Conjugate point:-
() 1 Double point is called as conjugate point when the tangents
= (1 )
(1 )(1 + ) 2 are imaginary
()
= RULES FOR TRACING CURVES
2(1 + )
Cartesian curve:-
1
=
2 1+ 1) Origin:- The equation of curve satisfies the co-ordinate
of origin (0, 0) then the curve passes through the origin
= log(1 + )
2
2) If the curve does not passes through the origin then to
find the equation of tangent at origin by equating the
lowest degree terms to zero.
3) Symmetry:- In the equation of curve the power of y is

even then the curve is symmetrical about x-axis
4) In the equation of curve the power of x is even then the

curve is symmetrical about y-axis

108
5) The equation of the curve remain unchanged by (. . . )(0,0) = ( 3 2 + 2 )(0,0)

interchanging x and y then the curve is symmetrical
about the line = (. . . )(0,0) = 0 = . . .
6) Asymptotes parallel to x-axis:-To find the asymptote The given equation of the curve satisfies origin therefore
parallel to x- axis by equating the coefficient of highest the given curve pass through the origin.
power of x to zero
To find the equation of tangent at origin by equating the
7) Asymptotes parallel to y-axis:-To find the asymptote lowest degree terms
parallel to y- axis by equating the coefficient of highest
2 + 2 = 0
power of y to zero
2 = 2 2 = 2
8) Point of intersection with axes:- To find the point of
intersection of the curve with x and y axes. =
9) Inclined Asymptotes:- To find () by putting = Point of intersection with co-ordinate axes

1, = in highest degree terms. To find the roots of
= 0put in equation 1
() = 0
10) To find 1 () by putting = 1, = in (n-1) 3 2 = 0 2 ( ) = 0

degree terms. To find the roots of 1 () = 0 2 = 0 = 0
11) To find the value of the constant term c using formula = 0 =
()
= 1
()
= 0 = 0
12) For some values of m both 1 () = () = 0 = 3 3 2 = 0
then we find the value of by using the formula
= = 0
2
() + 1 () + 2 () = 0
2! The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-ordinate
axes is (0, 0) (, 0)
13) Putting the value of m and c in the equation = +
Asymptotes:-
14) Additional points:-Find the points if the curve passes It has no asymptotes
through the axis and the asymptotes
The shape of the curve is shown in the following fig.

15) If = then we find the additional points
1. Trace the curve = ( )W2005,S2012
Solution:-
The given equation of curve is
2 = 2 ( )
2 = 2 3
3 2 + 2 = 0 .1 2. Trace the curve = ( )W2006
Origin:- Solution:-
. . . = 3 2 + 2 The given equation of curve is

109
2 2 (
2 ( )
2 3. Trace the curve = ( ) W2006
= ) =

Solution:-
2 + 2 3 = 0 .1
Origin:-
27 2 = 4( 2)3
2 2 3
. . . = +
27 2 4( 2)3 = 0 1
(. . . )(0,0) = ( 2 2
+ 3 )(0,0)
Origin:-
(. . . )(0,0) = 3 . . .
. . . = 27 2 4( 2)3
The given equation of the curve is does not satisfies origin
therefore the given curve does not pass through the origin. (. . . )(0,0) = [27 2 4( 2)3 ](0,0)
Point of intersection with co-ordinate axes (. . . )(0,0) = 323 . . .
= 0put in equation 1 The given equation of the curve is does not satisfies origin
therefore the given curve does not pass through the origin.
0 + 2 3 = 0 2 ( ) = 0
Point of intersection with co-ordinate axes
=0 =
= 2 + 3 3 = 0
( 2)3 = 0 2 = 0
2
= = 0
= 2
= = 0
= 2 = 0
The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-ordinate
axes is (0, ) The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-ordinate
axes is (2, 0)
Symmetry:-
Asymptotes:-
The power y is even then the curve is symmetrical about x-
axis It has no asymptotes
Asymptotes:- Region:-
When = 0 2 = = The given equation of curve can be written as
= 0is the asymptote 4( 2)3

2 =
27
= 2 =
= 2 =
When = = then y is imaginary. So no part of

the curve lie in the region < 0 < 2

110
2
83
= 42

= 2 2 =
= 3 2 =
When = 2and = 3 y then is imaginary. So no part

of the region lies in < 0 and > 2

4. Trace the curve ( + ) = W2008
Solution:-
( 2 + 42 ) = 83 = 0 1
Origin:-
. . . = ( 2 + 42 )
(. . . )(0,0) = [( 2 + 42 )](0,0)
5. Trace the curve = ( )S2011
(. . . )(0,0) = 0 . . .
Solution:-
therefore the given curve does not pass through the origin. The given equation of curve is
Point of intersection with co-ordinate axes 2 = (2 2 )
= 0put in equation 1 2 (2 2 ) = 0
42 = 83 = 2 3 2 + 2 = 0 .1
= 2 2( 2 + 42 ) = 83 Origin:-
2 + 42 = 42 = 0 . . . = 3 2 + 2
The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-ordinate (. . . )(0,0) = ( 3 2 + 2 )(0,0)

axes is (0, 2)
(. . . )(0,0) = 0 = . . .
Asymptotes:-
The given equation of the curve satisfies origin therefore
To find the asymptote parallel to x- axis by equating the the given curve pass through the origin.
coefficient of highest power of x to zero
= is the asymptotes lowest degree terms
Region:- 2 = 0
The given equation of curve can be written as =0
83 Y axis is the equation of tangent at origin

2 + 42 =


111
= 0put in equation 1 The given equation of curve is
3 2 = 0 ( 2 2 ) = 0 2 ( + ) = 2 (3 )
= 0 ( )( + ) = 0 2 ( + ) 2 (3 ) = 0 .1
= 0 , = = Origin:-
= 0 = 0 . . . = 2 ( + ) 2 (3 )
= 3 3 + 2 = 0 (. . . )(0,0) = { 2 ( + ) 2 (3 )}(0,0)
= = 0 (. . . )(0,0) = 0 = . . .
= 3 + 3 + 2 = 0 The given equation of the curve satisfies origin therefore

the given curve pass through the origin.
= 2 = 23
= 2 = 22
lowest degree terms
= 2 22 Because square is non
negative 2 32 2 = 0 2 = 3 2
The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-ordinate = 3

axes is (0, 0) (, 0) This is the equation of tangent at origin
Asymptotes:- Point of intersection with co-ordinate axes
It has no asymptotes = 0put in equation 1
Region:- 2 (3 ) = 0
(2 2 ) 2 = 0 3 = 0
2 = (2 2 ) 2 =

= 0 , = 3
= 2 2 =
= 0 2 = 0 = 0
i.e. y is imaginary. So no part of the curve lie in the region
> = 3 4 2 = 0
The shape of the curve is shown in the following fig. = 3 2 = 0
= 3 = 0
The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-ordinate

axes is (0, 0) (3, 0)
Asymptotes:-
To find the asymptote parallel to y- axis by equating the

coefficient of highest power of y to zero
+ = = is the asymptotes
Region:-
6. Trace the curve ( + ) = ( ) W2011
Solution:-
112
2 ( 2 (3
2 (3 )
2 2/3 2/3
2 3 2 3
+ ) = ) = = ( 3 ) = (3 ) 2 = 2
+
= 4 2 = =
= 2 2 = The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-ordinate

axes is (, 0) (0, )
i.e. y is imaginary. So no part of the curve lie in the region
< > 3 Symmetry:-
The shape of the curve is shown in the following fig. the curve is symmetrical about both axes
Asymptotes:-
It has no asymptotes
Region:-
The given equation of curve can be written as

2 2 2
3 = 3 3
2
= 8 3 =
2
7. Trace the curve /
+/
= /
W2013 = 8 3 =
When = 8 = 8 then y is imaginary. So no

Solution:-
parts of the curve lie in the region
> >
2/3 2/3 2/3
+ = . .1
The rough shape of the curve is shown in the following fig.
Origin:-
. . . = 2/3 + 2/3
(. . . )(0,0) = [ 2/3 + 2/3 ](0,0)
(. . . )(0,0) = 0 . . .

therefore the given curve does not pass through the origin.
8. Trace the curve + =
2 3 2 3
2/3 2/3
= ( 3 ) = (3 ) 2 = 2 Solution:-
= The given equation of curve is
= 0put in equation 1 3 + 3 = 3
3 + 3 3 = 0 .1

113
Origin:- Asymptote is = (1) +
. . . = 3 + 3 3 Put = 1, = in term 3
(. . . )(0,0) = ( 3 + 3 3)(0,0) 2 () = 3 2 () = 3
(. . . )(0,0) = 0 = . . . To find c
The given equation of the curve satisfies origin therefore 2 () 3

= = ( ) =
the given curve pass through the origin. 3 () 3
Symmetry:- Asymptote is = (1) + + = 0
The equation of the curve remain unchanged by Region:-

interchanging x and y then the curve is symmetrical about
both does not negative the region does not lie in
the line =
third quadrant
lowest degree terms
3 = 0 = 0
= 0 , = 0
Y and X axes is the equation of tangent at origin
= 0 The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-

ordinate axes is (0, 0)
9. Trace the curve ( + ) =
To find the point of intersection with line =
Solution:-
3 + 3 3 2 = 0 2 3 3 2 = 0
2 (2 3) = 0 2 = 0, 2 3 = 0
2 (2 + 2 ) = 2 2
3 3
= 0, = = 0, =
2 2 2 (2 + 2 ) 2 2 = 0 .1
Point of intersection with curve and line = is Origin:-
3 3 . . . = 2 (2 + 2 ) 2 2
(0, 0), ( , )
2 2
(. . . )(0,0) = [ 2 (2 + 2 ) 2 2 ](0,0)
Asymptotes:-
(. . . )(0,0) = 0 = . . .
Put = 1, = in highest degree terms 3 + 3
The given equation of the curve satisfies origin therefore
3 () = 1 + 3
the given curve pass through the origin.
To find the root of 3 () = 0 3 + 1 = 0
3 = 1 = 1 lowest degree terms

114
2 2 + 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 1) The equation of curve does not changes if we replace

then the curve is symmetrical about the initial
2 2 2 2 = 0 2 = 2 = line
2) The equation of curve does not changes if we replace
= 0put in equation 1 then the curve is symmetrical about the
initial line
= 0 The points of intersection of the curve 1 with co-
ordinate axes is (0, 0) 3) In the equation of the curve the power of r is even then
it is symmetrical about the pole
Asymptotes:-
Limits:-
2 2 + 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2
1) To find the greatest value of r and see the curve lies in
= (2 2 ) 2
2 2
the circle or not
The highest degree term in 2 2) Determine the values of for which r is imaginary ( no
portion of the curve )
Equate coefficient to zero
Asymptotes:-
2 2 = 0 2 = 2 =
1
Region:- 1) Let () = be the equation of the curve then the
asymptotes is
2 2 = (2 2 ) 2
1
2 2
sin( ) =
()
2 =
2 2
Points:-
2
= 2 =
1) To find the values of r by giving the successive value to
= 3 2 =
i.e. 2 is imaginary
2) Determine the points for which tan = = 0
The region of the curve lie in < <
10. Trace the curve = ( + )S2011,S2012
Solution:-
Symmetry:-
= (1 + ) . .1
Replace
= [1 + ()]
Use formula
METHOD OF TRACING POLAR CURVES () = cos
Symmetry:- = (1 + )

115
If we replace , the equation of the curve remain The tangent is perpendicular to the initial line
unchanged hence the curve is symmetrical about the initial
3
line OX = = + = 2
2 2
Putting = 0 in equation 1
The tangent is parallel to the initial line
0 = (1 + ) 1 + = 0
To find the values of r for different values of
= 1 cos = cos
0 600 900 1200 1800
=
= (1 + ) 2 3 0
To find the slope of the tangent 2 2
= (1 + )
From the above table it is clear that increases r decreases
Differentiate both sides w. r. t.

= sin

tan = =

(1 + ) 2 cos2 2
= =

2 sin cos
2 2

= cot
2

11. Trace the curve = ( + )W2010

tan ( + ) =
2 2 2 Solution:-

= tan ( + ) Symmetry:-
2 2
= +
2 2
= (1 + ) . .1
Where is the angle between the initial line and revolving 2
line, is the angle is the angle between the revolving line Replace
and the tangent to the initial line

= [1 + ()]
Let be the angle between the initial line and the tangent 2
Use formula
= + = + +
2 2
() = cos
3
= +
2 2 = (1 + )
2
Tangents parallel or perpendicular to x-axis:-
If we replace , the equation of the curve remain
= 0 =
2 line OX

116
Putting = 0 in equation 1 3
= = + = 2
2 2

0= (1 + ) 1 + = 0
2 The tangent is parallel to the initial line
= 1 cos = cos To find the values of r for different values of
= 0 600 900 1200 1800

To find the slope of the tangent 3 0
= (1 + )
2 4 2 4
= (1 + )
2

= sin From the above table it is clear that increases r decreases
2
tan = =

2
(1 + ) 2 cos2 2
= =
2
2 sin 2 cos 2

= cot
2

tan ( + ) =
2 2 2

= tan ( + ) 12. Trace the curve = ( )
2 2
Solution:-
= +
2 2
Where is the angle between the initial line and revolving
line, is the angle is the angle between the revolving line = (1 ) . .1
Replace
Let be the angle between the initial line and the tangent
= [1 ()]

= + = + + Use formula
2 2
3 () = cos
= +
2 2 = (1 )
If we replace , the equation of the curve remain
= 0 =
2 line OX
The tangent is perpendicular to the initial line Putting = 0 in equation 1
0 = (1 ) 1 = 0
117
= 1 cos = cos 0 00 600 900 1200 1800
=0 = (1 ) 0 3 2
2 2
To find the slope of the tangent
= (1 )

= sin

tan = =

(1 ) 2 sin2 2
= =

2 sin 2 cos 2
13. Trace the curve = W2011,W2012

= tan
2
Solution:-

= tan The given equation of curve is
2
2 = 2 2 .1
=
2
Replace
Where is the angle between the initial line and revolving
line, is the angle is the angle between the revolving line 2 = 2 (2)
Use formula
() = cos

=+ =+ 2 = 2 2
2
3 If we replace , the equation of the curve remain
= unchanged hence the curve is symmetrical about the initial
2
line OX
Putting = 0 in equation 1
= 0 = 0
0 = 2 2 2 = 0

3 2 = cos ( )
= = 2
2

2 = =
The tangent is perpendicular to the initial line 2 4
To find the values of r for different values of To find the slope of the tangent
2 = 2 2

118

2 = 22 sin 2

2 2
= 2 2 =

tan = =

2
= =
2 2 2 2

=
2 2 BETA AND GAMMA
2 2

= cot 2 = ( + 2)
FUNCTIONS
2
Definition:-

= + 2
2 The beta and gamma function is defined as
Where is the angle between the initial line and revolving 1
line, is the angle is the angle between the revolving line (, ) = 1 (1 )1
and the tangent to the initial line 0
() = 1

= + = + + 2 0
2
Properties of beta gamma function:-
= + 3
2
1. Prove that (, ) = (, )
Proof:-

= 0 = We know that
2
The tangent is perpendicular to the initial line 1
(, ) = 1 (1 )1
3
= = + = 2 0
2 2 2
Use property

To find the values of r for different values of () = ( )
0 0
00 300 450 900 1800
1
2 2
= 2 0 2
(, ) = (1 )1 [1 (1 )]1
2 0
0
From the above table the value r is imaginary for 90 . The 1
curve does not exist for the values of lies in between (, ) = (1 )1 [1 1 + ]1

450 900 0

119
1 . . . = (, )
1 1
(, ) = (1 )
1
0
. . . = 1 (1 )1
1
0
(, ) = 1 (1 )1
1
0 =
1+
(, ) = (, )
. . . .
2. Prove that () = ( )( ) for all values of n
1 1
= 2
=
Proof:- (1 + ) (1 + )2
We know that 1 1
= 0 0 = 1+ =
1+ 0

() = 1 = 0 =
0
1
Use LIATE rule = 1 1 = 1+ =1
1+

1 = 1 = 0
= [ 1 ] ( ) ( )
0 0
0
1 1 1 1 1
= ( ) (1 ) [ ]
1+ 1+ (1 + )2

= [ 1 ]
0 ( 1) 2 ( )
0
0
1 1 1 1
= ( ) ( )
1+ 1+ (1 + )2

= 0 + ( 1) 2
0
() = ()

() = ( 1) (1)1
0
1 1 1
= 1 1

() = ( 1)( 1) (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )2
0
3. Prove that( + ) =
1
=
Proof:- (1 + )+2+2
0
Use result
1
. . . =
() = ( 1)( 1) (1 + )+
0
Replacing n by + 1
1
(, ) =
( + 1) = ( + 1 1)( + 1 1) (1 + )+
0
( + 1) =
Interchange m by n and n by m

4. Prove that (, ) =
(+)+ 1
(, ) =
(1 + )+
Proof:- 0

120
(, ) = (, ) 1 1
= = =

1
(, ) = = = 0
(1 + )+
0
01 1
( ) 1

() = () = + [ 2 ]
1
1 (1 + )

1 1 1
0
(, ) = 1 () 1
(1 + )+ = +
(1 + )+ 2
0 1+
1 1 ( )
+
5. Prove that (+)+
= (, )

W2006, W2008, W2013 () = ()

Solution:- 1
1 1 + 1
. . . = (, ) =
(1 + )+ 1 (1 + )+ 2
1 0

1 1
. . . = 1 1 +11+
(1 + )+ =
0 (1 + )+ +1 (1 + )+
1 0
Use property
1

1 1 +1 1
=
(1 + )+ +1 (1 + )+
() = () + () 1 0
1
1 1
c b =
(1 + )+ (1 + )+
1 0
0 < 1 <

1
1 1 () = ()
. . . = + .1
(1 + )+ (1 + )+
0 1
1
1 1
Consider =
(1 + )+ (1 + )+
1 0
1
1
(1 + )+
1
1 1
1 1 1
= . . . = +
(1 + )+ (1 + )+
0 0
. . . . 1
1 + 1
. . . =
1 1 (1 + )+
= 2 = 2 0

. . . = . . .
1
= 1 1 = = 1 +
6. Prove that = (, )S2009
(+)+

121
Solution:- 1
1 1 + 1
+
= 1 +

. . . = (, ) (1 + ) (1 + ) 2
0 1
1
1 1 1 +11+
. . . = =
(1 + )+ (1 + )+ +1 (1 + )+
0 0 1
Use property 1
1 1 +1 1
=
(1 + )+ +1 (1 + )+
0 1
() = () + ()
1

1 1
=
c b (1 + )+ (1 + )+
0 1
0 < 1 <
1 () = ()
1 1
. . . = + .1
(1 + )+ (1 + )+
0 1 1
1 1
=
Consider (1 + )+ (1 + )+
0 1
1
1 1

(1 + )+
0
1 1
. . . = +
1 (1 + )+ (1 + )+
= 1 1

1 + 1
. . . . . . . =
(1 + )+
1
1 1
= 2 = 2
. . . = . . .
1 1
= 0 0 = = = 7. Evaluate (+)+
S2013
0
1 Solution:-
= 1 1 = =1

1
1 1 =
1
() ( + )+
1 0
= + [ 2 ]
1
(1 + ) 1

= +

1 1 0 [ (1 + )]
1 1
1 () 1
+
= +
(1 + ) 1+ 2 1
(
0
) =
+

0 + (1 +

)

() = () 1 1
=
+
+
0 (1 + )

122
1 1
= =
. . . = 1 (1 )1
0
1
= 2 = sin2 = 2 sin cos

1 = 0 0 = sin2 sin = 0
=
2
= 0 = 0
1 1
= 0 0 = = = 1 1 = sin2 sin = 1
0

= 0 = = 1 =
2
1 1
= = = =0 2

= (2 )1 (1 2 )1 2 sin cos
10 0
1 ) ( 1

= + + ( )
1 2 2
(1 + )
= 22 (cos 2 )1 2
1 1
0
1 ()
1
1
= 1
+ 2 2
1+
0 ( )
= 2 sin22 cos 22
0
1 1

1
= 2
(1 + )+
0 = 2 21 21
0

1
1
= . . . = . . .
(1 + )+
0
+ +

9. Prove that = ( , )

1 1
=
(1 + )+ Solution:-
0
We know that
Interchange m and n

2
1
1
= 2 sin21 cos 21 = (, )
(1 + )+
0 0
1
= (, ) 2
1
sin21 cos 21 = (, )
2
8. Prove that 0

2 1 = 2 1 =
= (, )S2005
2 = + 1 2 = + 1
:
+1 +1
. . . = (, ) = =
2 2

123

2
1 +1 +1 1 =

= (
, )
2 2 2 0
0
=
TRANSFORMATION OF GAMMA FUNCTION

10. Prove that
= 1

0
=

= 1
Proof:- 0

Multiply both sides by 1
1
() =

0
1
= 1 1
= = 0
= 0 0 = = 0
1 = +1 (1+) 1
= = = 0

Integrating both sides w. r. t. z between limits 0
() = ()1

0

[ 1 ]
0
() = 1 1
0 = [ +1 (1+) ] 1
0 0
1
() = +1
(1 + )
0 = [ [ ] (1+) ] 1
1+
0 0
() = 1
(1+) [ (1 + )]+1
0 = [ ] 1
(1 + )+1
0 0
1

=
(1 + ) = = =
0
1+ 1+

+1
1 = = [ ] 1
(1 + )+1 1 +
0
0 0
RELATION BETWEEN BETA AND GAMMA FUNCTION

1
= [ +1 ]
11. Prove that (, ) =
+ (1 + )+
(+) 0 0

Proof:- 1
= ( + )
(1 + )+
We know that 0

124
1 1 1
1 = ( ) ( 1) ( 1)
= ( + ) 2 2 2
(1 + )+
0
1 3 3
= ( ) ( ) ( )
= ( + ) (, ) 2 2 2
+ 1 3 5 5
(, ) = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( + ) 2 2 2 2

1 3 5 31 1
12. Prove that ( ) = W2012 = ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 22 2
1 2 1 2 3 2 5 31 1
1 1 =( )( )( )
. . . = (log ) 2 2 2 22 2

0
1 (2 1)(2 3)(2 5) . .3.1
( + ) =
= = 2 2
= 0 0 = log 0 = log 1
2 ( + 2)
= 1.3.5 . (2 1)
= 0 =
= 1 1 = log 1 = log 1
2 ( + 2)
1.3.5 . (2 1) =
= 1 = 0

0
1 1 14. Evaluate ( + )+ W2012
. . . = (log ) ( )

Solution:-

(log )1 2
. . . = 21 21
0 =
( 2 + 2 )+
0

. . . = ( log )1 2
0 21 21
= +
2
0 + (sin2 )+ (1 + )
sin2
. . . = 1 log = 1

0
2
1 21 21
. . . = = +
+ 2
0 sin2+2 (1 + )

(+ ) sin2

13. Prove that . . . ( ) =

2
S2008 1 sin2 sin1 cos 21
= +
+

0 sin2 sin2 (1 + cot 2 )
Solution:-

1 1 1 2
( + ) = ( + 1) ( + 1) 1 21
2 2 2 =
+ +

( + 1) = 0 sin2 sin21 (1 + cot 2 )

1 1 1
( + ) = ( ) ( )
2 2 2

125

2
21 2

1 cot cos =
= +
+ 0
0 (1 + cot 2 )

= log = log

2
1 cot 22 cot 2 log = log log =
= +
+
1
0 (1 + cot 2 )
log = =
log

2
1 cot 2(1) cot 2 = 0 = 0
= +
+

0 (1 + cot 2 ) = =

2 ( ) 1
(cot 2 )1 cot 2 log
1 =
= +
+
0
0 (1 + cot 2 )

1
2
1 =
( cot 2 )
1 cot 2 (log )+1
= + + 0
2
0 (1 + cot )
1
= +11
(log )+1
1
1 2 0
( ) ( cot 2 ) cot 2

= +
+ ( + 1)
=
0 (1 + cot 2 ) (log )+1
2
cot 2 = cot ( 2 ) = 16. Evaluate S2009

Solution:-
cot 2 =
2
= 0 = = 4
0
= = 0
1
1 0 = 4
( ) 1
= + +
( ) 0
(1 + ) 2

1 1/2
= ( 2 )
1
1 0
=
2 (1 + )+

0
1/2
= ()
1
= (, ) 0
2

1
15. Evaluate S2013 = = = 2
2
Solution:- = 0 = 0
= =

126

1 1
= 2 2 = 4 3
4
0 0

3/2
1
= 2 = 4 41
4
0 0
1
5
= 4
= 2 21 44
0
1
= 321
5 16 16
= 2 ( )
2
3
=
3 1 3 128
= 2 =
2 2 2

18. Prove that |
|( + ) = |

S2006

17. Evaluate ( )
Solution:-
W2005,S2007,W2007,W2012
We know that
Solution:-

2
1 1 +1 +1
= ( , )
= ( )3 2 2 2
0
0
1 =
= 3 ( )3
2
0 1 +1 +1
( , ) =
log = = = 2 2 2
0
= 0 =
2
1 +1 +1
= 1 = 0 ( , ) = (sin cos )
2 2 2
0
0

= 3 ()3 ( ) 2

1 +1 +1 2 sin cos
( , ) = ( )
2 2 2 2
0
4 3
=
2
0 1 +1 +1 1
( , ) = sin 2
1 2 2 2 2
4 = = 0
4
1
= 0 = 0 2 = 2 = =
2
= = = 0 = 0

31 = =
= ( ) 2
4 4
0

127

1 +1 +1 1 1 19. Prove that ( + )
= ( , ) and hence Evaluate
( , ) = sin
2 2 2 2 2 S2012
0

1 +1 +1 1 Solution:-
( , ) = +1 sin
2 2 2 2
0
. . =
Use property ( + )
0
2 1
() =
() = [() + (2 )] ( + )
0 0

2
1 +1 +1 1 1
( , ) = +1 [sin + sin ( )] () = = ()
2 2 2 2 ( + )
0
1
() = ( + )is an even function
2
1 +1 +1 1
( , ) = +1 [sin + sin ]
2 2 2 2
0

2 () = 2 ()
1 +1 +1 1
( , ) = +1 2 sin 0
2 2 2 2
0
1
() = ()
2 2
1 +1 +1 2 0
( , ) = +1 sin
2 2 2 2
0 1
. . =
2 ( + )
2
1 +1 +1 1
( , ) = sin cos0
2 2 2 2
0

1 +1 +1 1 1 +1 0+1 1
. . =
2
(
2
,
2
) = (
2 2 2
,
2
) 2 1
( + )
+1 +1 1 +1 1
( , ) = ( , ) 1
2 2 2 2 2
. . = 2
2 ( + 1)
+1
= + 1 = 2 = 2 1
2
1 ( 2 )2
1 1 . . = 2
(, ) = (, ) 2 ( + 1)
221 2
1
| |
|2 2 = 2 2 = =
| 1 2
= 21

| + 2
1
| + 2 = = 0

1 = =

|
|( + ) = 21 |2
2 2

128
/2 1 S2011, W2012, S2013

1 2
. . =
2 ( + 1) Solution:-
0

1 2 1
. . = . . . = ( ) ( )
4 (1 + )2+2
0
1
. . = ( , )
4 2 2 . . . = ( ) ( + )

. . = . . .

Evaluate . . . = ( ) [( ) ( )]

8
sech = ( ) = ( )
0
= = 0

1
= ( , ) = = 1
(
+ ) 4 2 2
0
1
= [( )] [( ) ( )] ( )
0
+
= cosh 1
2
= ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( )
+ = 2 cosh
0

1 1
= ( , ) ++1
(2 ) 4 2 2 = ( ) (1 )
0
0
= 8
. . . = ( )++1 ( + 1, + 1)

1 8 8
= ( , )
(2 )8 4 2 2 ( ) ( ) = ( )++1 ( + 1, + 1)
0

1 1

8
8
= (4 ,4) 21. Prove that = | | = W2011
2 cosh 4
0

2 2
|4|4 sin
sech8 = 26 2 tan = 2

|4 +4 cos
0 0 0

8
3! 3! 166
2 1
sech = 2 = sin2
7! 35 = 2 1
0
0 cos 2
20. Prove that
2
1 1
( ) ( ) = 2 sin2 cos2
0
= ( )++ ( + , + )

129
1 1
1
= 2 ( 2 + 1 2 + 1
, ) 6
2 2 2
3 1
= ( , )
REDUCTION FROMULA AND
4 4

RECTIFICATION
2 3 1
|4 |4 3 1
2 = =| | A formula which gives the relation between the integral and

3 1 4 4
0 |4 + 4 a simpler form is called as reduction formula. We use rules
of integration by parts to obtain the reduction formula

( 1) = 0 < < 1
sin 1. Prove that = +

2
Solution:-
2 = = 1 = 2
0
4
2 = sin
= sin1 sin

= 1 sin [ (1 ) sin ]

= cos 1
( 1) sin2 cos ( cos )
= cos 1 + ( 1) 2 cos2
= cos 1
+( 1) 2 (1 sin2 )
= cos 1
+( 1) 2 ( 1) sin
= 1 + ( 1)2 ( 1)
+ ( 1) = 1 + ( 1)2
= 1 + ( 1)2
1 ( 1)
= + 2

Reduction formula for sine function in definite integral

130
/2 /2

( 1) ( 3) 31
= = .. 0
2 42
0 0
/2 /2
( 1) ( 3) 31
= 1 sin = .. 1
2 42
0 0
/2 ( 1) ( 3) 31
= [1 sin ] = ..
0
2 422
/2
( 1) ( 3) 42
[ (1 ) ] = ..
2 53 1
0
/2
1 /2 ( 1) ( 3) 42
= [ cos ]0 = .. sin
2 53
0
/2

( 1) 2 cos ( cos ) ( 1) ( 3) 42
= .. [ cos ]02
0 2 53
/2 ( 1) ( 3) 42
= .. 1
= 0 + ( 1) 2 2
cos 2 53
0
2. Prove that =
+

/2
= ( 1) 2 (1 sin2 ) Proof:-
0
/2 /2 = cos
= ( 1) 2 ( 1)
0 0 = cos 1 cos
= ( 1)2 ( 1)

= 1 cos [ ( 1 ) cos ]
+ ( 1) = ( 1)2
= ( 1)2 = sin 1
( 1) ( 1) cos2 sin sin

= 2 1

2 = 1 + ( 1) 2 sin2
( 2 1)
2 = 22 = 1
2
( 3) +( 1) 2 (1 cos 2 )
2 =
2 4
1 = 1
( 1) ( 3) +( 1) 2 ( 1) cos
=
2 4
( 1) ( 3) 31 = 1 + ( 1)2 ( 1)
= ..
2 42 0
131
+ ( 1) = 1 + ( 1)2 ( 3)
2 =
2 4
= 1 + ( 1)2
1
1 ( 1)
= + 2 ( 1) ( 3)
=
2 4
Reduction formula for sine function in definite integral
( 1) ( 3) 31
= ..
/2
2 42 0
= /2
0 ( 1) ( 3) 31
= .. 0
/2 2 42
0
= 1 cos /2
0 ( 1) ( 3) 31
= .. 1
/2 2 42
0
= [ 1 cos ]
0 ( 1) ( 3) 31
/2 = ..
2 422
[ ( 1 ) cos ]
( 1) ( 3) 42
0
= ..
2 53 1
/2
= [ 1 ]0
/2
( 1) ( 3) 42
2 = .. cos
2 53
0
( 1) 2 sin sin

0 ( 1) ( 3) 42
= .. [sin ]02
/2 2 53
= 0 + ( 1) 2 sin2 ( 1) ( 3) 42
= .. 1
0 2 53
/2 REDUCTION FORMULA FOR
= ( 1) 2 (1 cos2 )

0 3. Prove that =

/2 /2
Solution:-
= ( 1) 2 ( 1)
0 0
= 2 tan2
= ( 1)2 ( 1)
+ ( 1) = ( 1)2 = 2 (sec 2 1)
= ( 1)2
= 2 sec 2 2
( 1)
= 2 1
= 2 sec 2
2
( 2) tan3 sec 2
( 2 1)
2 = 22 2
2

132
= 2 tan = [2 ]0
/4

4
2 2 2
( 2) tan (1 + tan )
( 2) 2 (1 + 2 )
0
= 1
4
( 2) tan2 ( 2) tan 2
0
2

4 4
= 1 ( 2) tan2 ( 2) tan
1 2
+ ( 2) = ( 1)
0 0

4
( 1) = 1 ( 1) 2 2
0
1
= 2 4
1

= 1 ( 1) 2 ( 2)

4. If = then prove that

0
( + + ) = . Hence prove that + ( 2) = 1 ( 1)2
( 1) + ( 1)2 = 1
( ) = ( ) S2011
( 1)( + 2 ) = 1
:
Replace + 1

4
= (+1 + 1 ) = 1
0

4 = 5 (22 2 )3
= 2 2 0
0

= 2 sin = 2 cos
4
= 2 ( 2 1) = 0 = 0
0

4 4
= =
= 2 2 2 4
0 0
4
5
2 2
4 = (2 ) (22 22 sin2 )3 2
= [ sec ]
0 0

4 /4
( 2) 3 2
sec tan sin5
= 86 cos
0
(22 22 2 )3
0

4
/4
2 sin5
= 86 cos
0 86 (1 2 )3
0

133
/4
sin5 ( 2) tan2 (1 + tan2 ) 2
= cos
cos6
0
= 1
/4
= tan5
0
( 2) tan2 ( 2) tan
/4
/4 2
4
5 = [ ] 3
4 0
0
+ ( 2)
/4
1 2 4 = 1 ( 1) 2
5 = [ ] + tan
4 2 0
0
1 1 ( 1) = 1 ( 1) 2
/4
5 = + [log|sec |]0
4 2
1
1 2 = 2
5 = + [|2| log(1)] 1
4 4

1 /4 4
5 = + log 21/2 4 1
4 = [ ] 2
0 1 0
0
1 1
5 = [log 2 ] 1 1
2 2
= 2 + 2 =

1 1
1 1
5 (22 2 )3 = [ 2 ]
0 2 2 6. Evaluate S2011

5. If = then prove that Solution:-
Let
+ =

Solution:- = 5 4 . .1
0
tan = 2 tan2 Apply property

2 (sec 2
= 1) () = ( )
0 0
= 2 sec 2 2
= ( ) 5( ) 4 ( )
0
= 2 sec 2
sin( ) = sin , cos( ) = cos
( 2) tan3 sec 2

2
= ( ) 5 4 . .2
0
= 2 tan 1 + 2

134

() = ()4 2()6 + ()8
2 = 5 4
0 () = 4 2 6 + 8 = ()

()
+ ( ) 5 4
0 By even and odd functions property
1
5 4 5 4
2 = + 2 = 2 ( 4 2 6 + 8 )
0 0 0

1
5 4 5 2 7 8
= [ + ]
0 5 7 8 0

1 2 1 11
2 = 5 4 = [ + ] =
5 7 8 280
0
REDUCTION FORMULA FOR

2 = 5 4 7. Prove that
0

= +
2 = 4 sin 4
0
Proof:-

2 = (2 )2 sin 4 =
0

= 2 sec 2
2 2 4
2 = (1 cos ) sin
0
= 2 2

2 = (1 2 cos2 + cos4 ) sin 4 [ ( 2 ) sec 2 ]
0

= 2 tan
2 = (cos4 2 cos6 + cos 8 ) sin
0 ( 2) 3 2
cos = sin = sin =

= 2 tan
= 0 = 1 , = = 1
( 2) 3 (sec 2 1)
1
2 = ( 4 2 6 + 8 )()
= 2 tan
1
1 ( 2) + ( 2) 2
2 = ( 4 2 6 + 8 )
1 = 2
() = 4 2 6 + 8
( 2) + ( 2) 2

135
2
+ ( 2) = 2 + ( 2) 2 ( 1) = (2) + ( 2)2
2
2 2
(2) ( 2)
( 1) = + ( 2) = +
1 ( 1) 2
2 ( 2) 5
= + 2
1 ( 1) 3
(2) 3
/ 5 = + 3
8. If = Prove that 4 4
3 1
() () (2) 3 (2) 1
=
+ and
()
hence Evaluate 5 = + [ + 1 ]
4 4 2 2
/4
3

(2) 32 3
5 = + + sec
4 4 8 8
0
=
3
0 (2) 32 3 /4
5 = + + [log|sec + tan |]0
4 8 8
4
3
= 2 sec 2 (2) 32 3
0
5 = + + log(2 + 1)
4 8 8
/4

= [ 2 2 ] 9. Prove that = S20013
+
0
/4
Solution:-
[ ( 2 ) 2 ]

0 2
=
= [ 2 ]04 0
/4 /2
= [ cos ]
( 2) 3 2 0
0 /2

2 [ ( ) cos ]
= (2)
0
/4
/2
( 2) 3 2
( 1) =[ ]
0
0

2 2
= (2) sin
1 sin

0
4 /4
/2
( 2) + ( 2) 2
0 0 = 0 + 1 sin sin
2 0
= (2) ( 2) + ( 2)2
cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin
2
+ ( 2) = (2) + ( 2)2 sin sin = cos( 1)

136
/2
= 1 {( 1) } = sin
0 0

/2

1 = [sin ] [ (sin ) ]
= ( 1) 0
0
0
/2
1 = [sin ( )]
0 [ sin
1
cos ( )]
0 0
/2 /2
= 1 ( 1) = 0 + 1
0 0 0

= 1
= 1 ( )
2 = 1 0
1
= 1 = {[1 cos ]
2 0

1
= 1 1 = 0 [ (1 ) cos ] }
2
0
1 11
= 2 2 = 1 2 =
2 22 0
1 111
= 3 3 = 2 3 = =
2 222 0
.
= cos ( ) sin ( )
.
= cos sin
.
111 .1
= 0 = + sin + cos
222 2

2
= + sin
111 .1
= cos0 cos 0 2 = (sin cos )
222 2
0

= ( )
2 2
1 1
= 1 = = +1
2 2 2 2 1

0 = [ ( )]
2 0

10. If = ( ) then prove that

( + ) = ( ) [( 1) 2 ( )]
2
0
S2009, W2012, S2013, W2013
Solution:-

137
/4
( 1) = [21 sin ]
= 0 [1
2 0
0 /4
2 2 ]
[ (21 ) ]

0
( 1)
= [1 /4
2 = [ cos 21 ]0
0
2 (1 sin2 )] /4
( 1)
(2 1) 22 cos ( cos )
= [1 2 0
2
0
+ sin ] 1 1 21
= [ ( ) + 0]

2 2
( 1)
= 1 /4
2
0

+(2 1) 22 cos2
( 1) 0
+ 2
2
0 11 21
= ( )
( 1) 2 2
sin
2 /4
0
( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1) +(2 1) 22 (1 sin2 )
= + 2 0
2 2 2
/2
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 21
1 1
[1 + + ]= 2 = ( ) + (2 1) 22
2 2 2 2 2
0
2 /2
2+1+ ( 1)
( ) = 2 (2 1) 2
2 2
0
(1 + 2 ) = ( 1)2
1 1
= 1 21 + (2 1)2 (2 1)
/
11. If = prove that 22 2 2
1
= ( ) + S2012 = + (2 1)2 (2 1)
2
Solution:- 1
+ (2 1) = + (2 1)2
2
/4
= sin2 1
(1 + 2 1) = (2 1)2
0
2
/4 1
2 = (2 1)2
2
= sin21 sin
0 2 1 1
= ( ) 2
2 2 2
1 1
= (1 ) 2
2 2+1
12. If (,) = ( ) then prove that

138
+
(,) = ( ) S2008 +(2 1) 22 (2 1) cos2
+ + (,)
Solution:- = 21 + (2 1)2 (2 1)
(,) = (log ) + (2 1) = 21 + (2 1)2
2 = 2 sin1 + (2 1)2
1
= ( ) [( )1 ]
2 (2 1)
= + 2
+1 1 +1 2 sin 2
= ( ) ( )1
+1 +1 2 1
= + (1 ) 2
2 2
+1
= ( ) ( )1
+1 +1
14. If = Prove that
+1
= ( ) ( )1 = +

Evaluate S2007
+1 +1
+1 Solution:-
(,) = ( )
+1 + 1 (,1)
2
13. Prove that
= cos
0
= + ( )

2
Where = W2006 = cos 1 cos
0
Solution:-

2
= 2 = ( ) cos1
0
21
= cos
2
= [ 1 cos ]
= 21 cos 0

2
[ ( 21 ) cos ]
+ (
0
= sin 21
1) [ 2 (sin ) cos ]
(2 1) cos22 sin sin
Consider
= 21 + (2 1) 22 sin2 cos
= 21
= sin sin
+(2 1) 22 (1 cos 2 )
= + cos
21
=

= [ 1 ( + )]02
139
3 3 1
2 4 = 0
8 16 16
+( 1) 2 sin ( + )
0 0
/2
2
2 2
= 1 + ( 1) sin
= cos
0
/2 0
+ ( 1) cos 1 sin
2
0
0 = cos 0
/2 0
2 2
= 1 + ( 1) (1 cos )
2
0
/2 0 = 1
1
+ ( 1) 0
0

2 2 2
2
0 = [ ] =
2 0 8
= 1 + ( 1) 2
0 3 2 3 1 3 2 1
4 = =
8 8 16 16 64 4
/2 /2
( 1) cosn + ( 1) 1 15. If (, ) = ( ) show that

0 0
+ ( )
(, ) = + (, )
= 1 + ( 1)2 ( 1) ++ ++
/2
cos W2005
+ ( 1) ( )

0 Solution:-
= 1 + ( 1)2 ( 1)
/2 (, ) = (1 )
+ ( 1) [ ]
0
(, ) = (1 )
1
+ ( 1) = 1 + ( 1)2 + ( 1) (0 + )
(1 ) ]
[

1
= 1 + ( 1)2 + 1

1 1 +1 +1
= ( ) 2 2 (, ) = (1 ) (1 )1 (1)
+1 +1
= 4
41 1
4 = ( ) 42 2 +1
4 4 (, ) = (1 ) + (1 )1 +1
+1 +1
3 1
4 = 2 2 +1
4 4 (, ) = (1 ) + (1 )1
+1 +1
3 1 1 1
4 = ( 0 2 ) 2
4 2 2 4

140
+1
(, ) = (1 ) = 1 cos
+1

+ (1 )1 ( + 1 1) + ( 1) [ 2 ( ) ]
+1
+1 Consider
(, ) = (1 )
+1
cos

+ (1 )1 [1 (1 )]
+1
= sin sin
+1

(, ) = (1 )
+1
= + cos

+ (1 )1 (1 )
+1 +1
= 1 ( + )
+1
(, ) = (1 ) + (, 1)
+1 +1 +( 1) [ 2 ( )( + )]

(, )
+1
= 1 ( + )

(, ) + (, )
+1 +( 1) sin2 2
+1
= (1 ) + (, 1)
+1 +1 + ( 1) sin cos1
( + + 1)
(, ) = 1 ( + )
+1
+1
= (1 ) + (, 1) +( 1) (1 cos 2 ) 2
+1 +1
( + + 1) (, ) = +1 (1 ) + (, 1) + ( 1) sin cos1
= 1 ( + )
+1
(, ) = (1 ) + (, 1) +( 1) 2 ( 1) cos
++1 ++1
( + ) + ( 1) sin cos1
16. Prove that =
( ) ( ) = 1 ( + )
+ +

+( 1)2 ( 1) + ( 1) sin cos 1
Solution:-
+ ( 1) = 1 ( + )
=
+( 1)2 + ( 1) sin cos1

= 1
= 1 ( + )
= ( cos ) cos1
+( 1)2 + ( 1) 1

141

1 ( + ) 5 ( sin + cos ) 1 1

= = {[ ] + 0 + sin cos }
8 2 2 2
0 0
( 1) ( 1)
+ 2 + 1 5
+ 3
8
0

17. Prove that =
W2011 5
+ 5
6
Solution:- 0

We know that 5 1 5
= + + 3
16 2 8
1 ( + ) 0 0 0
=
5
+ 5
6
( 1) ( 1) 0
+ 2 + 1

cos =
Put n = 6
sin = sin =

6
61 ( + ) = 0 = 1
= [ ]
6 0
0
= = 1

(6 1) (6 1) 1 1
+ 62 + sin 61 5 1 5
6 6 = + () + 3 ()
0 16 2 8
0 1 1
1
1 1 5
6 = ( ) + 5 ()
6 6 6
0 1
1 1 1
5 5 5 1 5 5
+ 4 + 61 = + + 3 + 5
6 6 16 2 8 6
0 0 1 1 1
= 1 1 1
5 2 1 2 5 4 5 6
= [ ] + [ ] + [ ] + [ ]
16 2 0 2 2 1 8 4 1 6 6 1
5 3 ( + ) 3
{[ ] + 2
6 4 0
4 5 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1
= + ( )+ ( )+ ( )
3 16 2 2 2 8 4 4 6 6 6
+ 3 }
4
0 5 2
6 =
5 16
+ 5 0
6
0

18. Evaluate (+ )/
S2009
Solution:-
5 5
6 = 2 + 3
8 8 2
0 0 =
(1 + 6 )7/2
5 0
+ sin cos5
6
0

142

2
=
[1 + ( 3 )2 ]7/2
RECTIFICATION
0
The process of finding the length of arc of the curve

3 = 3 2 = 2 = between the two given points is called as rectification.
3
= 0 = 0 The equation of the curve is in three different forms
= = i. Cartesian form
ii. Parametric form

= 3
[1 + 2 ]7/2 iii. Polar from
0
Cartesian Form:-
1
=
3 [1 + 2 ]7/2 Let s be the length of the arc of curve = ()
0
= tan = sec 2 By differential calculus
= 0 = 0
2

= 1+( )

= =
2
Integrating within limit = =
/2
2
1 sec
= = =
3 [1 + tan2 ]7/2 2
0 = 1 + ( )

/2 = =
1 sec 2
= =
3 (sec 2 )7/2 2
0
= 1 + ( )

/2 =
2
1 sec
= Similarly
3 sec 7
0
=
/2 2
1 1 = 1 + ( )
=
=
3 sec 4
0
Polar From
/2
1
= cos4 The equation of the curve is given in polar form = ()
3
0
Let s be the arc length in the direction of increasing
131
=
3422 2
= 2 + ( )

=
16
Integrating within the limit = 1 = 2
=2 =2
2
= 2 + ( )

=1 =1

143
=2 9
2 =
= 2
+ ( ) 16

=1 9 3
Point of intersections is (0, 0) (16 ,2
)
Similarly
=2
2
= 1 + ( )

=1
Parametric From
Let = () , = () be the equation of the curve in the

parametric form then the arc length s is the function of t
2 2 3
= ( ) + ( ) From fig y changes from = 0 = 2

=3/2
2
2 2 = 1 + ( )
= ( ) + ( )
=0
Integrating both sides within the limit = 1 = 2 1 2

2 = 4 =
4
=2
2 2 1 1
= ( ) + ( ) = 2 =
4 2
=1
=3/2
2
19. Find the length of arc of the parabola = 1
1 + ( )
=
2
a. cut off by the line = S2006 =0
=3/2
b. from the vertex to an extremity of latus rectum 42 + 2
=
42
c. cut off by the latus rectum =0
Solution:- =3/2
1
= 2 + (2)2
a. The given equation of parabola is 2 = 4 2
=0
To find the point of intersection of given parabola and line Apply

3 = 8
2
3 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + log | + 2 + 2 | +
= 2 2
8
3
3 3 1 42 2
= 4 ( ) 2 = 0
2
= 2 2
[ + (2) + log | + 2 + (2)2 |]
8 2 2 2 2 0
3 3
( ) = 0 = 0, =
2 2
= 0 = 0
3 9
= 2 = 4
2 4
144
1 42
1 3 92 42 3 92 = 2 2
{ 4 + 4 + log |2 + 42 + 42 | 0
= { + 42 + log | + + 42 | 0 2 2
2 4 4 2 2 4
42
log 42 + 42 }
42 2
log 2}
2
= {2 + log|2 + 22| log|22|}
1 152 2 + 22
= { + 22 log 4 22 log 2} = {2 + log | |}
2 8 22
1 152 1
= { + 22 (log 4 log 2)} = {2 + log |1 + |}
2 8 2
1 152 4 c. To find the length of arc cut off by the latus rectum
= { + 22 log ( )}
2 8 2
Length of arc cut off by latus rectum =2(length of arc OA)
15 15
= + log 2 = (log 2 + ) Length of arc cut off by latus rectum
16 16
1
b. To find the length of the arc from the vertex to an =2 {2 + log |1 + |}
2
extremity of latus rectum
20. Show that the whole length of the cardioid
Co-ordinate of focus = (, 0) = ( + )is 8a W2011, W2012, S2013
2 = 4() = 2 Solution:-
Point A lies in the first quadrant = (, 2)
For length of arc OA
= 0 = 2
=2
2
1
= 1 + ( )
2
=0
=2
42 + 2
= From fig = 0 = (1 + cos 0) = 2
42
=0
= = (1 + ) = 0
=2
1
= 2 + (2)2 Co-ordinate of intersection of cardioid is (0, ), (2, 0)
2
=0
changes from 0
Apply
2
2 Length of upper half of cardioid= 0 2 + ()

2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + log | + 2 + 2 | +
2 2
= (1 + cos )
2
1 42
= [ 2 + (2)2 + log | + 2 + (2)2 |] = asin
2 2 2 0

145

= ( )
= [(1 + )]2 + ( )2
0

= sin +

= 2 (1 + 2 cos + cos 2 ) + 2 sin2

0 = ( )

= 2 + 22 cos + 2 cos 2 + 2 2
= ( + )
0

2 2
Length of arc of curve = 02 ( ) + ( )
= 2 + 22 cos + 2
0
2

= [ ( )]2 + [ ( + )]2
= 22 + 22 cos
0
0

2
= 22 (1 + ) cos2 2 sin cos + sin2
= 2 ( )
+ 2 2 + 2
0 0

1 + = 2 cos2 2
2
= 1 + 1

0

= 22 (2 2 )
2
0 2
= 2
0
= 2 cos
2
0 /2
= 2[ ]0

= 2 [2 sin ] = 2( /2 0 )
2 0
= 2( /2 1)
= 4 (sin sin 0)
2

= 4 22. Trace the curve = ( ) and show that the
length of the loop of the curve is W2008
Length of upper half of cardioid=4a
Solution:-
Length of whole cardioid = 2 4 = 8
21. For the curve = , = show that the

length of the arc from = =
is (/ ) 1 2
2 = (1 )
S2005, W2013 3
Solution:- This equation of curve do not contain the constant term

therefore the curve represented by the given equation
The given parametric equations of curve is passing through the origin
= , = To find the point of intersection of the curve with the co-

ordinate axes
146
1 2 =3
= 0 (1 ) = 0 2
3 = 1 + ( )

=0
1 2 1 1
(1 ) = 0 1 = 0 = 1 =3
3 3 3 1 2
= 1 + [ ]
=3 2
=0
The given curve intersect in points (0,0) (3,0) as =3

shown in the following fig 4 + 1 2 + 2
=
4
=0
=3
1 ( + 1)2
=
2
=0
3
1 +1
=
2
0
3
1 1
= ( + )
2
0
= 0 = 3
3 3
1 2 1 1
2
= (1 ) = 1/2 +
3 2 2
0 0
Differentiate both sides w. r. t. 3 3

1 2 3
= [ ] + []0
1 1 1 2 2 3
2 = 2 (1 ) ( ) + (1 ) 2 0
3 3 3
1
1 1 1 1 2 = 33 + 3 = 23
= (1 ) ( ) + (1 ) 3
3 3 2 3
1 1 1 Length of whole loop = 2 23 = 43
= (1 ) [ + (1 )]
3 3 2 3
23. Show that length of an arc of the curve = from
1 1 1 vertex to the point whose abscissa is b is
= (1 ) ( + )
3 3 2 6

1 1 ( + )/

(1 3 ) ( 2 + 2)
=
Solution:-
1 1
(1 3 ) ( 2 + 2) The given equation of curve is
=
1
(1 3 ) 2 = 3
1 This equation of curve do not contain the constant term

=
2 therefore the curve represented by the given equation
passing through the origin
Length of upper half of loop is
(, )be a point on the curve whose abscissa is b
. . =

147
24. Find the total length of curve / + / = /
S2013
Solution:-
2/3 + 2/3 = 2/3
The parametric equation is
= cos 3 = sin3
2 = 3

. . . = 3 cos 2 sin

2 = 3 2 = 3 sin2 cos

3 2 The nature of the curve is shown in the following fig.
=
2
3 2
=
2
3
=
2
Required length of arc
=
2
3
= 1 + ( )
2
=0

= From fig changes from = 0 = 2
9
= 1 +
4 /2 2 2
=0 Length of curve AB= 0 ( ) + ()

1/2
9 /2
= (1 + )
4 = (3 2 )2 + (3 2 )2
0
0
3/2
9 /2
(1 + )
=[ 4 ]
9 3 = (3 2 )2 + (3 2 )2

4 2 0 0
3/2 /2
8 9
= {(1 + ) 1} = 92 sin2 cos2 (cos2 + sin2 )
27 4
0
8 (4 + 9)3/2 /2
= { 1}
27 8 3/2
= 3 sin cos
1 8 0
= (4 + 9)3/2
27 27

148
/2
3
= 2 = 2 2 cos 2
2 2
0
/2
3
= sin 2 = 2 cos
2 2

0

3 cos 2 /2 = 2 [2 sin ]
= [ ] 2
2 2 0

3 = 4 [sin sin ( )]
= [ cos + cos 0] 2 2
4
= 4(1 + 1) = 8
3
=
2 26. Find the length of the cardioide = ( ) lying
Total length of curve =4AB outside the circle = S2009, S2012
3 Solution:-
=4 = 6
2
The given equation in polar form is
Total length of curve = 6
= (1 ) = cos
25. Find the length of the cycloid
= (1 )
= ( + ) , = ( )between two
cos = 1 cos
consecutive cusps S2008
1
: 2 = 1 cos =
2
The given equation of cycloid is
cos = cos =
3 3
= ( + sin ) , = (1 cos )

= (1 + cos )

= sin

2 2
Required length= () + ()
= [(1 + )]2 + ( )2

3

= 2 (1 + 2 cos + cos 2 + sin2 ) Length of upper half curve

2

= 2 + ( )

= 2 1 + cos /3


149

= (1 cos ), = sin
= 2 (1 cos )2 + ( sin )2
/3
2
= [(1 )]2 + ( )2
= 1 2 cos + cos 2 + sin2 0
/3
2
= 1 2 cos + cos 2 + sin2
= 2 2 cos 0
/3 2
= 2 1 cos
= 2 1 cos 0
/3
2

= 2 2 sin2
2
= 2 2 sin2 0
2
/3
2
= 2 [2 cos ]
20

= 2 sin
2 = 4(1 1) = 8
/3
28. Find the length of the curve

= 2 [2 cos ]
2 /3
= () From (, ) to any point

= 4 (cos cos ) S2007
2 6
3 Solution:-
= 4 (0 ) = 23
2
Let ( , ) be any point on the given curve
Length of whole curve = 2 length of upper half curve
changes from
= 2 23 = 43
Required length is
27. Find the length of an arch of the cycloid
2
= ( ), = ( ) = 1 + ( )

Solution:-

4 = 2 22 ( ) 2
The parameter t changes from 0 2
. .
Required length of arch is
11
2
2 2 4 = 2 22 0

= ( ) + ( )

0
22
4 = 2
The given equations in parametric form is
= ( sin ), = (1 cos ) 1 2 2
= = ( )
2 2 2
Differentiate both sides w. r. t. t

150

2 (sin2 + cos 2 ) = () sin + () cos
1 2 2
= 1 + [ ( )]
2 = () + ()


1 ( 4 22 2 + 4 )
= 1 +
4 2 2
= () + () ()

+ ()
42 2 + 4 22 2 + 4
=
42 2
= [ () + ()]

4 + 22 2 + 4 Multiply equation 1 by cos and equation 2 by sin and
=
42 2 subtract we get

(2 + 2 ) = () ()
( 2 + 2 )2
=
42 2 = () ()


2 + 2
=
2 = () + () ()

()
1 1
= [ + 2 ]
2a = () ()

1 2
=

[ ] + [log ] = [ () + ()]
2 2 2
Required length is
1 2 2
= ( ) + (log log )
2 2 2 2
2 2
= ( ) + ( )
1 2 2
= ( ) + log
2 2 2 2
{[ () + ()] }2 +
1 2 2 =
= ( + 2 log ) {[ () + ()] }2
2 2 2
29. Show that the length of the curve = [ () + ()]2 (sin2 + cos 2 )
+ = () , = ()is
given by = () + () + Where c is integrating = [ () + ()]
constant W2007
= () + () +
sin + cos = () .1
cos sin = () . .2
Solve equation 1 and 2 for x and y
Multiply equation 1 by sin and equation 2 by cos and

add we get

151
double integral of (, ) over the region R and is

7 denoted by (, )

DOUBLE INTEGRATION
( , ) = (, )

0 =1
The integration contains more than one variable. This leads

us to two generalizations of definite integral namely double 1. Evaluate the integral ++ over the area
integral and triple integral evaluating quantities such as
the first quadrant of the circle + =
area and volume in engineering mathematics
W2004
Let be the area bounded by the function = () and
the lines = , = and x-axis Solution:-

= ()

Evaluating this integral by using the limit of sum method
We divide the interval [, ] into nth sub interval each of

length h at the points
, + , + 2, . . , + =

+ = = =

1 2 2
Let =
, 0 1+ 2 + 2
Similarly in double integral let a bounded function (, ) of 1 ( 2 + 2 )

two independent variables are defined in a closed =
1 + ( 2 + 2 )
region R in xy-plane.
Put = , = sin
We divide the region R into nth rectangle by drawing the
lines parallel to co-ordinate axes 2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2
= 1 + 2 + 3 + + 2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )
(1 , 1 )be a point in rectangle 1 of area 1 2 + 2 = 2
1 = (1 , 1 )1 =
2 = (2 , 2 )2 . . = ( , ) From fig
= (1 , 1 )1 + (2 , 2 )2 + . . +( , ) 0 1

= ( , ) 1 0
2
=1
The number of rectangle n increases to indefinitely then

the area of the point is approaches to zero
, 0. The limit of sum in result 1 is called as

152

=1
=
2 = 0 = 1
1 2
= = 1 = 0
1 + 2
=0 =0
=0
1
= [sin1(1) sin1(0) ]
4 2
=1 =1

1 2 =
2
= [] =1
1 + 2 =0

=0 = [ 0 ]
4 2 2
=1 =0
1 2
= 2
( 0) =1
1+ 2 = [ []=0 ]
=0 4 2
=1
1 2 = [ 1]
= 4 2
2 1 + 2
=0 2. Express the following integration in polar co-ordinate
2 = 2 = showing region of integration and Evaluate

( + ) S2006
=
2
Solution:-
New lower limit
1 2 2
Let = 0 0 ( 2 + 2 )
= 0 = 0
=1 =2 2
= 1 = 1
= ( 2 + 2 )
=1
=0 =0
1
=
2 1+ 2 Put = , = sin
=0
2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2
=1 2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )
1 1
=
4 1+ 1 2 + 2 = 2
=0
=1 =
(1 )2
= The region of integration bounded by = 0,
4 1 2
=0
=1 = 1, = 0
1
=
4 1 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 2
=0
=1 =1 2 + 2 2 = 0 .1
1 1 2
= [ ] This is general equation of circle
4 1 2 2 1 2
=0 =0
Comparing with
=1
1 2
= [[sin1 ]=1
=0 ] 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + = 0
4 2 1 2
=0
= 1, = 1, 2 = 2, = 0, = 0
1 2 = 2 = 2 =
153
= 1, = 1, = 1, = 0, = 0 31 3
=4 =
422 4
(, ) (1, 0)
3. Evaluate by changing the polar co-ordinate
= 2 + 2 = 1
W2005
Solution:-
2 2 2 2
Let = 0 0
= =2 2
2 + 2 )
= (
=0 =0
Put = , = sin
Radius r and changes form 2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2
= 0 2 + 2 = 2 2 = 2 cos 2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )
= 0 = 2 cos 2 + 2 = 2
=
= 0 =
2
The region of integration bounded by = 0,
= =2 cos
2
= 2 = , = 0
=0 =0
= 2 2 2 = 2 2

= =2 cos
2
2 + 2 = 2
3
=
=0 =0 This is the standard equation of circle with center at origin
and radius a
=
2 =2 cos
4
= [ ]
4 =0
=0

=
2
1
= [16 cos 4 0]
4
=0

=
2
= 4 cos4
=0
Radius r and changes form
Using reduction formula for cosine function
= 0 2 + 2 = 2 2 = 2
n 1n 3n 5 31
I= .. = 0 = and
n n 2n 4 422

if n = 4 is an even positive number = 0 =
2

154

=
2 = 2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2
2
= 2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )
=0 =0
2 + 2 = 2
= =
2
=
2 =
=0 =0 The region of integration bounded by = 0,

Put 2 = 2 = = 2 = 1, = 0
If = 0 = 0 = 1 2 2 = 1 2
If = = 2 2 + 2 = 1 .1

= =2 This is the standard equation of circle with center at origin
2

= and radius 1
2
=0 =0

=
2
1 2
= [ ]=
=0
2
=0

=
2
1 2
= [ + 1]
2
=0

=
2
1 2 Radius r and changes form
= (1 ) 1
2
=0 = 0 2 + 2 = 1 2 = 1

1 2 = = 0 = 1 and
= (1 )[]=02
2

1 = 0 =
2
= (1 ) ( 0) 2
2 2

=
2 =1
2
= (1 ) 1
4 =
1 + 2
=0 =0
4. Transform to polar co-ordinate, Evaluate

Put 1 + 2 = 2 = =
S2008 2
+ +
If = 0 = 1
Solution:-
If = 1 = 2
1 1 2 1
Let = 0 0 1+ 2 +2

= =2
2
=1 =1 2
1
=
1 2
= =0 =1
1 + 2 + 2
=0 =0
Put = , = sin

155

=
2 Radius r and changes form
= [log||]=2
=1
= 0 = cos = =
=0 cos
= 0 = sec and
=

2 = 0 =
4
= (log 2 log 1)

=0 = =asec
4
cos
=
=
2 2
=0 =0
= log 2

=0 = = sec
4
=
= cos
= log 2 []=02 =0 =0
=

= log 2 4
2
= cos []=
=0
sec

5. Evaluate + by changing into polar co- =0
ordinateW2005, S2009 =

4
Solution:- = sec cos

=0

Let = 0 2 + 2

=
4

= 1
=
2 + 2 =0
=0 =

=
Put = , = sin = []=04

2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2 =
4
2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )
6. Change to polar co-ordinate and Evaluate
2 2 2
+ = over the region of the circle + =
( + )
= in the first quadrantW2009
The region of integration bounded by = , Solution:-
= , = 0 = 2 2
Let = 3
( 2 + 2 )2
Put = , = sin
2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2
2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )
2 + 2 = 2

156

The given general equation of circle is =
2
2 + 2 2 = 0 .1 = 2 cos cos 2
=0
Comparing with
=
2
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + = 0 = 2 (1 2 sin2 ) cos
=0
= 1, = 1, 2 = 2, = 0, = 0
sin = cos =
= 1, = 1, = , = 0, = 0
= 0 = sin 0 = 0
(, ) (, 0)

= = sin = 1
= 2 + 2 = 2 2
=1
= 2 (1 2 2 )
=0
=1 =1
= 2 [ 1 2 2 ]
=0 =0
=1
3
= 2 {[]=1
=0 2 [ ] }
3 =0
Radius r and changes form 2

= 2 [1 0 + 0]
3
= 0 2 + 2 = 2 2 = 2 cos
2
= 0 = 2 cos =
3
7. Change to polar co-ordinate and evaluate
= 0 =
2

( + ) W2010

= =2 cos
2
( 2 cos2 2 sin2 ) Solution:-
= 3
=0 =0 ( 2 )2
2 2
Let = 02 log ( 2 + 2 )
= =2 cos
2
1
= cos 2 2 2
2
=0 =0 log( 2 + 2 )
=
log
= =2 cos 0
2
= cos 2 1 =

2 2
2 =
=0 =0

= log( 2 + 2 )
=
2 =0 =
= cos 2 []=2
=0
acos
Put = , = sin
=0
2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2
2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )

157
=
2 + 2 = 2 2
2 log = 2 log
= 2
=0

The region of integration bounded by = , =
4
2
= (2 log )
= 2 2 2 = 2 2 2
=0

2 + 2 = 2 = 0 = 2 =

2 = (2 log ) []=04
2
2 + 2 = 2 is standard equation of circle with center at
origin and radius is a 2 2
= ( log )
4 2
8. Evaluate by change to polar co-ordinate

over the region R which lie outside the circle
+ = but inside the circle
+ = S2011
Solution:-
Radius r and changes form Let =

2
= 0 2 + 2 = 2 = Put = , = sin
2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2
= 0 =
4
2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )

= =
4
2 + 2 = 2
= log 2
=0 =0 =

= =
4
= 2 log
=0 =0
Consider 2 log using LIATE

= log 2 [ (log ) 2 ]

2 1 2
= log 2 2
2 2
Over region R,
2
2
= log
= =
22
2 + 2 = 0 2 + 2 =
2 log = [ log ]
2 =0
=0 2 = cos = acos
2 + 2 2 = 0 2 + 2 = 2
158
2 + 2 = 2 cos 2 = 2 cos 1854

=
64
= 2 acos

9. Change the integral ( + ) to polar co-
= 0 = ordinate and hence evaluate itS2005, W2013
2

= =2 cos
2 Solution:-
=2 2 sin2 =1
=0 =acos = ( + )
=0 =0
Put = , = sin
= =2 cos
2
= 2 sin2 3 2 + 2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin2

=0 =acos
2 + 2 = 2 (cos2 + sin2 )

=
2
4
=2 acos 2 + 2 = 2
2
= 2 sin [ ]
4 =acos
=0 =

=
2 The region of integration bounded by = 0,
4 4 4 4
16 cos cos
= 2 sin2 [ ] = 1, = 0 =
4 4
=0

=
2
4
15
= cos 4 sin2
2
=0

=
2
4
15
= cos 4 (1 cos2 )
2
=0

= =
2 2
154
= cos 4 cos 6
=0 =0
[ ]
1
Using reduction formula = 0 = 1 cos = 1 =
cos
n 1n 3n 5 31 = 0 = sec and
I= ..
n n 2n 4 422

if n = 4 and 6 is an even positive number = 0 =
4
154 3 5 3 1
= =sec
4
= ( )
2 4 6422
= ( cos + )
4
15 3 5 1 =0 =0
= ( )
2 4 822
= = sec
4
154 5 = (cos + sin ) 2
= (3 )
8 8 =0 =0

159

=
4 Solution:-
3 =sec

= (cos + sin ) [ ] Let
3 =0
=0
=2 =2+4 2
=
4
1 = (, )
= (cos + sin ) (sec 3 0) =0 =24 2
3
=0
The region of integration is bounded by = 0

=
4
1 1
= (cos + sin ) = 2, = 2 4 2 , = 2 + 4 2
3 cos3
=0

4 2 = 2
=
4
1 1 sin 1 Squaring both sides
= ( 2 + )
3 cos cos cos2
=0
4 2 = 2 4 + 4

=
4
1 2 + 2 4 = 0 = 4 2
= (sec 2 + tan sec 2 )
3
=0 This is general equation of circle

= = Comparing with
4 4
1
= sec 2 + tan sec 2
3 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + = 0
=0 =0
[ ]
= 1, = 1, 2 = 4, 2 = 0, = 0
Put tan = in second integration
= 1, = 1, = 2, = 0, = 0
sec 2 =
(, ) (2 , 0)
If = 0 = 0
= 2 + 2 = 2

If = 4
=1

= =1
4
1
= sec 2 +
3
=0 =0
[ ]
=1
1 = 2
= {[]=04 + [ ] }
3 2 =0
1 1
= [1 0 + 0]
3 2
From fig the new limits are
1
=
2 = 0 = 4
10. Show the region of integration and change the order of

= 0 = 4 2
+
integration of the integral (, )
=4 =4 2
W2004 = (, )
=0 =0

160
11. Show the region of integration and change the order of =1 =4

2
integration =
=0 =4

(, ) W2006
The region of integration bounded by = 4
Solution:-
= 4, = 1, = 0
1 2
Let = 2 2 (, )
=1 =2
= (, )
=2 = 2
The region of integration is bounded by = 2
= 1, = 2 , = 2
Solve equations = 2 , = 2
2 = 2 2 + 2 = 0
=4 =4
( + 2)( 1) = 0 = 2, = 1 =
2
=0 =0
= 2 , = 4

=4 =
= 1 , = 1 4
2
=
=0 =0
=4

=
2 []=04
=
=0
=4
1 2
=
4
=0
Put 2 = 2 =
=1 =2

= (, ) =
2
=2 = 2
= 0 = 0
=1 = =4 =2
= (, ) + (, ) = 4 = 16
=0 = =1 = =16
1
=
12. Evaluate by changing the order of 8
=0
integrationS2005
1
= [ ]=16
=0
Solution:- 8
1 4 2 1
Let = 0 4 = ( 16 0 )
8

161
1 3 =4 =4
= ( 16 1) 2 1 3
8 = 2 [ ] [ ]
3 4 3 =0
13. Show by double integration the area between the 2 =0

parabolas = = 4 3 1 643
= [(4)2 0] [ 0]
3 4 3
S2005, W2006
4 162
Solution:- = [8]
3 3
To find the co-ordinate of point of intersection of parabolas 32 2 162
2 = 4 2 = 4 =
3 3
2 162
= . .1 =
4 3
2
2 4 14. Evaluate the integral over the area bounded
( ) = 4 = 4 4 = 643
4 162 by = + = S2006
3 = 43 3 = 4put in equation 1 Solution:-
= 4 To find the point of intersection of the given parabola =

2 + = 2
Co-ordinate of point of intersection (4, 4)
= 2 1
+ = 2 . .2
From equation 2
= 2 1
2 = 2
2 + 2 = 0
( 1)( + 2) = 0
=4 =2
= 1 = 1 = 2
=0 2
= = 1 = 2 1 = 1
4
=4
= 2 = 2 + 2 = 4
=2
= [] 2
= The points of intersection of given parabola and given line
=0 4
are (1, 1) (2, 4)
=4
2
= (2 )
4
=0
=4 =4
1 1
= 2 2 2
4
=0 =0

162
2
2 /4
=
0 0
2
=2 = /4
=
=0 =0
The region of integration is bounded by the lines = 0, =

2 , = 0 and parabola 2 = 4
= 0 = 0
From the above fig
= 2 = 1
=1 = =4 =2
= +
=0 = =1 =
=1 = =4 =2
= 1 + 1
=0 = =1 =
=1 =4
= =2
= []= + []=

=0 =1
=1 =4
= ( + ) + (2 + ) From fig the order of integration changes as

=0 =1
= 2 = 2
=1 =4
= 2 3/2 + (2 2 + 3/2 ) = 0 = 1
=0 =1 =1 =2
5 1 4 4 5 4 =
2 2 3 2 =0 =2
= 2 [ ] +2 [ ] [ ] +[ ]
5 2 1 3 1 5
2 0 2 1 =1 =2
=
4 43 1 2
= + (42 1) ( ) + (45/2 1) =0 =2
5 3 3 5
=1
=2
4 64 1 2 2
= + (16 1) ( ) + (32 1) = [ ]
5 3 3 5 2 =2
=0
4 62
= + 15 21 + =1
5 5 4 4
= ( )
36 2 2
= =0
5
=1
15. Change the order of integration and evaluate
= (2 2 2 )
/
S2006 =0
Solution:-
163
=1 =1 =4 =

2 =
= 2 2 =0 =0 2 + 2
=0 =0
1
2 =1 3 =1 = tan1 ( ) +
2 + 2
= 2[ ] 2[ ]
2 =0 3 =0 =4
1 =
= [tan1 ( )]
2 =0 =0
=1
3 =4
1 0
= [tan1 ( ) tan1 ( )]
1 =0
=
3
=4
1
16. Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of = [tan1 (1) tan1 (0)]
=0

integration +
W2006
=4

= 1 [ 0]
Solution:- =0 4
4 4 =4
= []
= 2 4 =0
+ 2
0
= 4=
=4 =4
4

= +
2 + 2 17. Evaluate + +
W2006
=0 =
The region of integration is bounded by = 0, = 4, = Solution:-

= 4 1 1+ 2

=
= 0 = 0 0 0 1 + 2 + 2
= 4 = 4 =1 =1+ 2

=
=0 =0 1 + 2 + 2
1 + 2 = 2
=1 = 2

=
=0 =0 2 + 2
=1 =

=
=0 =0 2 + 2
=1
1 =
= [1 ( )]
=0 =0
From fig the order of integration changes as
=1
1 0
= 0 = 4 = [1 ( ) 1 ( )]
=0
= 0 = =1
1
=4 =
= [1(1) 1 (0)]
=0
=
=0 =0 2 + 2
=1 1
=
4 =0
164
But = 1 + 2
=1 1
=
4 =0 1 + 2

Apply 2 2 = log| + 2 + 2 | +
+
=1
= [log | + 1 + 2 |]
4 =0

= [log(1 + 2) log(1)]
4

= =2
2
= log(1 + 2) = 2
4 =0 =0

= =2
18. Evaluate ( + )S2007 =
2
3
=0 =0
Solution:-

= =2
2
2 2 2 = 3
= ( 2 + 2 ) =0 =0
0 0
=2 cos
=
2 4
=2 =2 2 = [ ]
= ( 2 + 2 ) =0 4 =0
=0 =0

=
2
The region of the integral is bounded by = (4 cos4 0)
=0
= 0 , = 2, = 0 = 2 2 =

2
= 4 cos4
2 = 2 2 2 + 2 2 = 0 =0
= cos = sin Use reduction formula for cosine function

2 + 2 = 2 = 3 1 2
= 4 [ ( sin 4) + sin cos 3 ]
2 cos2 + 2 sin2 2 cos = 0 8 4 0
3 3
2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2 = 0 = 4( ) =
16 4
2 2 = 0
19. Evaluate over the positive quadrant of the
( 2 cos ) = 0 circle + = S2007
Since r is radius of circle = 0 Solution:-
2 cos = 0 =
= 2 cos
= 0 = 2

= 0 =
2

165
20. Change the order of integration and hence Evaluate

( + )S2007

Solution:-
2 3
= 2 ( 2 + 2 )

0
4
=2 =3
= ( 2 + 2 )
2
=0 =
4
From the above fig
The region of the integral is bounded by
= 0 =
2
= 0, = 2 , = = 3
= 0 = 2 2 4
= = 2 2 0
= = 0 = = 0, = 3
4
=0 =0
= 2 =
= = 2 2
=
=0 =0
= = 2 2
2
= [ ]
=0 2 =0
=
2 2
= [ 0]
=0 2
1 =
= (2 2 )
2 =0
= =
1
= {2 3 }
2 =0 =0
= = = =2
1 2 4
= {2 [ ] [ ] } = ( 2 + 2 )
2 2 =0 4 =0 =0 =0
=3 =3
1 2
4 + ( 2 + 2 )
= {2 ( 0) ( 0)} = =0
2 2 4
1 4 4
= ( ) = =2
2 2 4
= ( 2 + 2 )
=0 =0
1 24 4 =3 =3
= ( )
2 4 4 + ( 2 + 2 )
= =0
4
=
8

166
=
3 =2 . . 2 =
2
= [ + ]
=0 3 =0 = 0 = 0
=3 3 =3

+ [ + 2 ] To find the point of intersection of the line
=0 3 =0
= and the parabola 2 =
3
= (2)
= [ + 2 (2) 0] 2 = 2 = 0
=0 3
( ) = 0
=3 (3 )3
+ [ + 2 (3 ) 0] = 0 =
=0 3
3 3
=
82 2 5
= ( 2 2 )
=0 3
=3 (3 )3
+ [ + 3 2 3 ]
=0 3
3 = 7 =
82 5/2 2
= [ ] 2 [ ]
3 5/2 =0 7
2 =0
=3
(3 )4 3 3 4
+ [ + ]
12 3 4 =0 From the above fig
3 = 0 =
162 5 4 1 7 514 514
= 2 2 2 + 274 +
15 7 4 12 = =
16 4 4 4 514 514 = =
= + 274 +
15 7 4 12 =
=0 = ( ) 2
4
= 20
= =

21. Change the order of the integration and hence Evaluate =
=0 = 2

, 2 =

( )
Solution:-
1

2 = =
= 2 2
( ) 2
0

= = = 2
2 ( ) 2
=0 =

= = = 0
The region of the integral is bounded by the lines

2
=
=0 2
=
= 0, = , = = = 2
=0

167

=
2
() = () = 1
=0
= = 2

=
= = []=02
=0 =0 2
=

= 2 =
= []=0 2
=0
22. Change the order of integration S2012
=

= ( 2 0)
=0
(, )

=
2
=
=0 Solution:-
= ( 2 2
)
= 2 = (, )
=0 ( ) 0 2 2
= =2 =2

= = (, )
=0 =0 =2 2
= sin2 = 2 sin cos The region of integration is bounded by the lines
= sin 2 = 0 , = 2 And parabola
= 0 = 0 = 2 . . 2 = 2 And circle

= = = 2 2 2 = 2 2
2
=
2 + 2 2 = 0
2 sin2
= asin 2
=0 sin2 Add 2 to both sides

=
2 sin 2 + 2 2 + 2 = 2
= 2
=0 cos
( )2 + 2 = 2

=
= 2
2
sin2 .1 ( )2 = 2 2
=0

= 2 2
() = ( )
0 0 = 2 2

= To find the co-ordinate of point of intersection of the line
2
= 2 sin2 ( )
=0 2 = 2 and parabola 2 = 2
=

2
2 = 42 = 2
2
= 2 cos .2
=0 Point of intersection lie in first quadrant
1 + 2 (2, 2)

=
2
2 = 2 (2 + 2 )
=0

168
1 2
= (, )
2 2
=1 =2
= (, )
=2 = 2
The region of integration is bounded by
The line = 2, = 1, = 2 and parabola 2 =

From above fig the limit for three regions is To find the co-ordinate of point of intersection of the
parabola 2 = = 2
Region I
2 = 2 2 + 2 = 0

( + 2)( 1) = 0
= + 2 2 = 2
= 2, = 1
= 0 =
= 1 = 1
Region II
= 2 = 4

The point of intersections of the given parabola and line is
2
= = + 2 2
2 (1, 1) (2 ,4)
y changes from y = 0 to y = a
Region III
2
= = 2
2
= = 2
= =2
= (, )
=0 =+2 2
From the above fig
= =+2 2
+ (, ) Region I
2
=0 =
2
=2 =2
= 0 = 1
+ (, )
2
= =
2
= =
23. Change the order of integration in
Region II

(, S2011
= 1 = 4
:
= = 2

169
=1 = =4 =2 =2 =
= (, ) + (, ) = 2
=0 = =1 = =0 2
=
4
24. Change the order of integration and Evaluate =2

=
3
W2007 = [ ] 2
3 =
=0 4
Solution:-
=2
3
2
3 1 2
= [ ( ) ]
3 3 4
= 2 =0
0 0
=2 =2
3 1 6
= =2 =
3 3 643
= 2 =0 =0
=0 =0
=2
3 =2 1 7
The region of integration is bounded by the lines = []=0 [ ]
3 1923 7 =0
= 0, = , = 0and parabola
3 1 27 7
= 2
= 2 . . 2 = 4 3 1923 7
2 4 1 27 4
To find the point of intersection of the given parabola 2 = =
3 192 7
4 and the line =
2 27
2 = 42 = 2 =( ) 4
3 1344
Point of intersection lie in first quadrant
4
= 4
. (, 2) 7
25. Find the area between the parabola = and

the line = S2008, W2008
Solution:-
To find the co-ordinate of point of intersection of parabola

= 4 2 and the line =
= 4 2 4 2 = 0
3 2 = 0 (3 ) = 0
= 0 , = 3
From fig the order of limit of integration changes as follows
The point of intersection of given parabola a and the line is
2 (0, 0) (3, 3)
= =
4
= 0 = 2
=2 =
= 2
=0 2
=
4

170
=1
=1 2
= 2
=0
=0
The region of the integration is bounded by the lines =

0, = 1, = 0 and the circle = 1 2 2 = 1
2 2 + 2 = 1
To find the point of intersection of the line = 1 and the

circle 2 + 2 = 1
1 + 2 = 1 = 0
From fig
Point of intersection (1, 0)
= 0 = 3
= = 4 2
2
=3 =4
= 1
=0 =
=3 =4 2
= 1
=0 =
=3
=4 2
= []= From fig the order of integration is changes as
=0
=3 = 0 = 1 2
= [4 2 ] = 0 = 1
=0
=1 =1 2
=3
= [3 2 ] = 2
=0 =0 =0
3 =1 =1 2
3 2 3
= [ ] = 2 1
2 3 0
=0 =0
3(3)2 (3)3 9
= = . =1
2 3 2 =12
= 2 []=0
26. Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of =0

integration W2008 =1
= 2 (1 2 0)
Solution:-
=0
1
1 2 =1
= 2
0 = (1 2 ) 2
0
=0
= sin = cos

171
= 0 = sin1 (0) = 0
=
16

= 1 = sin1 (1) = 27. Find the area bounded by the ellipse + =
2
and the straight line + = S2009
2
= 1 sin2 sin2 Solution:-

0
The given equation of ellipse is

2
4 2 + 9 2 = 36 9 2 = 36 4 2
2 2
= cos sin
0 36 4 2
3 = 36 4 2 =
3
2
2 sin cos 2 The given equation of line is
= ( )
2
0 6 2
2 + 3 = 6 =
3
2
1 The region integration bounded by the ellipse
= (sin 2)2
4
0
4 2 + 9 2 = 36 2 + 3 = 6 is shown in the
following fig.
2
1
= sin2 2 .1
4
0
Apply property

() = ( )
0 0

2
1
= sin2 ( 2)
4 2
0
From fig
2
1 = 0 = 3
= cos2 2 .2
4
0
36 4 2 6 2
= =
Add equation 1 and 2 3 3
364 2
2 =3 = 3
1
2 = (2 2 + 2 2) = 1
4
0 =0 62
=
3

2
1 364 2
=3 =
2 = 1 3
4
0 = 1
=0 62
1 =
3
2 = []02
4

172
=3
=
364 2 3
= [] 623 =
=
2
=0 3
=3
36 4 2 6 2
= ( )
3 3
=0
=3
36 4 2 6 2
= ( )
3 3
=0
=3
1
= (36 4 2 6 + 2)
3
=0
=3 3 3
1 From fig
= {2 9 2 6 1 + 2 }
3
=0 0 0 Region I
=3 3
2 2 2 = 0 =
= 32 2 2[]30 + [ ] 2
3 3 2 0
=0

Apply formula for I integral
= 0 = 2 2
2

2 2 = 2 2 + sin1 Region I
2 2
3
2 32 = =
= [ 32 2 + 1 ] 6 + 3 2
3 2 2 30

2 9
= ( 1 (1) 0) 3
3 2 = 0 = 2 2
3
= 3
2

= =2 2 = = 2 2
2
28. Find the area common to the circles
=2 1 + 1
+ = + = using double =0 =0 =
=0
{ 2 }
integrationS2007

= =2 2 = = 2 2
2
Solution:-
=2 1 + 1
2
To find the point of intersection of the given circles + =0 =0 =
=0
{ 2 }
2 = 2 2 + 2 = 2

= =
2
2 = 2 = 2 2 2
2 =2 []2
0 + []
0
=0
=
2 { 2 }
= + 2 = 2
2 4 =

2 =
2 32 =2 2 2 + 2 2
2 = 2 2 =
4 4 =0
{ = }
2
173

=
2 = = = S20013
=2 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 Solution:-
=0
{ = }
2
To find the co-ordinate of point of intersection of parabolas

=
2 = 2 = 4 2 = 4
=2 2 ( 2 2 + 2 ) + 2 2 2
=0 = . .1
{ =
2 } 4
2
=
2 = 2 4
( ) = 4 = 4 4 = 64
=2 2 ( )2 + 2 2 4 16
=0
{ =
2 } 3 = 43 = 4put in equation 1
= = =4
= 0 = Co-ordinate of point of intersection (4,4)

= = =
2 2 2

= =
2
=2 2 2 + 2 2
=
{ = }
2

2 2
= 2 {[ 2 2 + 1 ]
2 2
=
2
+ [ 2 2 + 1 ] } =4 =2
2 2
2 = 1
=0 2
3 2 1 1 2 1 =
4
= 2 { + sin ( ) sin (1)}
4 2 2 2 2
=4
2
2 1 1 =2
+ 2 { sin1(1) sin } = [] 2
2 42 2 2 =
4
=0
32 2 11 2 3 2 2 2 =4
= 2 { + }+ 2{ } 2
8 2 6 2 2 4 8 12 = (2 )
4
=0
32 2 2 32 22
= 2 { + + } =4 =4
8 6 4 24 24 1 1
=2 2 2
4
332 2 2 52 =0 =0
= 2 { +4 +6 }
24 24 24 24 3 =4 =4
2 1 3
2 = 2[ ] [ ]
= {332 + 102 52 } 3 4 3 =0
24 2 =0
2 4 3 1 64
= {(33 + 5) + 10} = [(4)2 0] [ 0]
12 3 4 3
29. Find the area between the parabolas

174
4 16 +9
= [8] = = 3 + + 6
3 3 2
16
=
3
= 5 = 0
30. Find by double integration the area between the curve
= + = W2009 Region I
Solution:- +9
= = 3 + + 6
2
To find the point of intersection of the parabola

= 2 6 + 3 = 2 9
= 0 = 3
2
2 9 = 6 + 3
=0 =3++6
2
6 2 + 3 + 9 = 0 = 1
=5 =+9
2 8 + 12 = 0 ( 2)( 6) = 0 2
=3 =3++6
= 2 = 6
+ 1
=0 +9
= 2 = 5 =
2
= 6 = 3 =0 =3++6 =3 =3++6
The point of intersection of the given parabola and the line = 1 + 1

=5 +9 =0 +9
is (2, 5) (6, 3) =
2
=
2
= 2 6 + 9 9 + 3 =0 =3
=3++6 =3++6
2 2
= [] +9 + [] +9
= ( 3) 6 ( 3) = + 6 =
2
=
2
=5 =0
3 = + 6 =0
+9
= [3 + + 6 ]
= 3 + 6 2
=5
=3
+9 +9
= 2 9 = + [3 + + 6 ]
2 2
=0
1 0
0
0
( + 6)2+1 1 2 9
= 3[]5 + [ ] [ ] []05
1 2 2 5 2
+1
2 5
1 3
+1 3
( + 6)2 1 2 9
+3[]30 +[ ] [ ] []30
1 2 2 0 2
2+1 0
2 25 45 2
= 3(0 + 5) + (66 1) + 9 + (27 66)
From fig 3 4 2 3
9 27

Region I 4 4

175
2 25 45 54 9 27 =1
= 15 + 46 +9+ 46
3 4 2 3 4 4 = ( 2 + 2 )
=0 = 2
2 25 45 54 9 27
= 15 +9+
3 4 2 3 4 4 =1
43 = { + 2 } 2
= =0 = 2 = 2
12
=1
31. Evaluate ( + ) Over the region R
2
= { + 2 }
bounded by = = S2011,W2011
=0 = 2 = 2
Solution:- =1 = =
2 3
The region R of integral is bounded by = { 2 [ ] +[ ] }
2 = 2 3 =2
=0
2
= = =1
2 4 3 6
To find the point of intersection of the given parabola = = { 2 ( ) + ( )}
2 2 3 3
2 = =0
=1 =1
= 2 2 = 0 ( 1) = 0 1 1
= ( 4 6 ) + ( 4 7 )
2 3
= 0 = 1 =0 =0
=1 =1
= 0 = 0 1 5 7 1 5 8
= [ ] + [ ]
2 5 7 =0 3 5 8 =0
= 1 = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
To find the point of intersection of the given parabola and = ( )+ ( )
2 5 7 3 5 8
line is (0, 0) (1, 1)
3
=
56
32. Change the order of integration and evaluate

/
W2010
Solution:-

2 /
=
0 0
= =
2 /
From fig =
=0 =0
= 0 = 1
The region of integral is bounded by

= 0, = , = 0 =
= 2 =
=1
= ( + )
=0 = 2

176
=
1
=
2
=0

=
1 =
= {[ ]=0 + }
2
=0
1 =
= {0 + [ ]=0 }
2
From fig 1 1
= (0 + 1) =
2 2
= =
33. Evaluate Over the loop of the lemniscate
+

= W2011
= 0 =
Solution:-
= =
2 /
= =
=0 =
2 + 2
2 2 2 = 2 cos 2
= =
= 0

= 0 = 2 2 cos 2 = 0
2

= = 2 = cos ( )
2
= =
2 = =
=
2 4

= ( ) = =
2 4 4
=0
= = 0 = cos 2
1
=
2 = = 2
4
=0

=
=
2 + 2
1 = 4 =0
= [ ]

2
=0
= = 2
4
= 2
1 =
= [ + ] 22 + 2
= 4 =0
2
=0
= 2 + 2 = 2 =
1
= [ + 0] = 0 = 2
2
=0
= 2 = 2 (1 + cos 2)

177
=

4 = 2 (1+ 2) cos = 0 cos = cos
2
=

2
= 4 = 2 =
2

= Polar co-ordinate
4
= 2 (1+ 2)
= []=2
= cos = sin

= 4
2 + 2 = 2 =

=
4
= 2 = 2 2 + 2 = 2 . .1
= [1 + 2 ]
= (1 + )
= 4

=
4 = (1 + ) 2 = ( + )

= (2 cos 2 )
2 + 2
= 4 = 2 + 2 +

=
4
=
4 2 + 2
= 2 + 2
= 2 cos 1
2
= 4 = 4
2
2 + 2
2
+ = ( ) 2

= =

= 2[sin ] 4 [] 4
= =
4 4 The curve of equation 1 and 2 is shown in the following fig

= 2 [sin sin ( )] ( + )
4 4 4 4

= 2 [sin + sin ]
4 4 2
1 1
= 2 [ + ]
2 2 2
22
=
2 2

= (2 )
2
34. Find the area that lies inside the cardioid From fig
= ( + )and outside the circle = = = (1 + cos )

S2007 = 0 =
2
Solution:- = +
To find the point of intersection of = 2
= = (1 + cos ) =

2 =(1+ )
= (1 + ) 1 = 1 + = 2
=0 =

178
=

2 =(1+ ) = 2 (2 + )
4
= 2
=0 = 35. Find the area lying inside the circle = and

outside the cardioid = ( )S2009
=
2 =(1+ )
2 Solution:-
= 2 [ ]
2 =
=0
To find the point of intersection of the circle =
and cardioid = (1 cos )
=
2
= [2 (1 + )2 2 ] = (1 )
=0
= 1

=
2

= [2 (1 + 2 cos + cos 2 ) 2 ] 2 sin cos = 2 sin2
2 2 2
=0

=
2
2 cos = sin =1
2 2
= [2 + 22 + 2 2 2 ] 2
=0

tan = tan =
=
2 2 4 2 4
= [22 + 2 2 ]
=
=0 2

=
2
=
2
Polar co-ordinate
= 22 cos + 2 2 = cos = sin

=0 =0

2 + 2 = 2 =
=
2

= 2 = = 2 =

=0

2 + 2 = . .1
Apply property 0 () = 0 ( )
= (1 )

=
2

= 2 ( ) = (1 ) 2 = ( )
2
=0
2 + 2
=
= 2 + 2
2
= 2 2 + 2
=0 + = 2 + 2

= 2
2 2 + 2
2
+ = ( 2
+ ) 2
2 = 1 =
4
=0

The curve of equation 1 and 2 is shown in the following fig
2 [sin

= 2 ]02 + 2
4

= 22 + 2
4
179

=
2

= 2 ( )
2
=0

=
2
= 2
=0

=
2

2 = 1 =
4
From fig =0

= (1 ) = =
2 2

2 = 2 =
= asin 4
=0 =0

= 0 = 2
2 = [ +2 ]
2 4 2 4

= =asin
2
2
= = (2 )
2 2
=0 =(1 )
36. Find by double integration the area between the curve

=
2 =asin = ( + ) and the asymptote =
=
W2009
=0 =(1 )
=
Solution:-
2
2 =asin

= [ ] To find the point of intersection of
2 =(1 )
=0
= (sec + cos ) And = sec

=
2
1 (sec + cos ) =
= [2 sin2 2 (1 )2 ]
2
=0 sec + cos =

=
2 cos = 0 = cos
1 2
= [2 sin2 2 (1 2 + 2 )]
2
=0
=
2

=
2
2 Polar co-ordinate

= [sin2 1 + 2 cos cos 2 ]
2
=0 = cos = sin

=
2 2 + 2 = 2 =
= 2
= ( + )
=0
2 + 2
Apply property 0 () = 0 ( ) = ( + ) = ( )

2 = ( 2 + 2 )

180

( 2 + 2 ) = ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) =
2
1
3 + 2 = 2 2 + 2 = [2 sec 2 + 22 + 2 cos 2 2 sec 2 ]
2
=0
2 2 = 2 2 3
=
2
2 ( ) = 2 (2 ) 1
= [22 + 2 2 ]
2
=0
2
2 (2 )
=
= =
2 2
2

= sec = = = 2 1 + cos 2
2
=0 =0
2 2 92
= + =
2 4 4 16
37. Using double integration find the area common to the

cardioids = ( ) = ( + )
W2010
To find the point of intersection of the circle =

(1 ) and cardioid = (1 + cos )
From fig (1 ) = (1 + )
1 = 1 +
r changes from
2 cos = 0 cos = 0
= sec = ( + )

cos = cos
= 0 = 2
2

= =( + ) =
2 2
=
Polar co-ordinate
=0 =
=
= cos = sin
2 =( + )
= 2 + 2 = 2 =
=0 =
= (1 )

=
2 =( + )
2 = (1 ) 2 = ( )
= [ ]
2 =
=0
2 + 2
= 2 + 2
=
2
1
= [2 ( + )2 2 sec 2 ] 2 + 2
2 + = 2 + 2
=0
2
2
2 + 2
2
+ = ( + ) . .1


181

= (1 + ) =
2
= 22 (1 2 cos + cos 2 )
= (1 + ) 2 = ( + )
=0
2 + 2
= 2 + 2 + = 22 ( 2 + )
2 4
3
2 + 2 = 22 ( 2)
= 2 + 2 4

2 38. Find the total area of the loop of the curve
2
2 + 2
2
+ = ( ) 2

= (+)S2013
The curve of equation 1 and 2 is shown in the following fig
Solution:-
To find the point of intersection of the loop
2 2
2 = 2 ( )with co-ordinate axes
2 + 2
2 2
= 0 0 = 2 ( )
2 + 2
2 2 = 0 2 = 2 =
The points of intersection of the given loop with X-axis is

(, 0) (, 0)
= 0
= (1 )

= 0 =
2

= =(1 )
2
= 4
=0 =0

= =(1 )
2
= 4
=0 =0
From fig

=
2 =(1 )
2 = 0 =
= 4 [ ]
2 =0
=0
2 2
= 0 = 2
=
2 + 2
4
= [2 (1 )2 0 ]
2 = ( + + + )
=0
= 4( )

182
2 2
= 2 2
39. Find by double integration the common area between
= +

the ellipses + = + = W2011
= 4 1
=0 =0
Solution:-
2 2
= 2 2 The given equation of ellipse is
= +
= 4 1
2 2
=0 =0 + =1
2 2
= 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 4 []0 + = 1 =
2 2 2 2
=0
2 2
= = 2 ( 2 )
2
2 2
= 4 2
+ 2
=0
= 2 2

=
2 2 2 2
= 4 2
+ 2 2 2
=0
=
2 2
= 4
4 4
=0
Put 2 = 2 sin 2 = 2 cos
1
= 2 cos
2
= 0 = 0

= =
2
=
From fig
2
2 2
sin 1 2
=4 = =
4 4 sin2 2
=0

= 2 2
=
2
1 sin
= 22
1 sin2 = 2 2
=0

= = 2 2
2 =
= 22 (1 ) =
=0 = = 2 2

=
= 22 [ + cos ]=02
= 2 2
=
= 1
= 22 ( 1)
2 =
= 2 2


183
=

= 2 2

= []
= 2 2
=
=

= [ 2 2 + 2 2 ]

=
=

= 2 2 2

=
=
2
= 2 2

=
From fig

2 2 = =
= [ 2 2 + sin1 ( )]
2 2

2 = 2 2
2 2
= [ 2 + 1 ( ) + 2 2
2 2 2

2
= 2 2
1 ( )]
2

= = 2 2
2
2
= {2 2 + [1 ( ) 1 ( )]} = ( + )2
2
= = 2 2

40. Evaluate ( + ) Over the region bounded by

= 2 2
the ellipse + = S2009 =

= ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
Solution:- = = 2 2

The given equation of ellipse is 2 2
= =
2 2 =4 ( 2 + 2 )
+ =1
2 2 =0 =0
2 2 2 2 2

= 1 = = = 2 2

2 2 2 2
= 4 ( 2 + 2 )
2
2 = 2 (2 2 ) =0 =0

=
= 2 2
3
= 2 2 = 4 {[ 2 + ] }
3 =0
=0
=
3 3
= 4 [ 2 2 2 + 3 (2 2 ) ]
3
=0
=
1 2 2
=4 2 2 [ 2 + ( 2 )]
3 2
=0

184
=
=
32 2 + 2 (2 2 ) 2
= 4 2 2 [ ] 4 (32 2 ) 2
32 = sin2 2 +
=0 3 4 4
=0
= { }
4
= 3 2 2 [32 2 + 2 2 2 2 ] 4 (32 2 ) 2
3 = { + }
=0 3 4 4 4
= sin = cos
32 2 + 4 2
= ( )
= 0 = 0 3 4
32 + 3 2
= = = ( )
2 3 4

=
2 2
4 = ( + 2 )
= 3 2 2 sin2 [32 2 sin2 + 2 2 4
3
=0
2 2 sin2 ] cos 41. Evaluate Over the region
, , + W2010

=
2
4 Solution:-
= cos [34 sin2 + 2 2
33
=0 The region of the integration is bounded by the line =
2 2 2 ] cos 0, = 0, + = 1

=
2
4
= [32 2 + 2 2 sin2 ]
3
=0

=
2
4
= [(32 2 ) 2 + 2 ] 2
3
=0

=
2
4
= (32 2 ) sin2 2
3
=0
{

=
2
From fig
+ 2 2
=0 = 0 = 1
}
=
= 0 = 1
2
2
4
= (32 2 ) (sin cos )2 + =1 =1
3 4
=0 = 1
{ }
=0 =0

=
2 =1 =1
4 2 2)
2 sin cos 2 2
= (3 ( ) + = 1
3 2 4
=0
{ } =0 =0
1 = = ()

185
=1 = =1
4
= = (1 ) 5/2
15
=0 =0 =0
= = =1
4 7
= ( 5/2 2 )
= 0 = 0 15
=0
= = 1 7 9 1
4 2 2
=1 =1 = [ ]
15 7 9
= 2 2 0
=0 =0
4 2 2 4 4 16
=1
= ( )= =
=1 15 7 9 15 63 945
1
= 3/2 (1 )2
42. Change the order of integration and Evaluate
=0 =0
S2013
()()( )
=1 =1
1
= 5/2 (1 )2 Solution:-
=0 =0

=1

=1 =
1
= (1 )5/2 (1 )2 0 0
( )( )(4 5 )2
=0 =0 = =

=
() = ( ) =0 =0
( )( )(4 5 )2
0 0
The area of the region is bounded by the lines = 0, =
=1 =1
1 , = 0 =
= (1 )5/2 (1 )(1 1 + )2
=0 =0
=1 =1
1
= (1 )5/2 (1 ) 2
=0 =0
=1 =1
1 3
5/2
= (1 ) ( 2 2 )
=0 =0
=1 3 5 1
2 2
= (1 )5/2 [ ]
3 5
=0 2 2 0
=1
2 2
= (1 )5/2 ( )
3 5
=0 From fig
=1 = =
4
= (1 )(1 1 + )5/2
15 = 0 =
=0

186
= = =
1 (4 5 )
=
= [ + ]
=0 =
( )( )(4 5 )2 5 4 5 2 2
=0
= =
()
= = log|()| +
4 5 ( )( ) ()
=0 =

= [log|4 5 |]0
= ( ) = + ( ) 5
= ( )
= [|4 5 | log|1|]
5
= = 0

= [|4 5 | log(1)]
= = ( ) = 1 5
=

=1 = |4 5 |
( ) 5
=
4 5 [ ( )]( )
=0 =0
43. Evaluate Where S is the triangle with

= =1
( ) vertices (, ) , (, ) (, )S2009
=
4 5 ( )2 ( )2 2 Solution:-
=0 =0
= =1 The equation of the side passing through the points

( )
= (0, 0) (1, 1) =
4 5 ( ) 2
=0 =0
The equation of the side passing through the points
= =1 1
(0, 0) (10, 1) =
10
=
4 5
=0 =0 ( 2 + 1 1)
4 4
= =1

=
4 5
=0 =0 1 2 1 2
[( ) ( ) ]
2 2
= =1

=
4 5 2 2
=0 =0 (1) ( 1)
2 2
= 1 1

= [sin1 ( 2 )]
4 5 1
=0 2 0
= The region of the integral bounded by the sides of triangle

= [1(2 1)]10 whose equation is
4 5
=0
= , = 10, = 0 = 1
=
1 5 =1 =10
= [sin1(1) 1(1)] 2 =
5 4 5 2
=0
=0 =

187
=1 =10
= ( 2 )2
1
8
=0 =
=1
=
=10
2 3
[ ( 2 )2 ]
TRIPLE INTEGRATION
3
=0 =
Consider the function (, , ) which is continuous for all
=1 points within a finite region V and its boundary.
2 3 10
2
= [ ( )2 ]
3 We divide the region V into n sub parts each of volume
=0
1 , 2 , 3 . .
=1
2 3
Let (1 , 1 , 1 ) be the function of a point (1 , 1 , 1 ) in
= [ (10 2 2 0)2 ]
3 the first parts with volume 1
=0
=1 1 = (1 , 1 , 1 )1
2 3
= [ (9 2 )2 ]
3 Similarly
=0
=1
2 = (2 , 2 , 2 )2
2 3
= [ [(3)2 ]2 ] 3 = (3 , 3 , 3 )3
3
=0
.
1
= 18 2 .
0
.
3 1

= [18 ] = ( , , )
3 0
Taking sum we get
2 = 6
= 1 + 2 + 3 + . . +
= (1 , 1 , 1 )1 + (2 , 2 , 2 )2
+ . . +( , , )

= ( , , )
=1
The number of sub parts then the dimension each

sub division tends to zero is called as triple integral of the
function (, , ) over the region V and is denoted by
(, , )

CHANGE OF VARIABLE
Change the Cartesian co-ordinate (, , ) into polar co-

ordinate (, , ) using the following substitution
= sin cos , = sin sin , = cos
Squaring and adding

188
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 (sin2 cos2 + sin2 sin2 + cos2 ) = 2

2 0
= { 2 ( ) ( 0 )}
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 = 2 sin 2 2
=0
The expression 2 + 2 + 2 is involved in the problem = 2

then we the spherical polar co-ordinate 4 2
= ( 2 + )
2 2
=0
The expression is of the type 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 then the
limits are = 2 = 2 = 2
1 3
= 4 2 +
= 0 = 2 2
=0 =0 =0
= 0 = log 2 log 2
1 4 3 2 log 2
= [ ] [ ] + [ ]0
= 0 = 2 2 4 0 2 2 0
+ ++
1. Evaluate 1 4 2 0 3 2 2 0
= ( ) ( ) + ( log 2 0 )
2 4 4 2 2 2
S2005, W2006, W2009, S2010, W2013
4 2
1 2 1 3 2 1
Solution:- = ( ) ( ) + ( 2 1)
2 4 4 2 2 2
2 +
log =
= ++
0 0 0 1 24 1 3 22 1
= ( ) ( ) + (2 1)
= 2 = =+ 2 4 4 2 2 2
= + 5
=
=0 =0 =0 8
= 2 = + ++
2. Evaluate S2007
+
= + [ ]0
=0 =0 Solution:-
= 2 = 2 +log
+ [ + 0]
= e = ++
=0 =0 0 0 0
= 2 = = 2 = =+log
+ [ +
= 1] = +
=0 =0 =0 =0 =0
= 2 = = 2 =
+log
= [ 2+2 + ] = + [ ]0
=0 =0 =0 =0
= 2 = 2 =
= [ 2 2 ] = + [ +log e0 ]
=0 0 0 =0 =0
= 2 = 2 =

2
= { 2
[ ] [ ]0 } = [ log 1]
2 0
=0 =0 =0

189
= 2 = +
= [ 2 ] = ++
=0 =0 0 0 0
= 2 = = =+
= [ 2 ] = +
=0 0 0 =0 =0 =0
= 2 = =

+
= { 2 [ () ] = + [ ]0
0 =0 =0
=0
[ ]0 } = =
= + [ + e0 ]
= 2 =0 =0
= { 2 [ ]0 [ ]0 } = =
=0 = + [ + 1]
= 2 =0 =0
= { 2 ( 0 + 0 ) ( 0 )} = =
=0
= [ 2+2 + ]
= 2 =0 =0
= ( 3 3
+ 2
2
+ )
=
2 2
=0 = [ ]

= 2 = 2 = 2 =0 0 0
= 3 3 + =
2
=0 =0 =0 = { 2
[ ] [ ]0 }
2 0
log 2 2 =0
3 3 3
= [ ] [ ] + [ ]log
0
2
=
3 9 0 3 0 2 0
= { 2 ( ) ( 0 )}
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 =0
= log 2 3 log 2 3 log 2 + 3 log 2 +
3 9 9 3 3 =
+ ( log 2 0 ) 4 2
= ( 2 + )
2 2
=0
1 3 1 3 1 1 3 1
= 2 2 2 + log 2 + = = =
3 9 9 3 3
1 3
+ ( 2 0 ) = 4 2 +
2 2
=0 =0 =0
log =

1 4 3 2
8 8 1 8 1 = [ ] [ ] + [ ]0
= log 2 + + + 1 2 4 0 2 2 0
3 9 9 3 3
8 8 1 8 1 1 4 0 3 2 0
= log 2 ( + 1) = ( ) ( ) + ( 0 )
3 9 9 3 3 2 4 4 2 2 2
8 19 4 1 3 2 3
= log 2 = + + 1
3 9 8 8 4 4
+ ++
3. Evaluate 4 3 2 1 3
= + ( + 1)
8 4 8 4
Solution:-
190
4 3 2 3 32
= + =
8 4 8 3
+
4. Evaluate S2006 5. Evaluate ( + + )

S2007,W2012
Solution:-
2 4 3 Solution:-
= 1 +
0 3
2
= ( + + )
1 0
=2 =4 =3
=1 = =+
=
=0 = 3 = ( + + )
=
2 =1 =0 =
=2 =4 =1 = +
= [] =33 2
= = [ + + ]
=0 =
2 2
=1 =0
=2 =4 =1 =
3 ( + )2
= [3 + ] = [( + ) + + ( + ) ( )
2 2
=0 = =1 =0
( )2
=2 =4 + + ( )]
3 2
= [ (3 + ) ]
2 =1 =
=0 =
2
2 + 2 + 2
= [ + + + + 2 2
=2
2 =4
2
3 =1 =0
= [3 + ] 2 2 + 2
2 2 = + + + 2 ]
=0
2
=2
3 (4 )2 3 =1 =
= [3(4 ) (4 ) + 3 2
2 2 2 = (4 + 2 + 2 )
=0
=1 =0
2
+ ] 1
2
2 3
= [4 + + 2 ]
=2 2 3
3 2 3 1 0
= [12 3 6 + 2 + 8 4 + 3 2
2 2 2 1
=0 3
2 = (2 3 + + 3 )
+ ] 3
2 1
1
=2
10
= ( 2 16 + 20) = ( 3 )
3
1
=0
2 () = 3 is an odd function
3 16 2
=[ + 20]
3 2 0 Using even and odd function property

23 () = 0if() is an odd function
= 32 + 40
3
=0
191
+ =2 = =
6. Evaluate W2007
=
Solution:- =0 =0 =
=2 =
4 + =
2
= = [ ]
2 =
0 0 0 =0 =0
=4 = =+ =2 =
2 2
= = ( )
2 2
=0 =0 =0 =0 =0
=4 = =2 =
2 =+ 3 3

= [ ] = ( )
2 =0 2 2
=0 =0 =0 =0
=4 = =2 =
( + )2 3 2 4
= [ ] = [ ]
2 4 8 =0
=0 =0 =0
=2
=4 =
2 + 2 + 2 5 5
= [ ] = [ 0 + 0]
2 4 8
=0
=0 =0
=2
=4
1 1 2 3 5
= [ 2 + + ] =
2 2 2 3 0 8
=0
=0
=2
=4 1 6
1 1 1 =[ ]
= [ 3 + 3 + 3 ] 8 6 =0
2 2 6
=0
1 6 6 4 6
=4 = 2 =
7 48 3
= ( 3 )
6
=0 8. Evaluate S2008
4
7 4 Solution:-
= [ ]
6 4 0
1 2
7 44 =
= ( )
6 4 0 2 0
224 =1 = =2
=
3 =
=0 = 2 =0
7. Evaluate
=1 =
W2007,W2011 =
=2
[]=0
=0 = 2
Solution:-
2 =1 =
= = [2 ]
0 0 =0 = 2

192
=1 = =1 =1 2
2 1 2 3 2 4
= [2 ] = [ ]
2 = 2 2 2 2 4 =0
=0 =0
=1 =1
4 1 2 3 2
= [2 2 2 + 3 + ] = [ (1 2 ) (1 2 )
2 2 2 2 2
=0 =0
4
=1 (1 2 ) ]
3 4 4
= [2 1/2 2 2 2 + 3 + ]
2 2
=0 =1
1 3
3 5 =1 = [ (1 2 ) (1 2 ) (1 2 )2 ]
2 2 2 4
2 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 5 =0
=[ 2 + + ]
3 5 2 2 3 4 2 5 =1
2 2 =0 1 3 3 5
= [ + (1 2 2 + 4 )]
4 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4
=0
= + +
3 5 4 3 4 10
11
= =1
30 1 2 3 3 2 5 3 5
= [ + + ]
2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4
9. Evaluate =0
=1
W2008 1 3 5
= [ + ]
2 4 2 4
Solution:- =0
=1
2
1 1 2 1
2 1
= ( 2 3 + 5 )
= 8
=0
0 0 0
=1
1 2 4 6
=1 =1 2 =1 2 2 = [ 2 + ]
8 2 4 6 =0
=
=0 =0 =0 1 1 1 1 1
= ( + )=
8 2 2 6 48
=1 =1 2 =1 2 2
2 10. Evaluate
= [ ]
2 =0
=0 =0

=1 =1 2 2 ( + + )
(1 2 2 )
= [ 0]
2
=0 =0
S2008, S2011, W2013
=1 =1 2 Solution:- Let
1 2 2 )
= (1
2
=0 =0
2 2 2
= = 2 2
=1 =1 2
1 = ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
= ( 3 3 )
2 =0 =0 =0
=0 =0
Change to spherical polar co-ordinate

193
= sin cos , = sin sin , = cos :
Squaring and adding 2 2 2 42 2 2
=
2 + 2 + 2 = 2
0 2 2 0
2
= sin
=2 =2 2 =42 2 2
The region of integral is bounded by =

=0 =2 2 =0
= 0, = , = 0, = 2 2 , = 0and =
2 2 2 Change to spherical polar co-ordinate
2 = 2 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 = sin cos , = sin sin , = cos
2 = 2 = Squaring and adding
= 0 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
= 2 sin
= 0 =
2

= 0 =
2 = 0, = 2, = 2 2 , = 2 2 , =

= = 2 = 2 0 = 42 2 2
= 2 2 sin 2 = 42 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 42
=0 =0 =0
2 = 42 = 2
= = 2

= []02 4 sin = 0 = 2
=0 =0
= 0 =
= 2

= [ cos ]02 4
2 = 0 =
=0 2
=
=2 = 2 = 2
= [ cos + cos 0] 4
2 2 = 2 sin
=0
=0 =0 =0
=

= 4 =2 = 2
2
=0 = []02 2 sin
=0 =0
5
= [ ] =2
2 5 0

= [ cos ]02 2
2
5 =0
=
10 =2

11. Evaluate = [ cos + cos 0] 2
2 2
=0

S2012

194
=2
= 0 = 2
= 2
2
=0 = 0 =
4

3
= [ ] = 0 =
2 3 0 2

3 =2 = 4 = 2
= 2
6 =
2
=0 =0 =0
12. Evaluate + by changing to
+ +
=2 = 4
spherical polar co-ordinateW2009
= []02
Solution:- =0 =0
=1 =1 2 =1 =2

= = [ ]04
2 + 2 + 2 2
=0 =0 = 2 + 2 =0
=2
Change to spherical polar co-ordinate
= [ + 0]
2 4
= sin cos , = sin sin , = cos =0
Squaring and adding =2

1
= [ + 1]
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 2 2
=0
2
= sin =2
2 1
The region of the integral is bounded by =( )
2 2
=0
= 0, = 1, = 0, = 1 2 , = 2 + 2 2
2 1 2
=( ) [ ]
=1 2 2 2 0
= 1 2 2 = 1 2 2 1
=( )
2 2
2 + 2 = 1

= 2 + 2 2 = 2 + 2 13. Evaluate by

2 = 1 = 1 S2010
1 + 1 = 2 = 2 Solution:-
1 2 2
= cos 1 = 2 cos = cos =1 =1 2 =1
2
=
1 2 2 2
= =0 =0 =0
4
1 Change to spherical polar co-ordinate
= 0 = 2 cos
2 = sin cos , = sin sin , = cos

cos = 0 = Squaring and adding
2
195
2 + 2 + 2 = 2
=1
1 + 2 1
=
= 2 sin 2 1 2
=0
The region of the integral is bounded by =1 =1

1 1 2
= { }
2 1 2 1 2
= 0, = 1, = 0, = 1 2 , = 0 =0 =0
=1 =1
= 1 2 2 1 (1 2 )
2
= { }
2 1 2 1 2
= 1 2 2 = 1 2 =0 =0
2 + 2 = 1
=1
1
=1
= { 1 2 }
2 1 2
= 1 2 2 2 = 1 2 2 =0 =0
2 + 2 + 2 = 1 1 1
= {[sin1 ]10 [ 1 2 + sin1 ] }
2 2 2 0
2 = 1 = 1
1
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 1 + 2 = 1 = 0 = { 0 (0 + 0 0)}
2 2 22

= cos 0 = 1 cos = 2
2 = ( )=
2 2 4 8

= sin cos 0 = 1 sin cos =
14. Evaluate ( )/ where V is the region bounded
2 2
+ +
= 0 = 1 by the sphere + + = and

= 0 = + + = ( > )W2011,S2013
2
Solution:-
= 0 =
2

= 2
=1
= =
2 2 ( + 2 + 2 )3/2
2
= Change to spherical polar co-ordinate
1 2
=0 =0 =0

=
=1 2

2 Squaring and adding
= []02
1 2
=0 =0 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
=1

2 = 2 sin
= [ ]02
2 1 2
=0 The region bounded by the sphere
=1
2 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
= [ + 0]
2 2 1 2
=0 2 = 2 2 = 2
=1
2 = =
= [0 + 1]
2 1 2
=0 >
= =
196
= 0 =
= 0, = 0 =1=

= 0 = 2
= 0 =
= =2
1
= ( 2 ) = 0 + = 1 = 1
( 2 )3/2
= =0 =0

= =2 = (1 )
1 2
=
3
= =0 =0 = 0 = (1 )

=
1 Required volume V is
= []2
0 sin

= =0
=(1 ) =(1 )
=
=
1 =
= [2 0] sin
=0 =0 =0
= =0

=(1 )
=1 =

1 (1 )

= 2 [ cos ]0 = []0

=0 =0 =0
=
1 =(1 )
=
= 2 [ cos + cos ]
= [ (1 )]
=
=0 =0

1 =
= 2 2 2
=(1 )

= [ ]
2 =0
=0
= 4 [log ] = 4[log|| log||]
=
1 2 2
= 4 log | | = [ (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) ]
2
=0
15. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bonded by the plane =

2 2 2
+ + = and the coordinate planes = [ + 2 (1 + )]
2 2
=0
= , = , = W2012
=
2 2
Solution:- = [ 2 + 2 2 + 2 ]
2 2 2
=0

The region of the integration is bounded by the planes + =

2
+ = 1, = 0, = 0, = 0 = [ + 2 ]
2 2
=0

+ + =1 =1 =
2 3
= [ + 2 ]
2 2 2 3 =0
= (1 )

= [ + ]=
= 0 = (1 ) 2 2 6 6


197
=1
16. Evaluate (+++) where V is the volume bounded
=1
1 1 1
= [ + ]
by the planes = , = , = and + + = 2 4 1 + + =0
=0
W2010,S2013 =1
1 1 1 1
= [ + 0 ]
Solution:- 2 4 2 1+
=0
The region of the integral bounded by the planes = 0, = 1

1 1 2 1
0, = 0 and + + = 1 = [ + log|1 + |]
2 4 8 2 0
= 0, = 0 1 1 1 1
= ( + log 2)
= 0 = 1 2 4 8 2
1 5
= 0 + = 1 = 1 = ( log 2)
2 8
= 0 = 1 1 5
= log 2
= 0 = 1 2 16
17. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder + =

Required volume V is
and the plane + = , = S2013, W2010
=1 =1 =1
Solution:-
=
(1 + + + )3
=0 =0 =0 The region of the integral is bounded by 2 + 2 = 4, +
=1 =1 =1 = 4, = 0

= = 0 = 4
(1 + + + )3
=0 =0 =0
2 + 2 = 4 2 = 4 2
1 + + + = =
= 0 = 1 + + = 4 2
= 1 = 2 = 4 2 = 4 2
=1 =1 =2 2 = 4 = 2

=
3 = 2 = 2
=0 =0 =1++
=1 =1 =2
= 3 =2 =4 2 =4
=0 =0 =1++
=
=1 =1 =2 =4 2 =0
=2
2
= [ ]
2 =1++ =2 =4 2
=0 =0
=4
= []=0
=1 =1
=2 =4 2
1 1 1
= [ + ]
8 2 (1 + + )2 =4 2
=0 =0 =2
=1 = (4 )
=1
1 1 =2 =4 2
= [ ]
8 2(1 + + ) =0
=0

198
=2 =4 2 =4 2 2 + 2 = 2 2 = 2 2
= { 4 }

=2 =4 2 =4 2
= 2 2 = 2 2
() =
2 = 2 =
By property of even and odd function
= =
=4 2
= 0 Required volume V is
=4 2
= =2 2 = 2 2
=2
2
=
=4 []=4 2 = =2 2 =2 2
=4
=2
= =2 2
=2
2
= 2
= []= 2 2
= 4 (4 2 + 4 2 )
= =2 2
=2
=2 = =2 2
= 8 22 2 =2 2 2
=2 = =2 2
Apply formula =
= 2 2
= 2 2 2 []=2 2
2 1
2 2
= 2 2
+ sin ( ) + =
2 2
=
2 =2
2 = 2 2 2 (22 2 )
= 8 [ 22 2 + 1 ( )]
2 2 2 =2 =
=
= 8[2 sin1(1) 2 sin1(1)]
= 4 (2 2 )
=
= 8 (2 + 2 ) = 16
2 2 = =
18. Find the volume common to the cylinders = 4 { 2 2 }

= =
+ = + = S2010
=
3
Solution:- = 4 {2 []=
=
[ ] }
3 =
23
= 4 [23 ]
2 + 2 = 2 2 + 2 = 2 3
2 + 2 = 2 2 = 2 2 163
=
3
= 2 2
19. Find the volume bounded by the cylinders
= 2 2 = = and the planes = and + +
= W2004,W2005
= 2 2
Solution:-
199
The region of the integral is bounded by =1

3 4
= [2 2 2 2 + 3 + ]
2 = 2 = and the planes = 0 and + + = 2 2 2
=0
= 0 = 2 3 5 =1
2 3 4 5
2 2 1 1
= [2 2 + + ]
To find the point of the intersection of 2 = 2 = 3 5 2 2 3 4 2 5
2 2 =0
2 = 4 = 4 = 0
4 2 1 2 1 1
= + +
3
( 1) = 0 = 0 1 = 0 3 3 5 4 3 4 10
11
= 0 3 = 1 = 0 = 1 =
30
= 0 = 1 = 0 = 1
20. Calculate the volume of the solid bounded by the
The point of intersection of the parabolas is following surfaces using triple integration
(0, 0) (1, 1)
= , + = , + + = S2007
Solution:-
The region of the integration is bounded by
= 0, 2 + 2 = 1, + + = 3
= 0 = 3
From fig
= 1 2 = 1 2
From fig
= 1 = 1
= 2 =
= 0 = 1
=1 = =2
=
=0 = 2 =0
=1 =
=2
= []=0
=0 = 2
=1 =1 2 =3
=1 =
= (2 ) =
=1 =1 2 =0
=0 = 2
=1 = =1 =1 2
2 =3
= [2 ] = []=0
2 = 2
=0 =1 =1 2

200

=1 =1 2 =
2
= (3 ) = 12 cos2
=1 =1 2 =0

=1 =1 2 Use property 0 () = 0 ( )
=1 2
= {[3 ]=12 }

=1 =1 2 = 12 = 3
4
() = 21. Find the volume bounded by the x y plane the
paraboloid + = and the cylinder + =
=1 2
= 0 S2009
=1 2
Solution:-
=1
= (31 2 1 2 + 31 2 The region of the integral is bounded by

=1
2 + 2 = 2 2 + 2 = 4
1 2 )
2 + 2
=1 = 0 =
2
= (61 2 2 1 2 )
=1
= sin = cos

= 1 =
2

= 1 =
2

=
2
= (6 cos 2 2 sin cos2 ) From fig

= 2
= 4 2 = 4 2

=
2
= 2 = 2
= (6 cos 2 2 sin + 2 sin3 )

=

=
2 + 2
2 2 =2 =4 2 =
= 6 cos2 (2 sin + 2 sin3 ) =

=2 =4 2 =0
= 2 = 2
cos2 is an even function and sin sin3 is an odd =2 =4 2

2 + 2
=
function = []=0 2
=2 =4 2
=
2
=4 2
(2 sin + 2 sin3 ) = 0 =2
2 + 2

= 2
=
2
=2 =4 2

201
= cos , = sin =1 =2
= 2 ( 2 )
2 2 2
+ = = =0 =0 =0
= 0 = 2 =1 =2
= 4
= 0 = =0 =0 =0
2
=1
=
=2 2
2 = []2 4
0 sin
=
2 =0 =0
=0 =0
=1

=
=2 2 = [2 0] 4 sin
1
= 3 =0 =0
2
=0 =0 =1
=2

= 2 [ cos ]0 4
1
= 3 []02 =0
2
=0 1
=2 = 2 [ cos + cos ] 4
1
= 3 ( 0) 0
2 2
=0 1
2 = 2 2 4
4
= [ ] 0
4 4 0
1
5 4
= [4 0] = = 4 [ ] =
4 5 0 5
22. Evaluate the integral by using spherical polar coordinate

23. Evaluate over the volume V common to
( + + ) taken over the volume
the sphere + + = and the cylinder +
enclosed by the sphere + + = W2008
= S2011
Solution:-
Solution:-
The region of the integral is bounded by 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
Squaring and adding and the cylinder
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 (sin2 cos2 + sin2 sin2 + cos2 ) 2 + 2 =
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 = 2 sin 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 2 = 2 2 2
The expression 2 + 2 + 2 is involved in the problem = 2 2 2

then we the spherical polar co-ordinate
2 2 2
= 2 2 2
The expression is of the type + + = 1 then the
limits are = 2 2 2
= 0 = 1
2 = 2 = 2
= 0 =
= 2
= 0 = 2
202

= = cos
2 = = 2
2 3
= (2 2 )2
= = 3
=0
= 2

2 2 = 2 = =
= = 2 = 2 2 2 2
= 2 = 0 = 2
= = 2 =2 2 2
= acos = 2 sin2
= = 2
= 2 2 2
3
= =2 sin2
2
= [ ]
3 =2 2 2 2 3
= = 2 = 2 ( )
3 2
= 2
= 2
= = 2
1 3
= 2[2 ( 2 + 2 )]2 =
2 = 2
3 1 3
= = 2 = 2
3
2 2
= cos , = sin = 2 = sin

2 + 2 = 2 = =
2 5
2
1 2
= 0 = 2 = [ ]
3 5

= 2 2 2 sin2

= 0 =
2 =
2
2
= 2 2 = sin = (5 5 sin5 )
15

= 2
2 2 2 2
cos cos = sin

= =
2 2
= 2 cos 2 = 0 2
= 5 1 5 sin5
( cos ) = 0 15

{ = 2 = 2 }
= 0 = cos
sin5

=
2
sin5 = 0

= 2
2 5 2
= []
15
2
25
=
15
24. Find the volume enclosed by the cylinders

From fig
+ = , = S2012
= =
2 2
203
Solution:- =2
= 42 2
The region of the integral is bounded by 2 + 2 = =0
2 , 2 = 2
Use integration by parts
= 2
2
= 2 = 2 = 42 {[ 2 ]
0
2 2 2 2
+ = 2 = 2 2

[ () 2 ] }
= 2 2
0
3 2 2 3
(2 )2 (2 )2
= 42 {[ ] }
= 2 2 = 2 2 3 3
2 0 2
0
2 = 2 2 2 = 0 ( 2) = 0
5 2
2 (2 )2
= 0 = 2 = 42 {0 + [ ] }
3 5

= 0 = 2 2 0
Required volume V is 16 5
= 2(2)2
15
=2 =2 2 =2
16 5
= = 2(2)
15
=0 =2 2 =2
16 6
= (2)
=2 =2 2 15
= []2
2
16 128 3

= 83 =
=0 =2 2 15 15
=2 =2 2 25. Find the volume cut-off from the paraboloid

= 22
=0 =2 2
+ + = =

=2 =2 2 W2006, W2013
= 22
Solution:-
=0 =2 2
=2
The region of the integral is bounded by the region 2 +
1 2
= 22 []2
2
4
+ = 1 = 0
2 2
=0
1
=2 = 1 2 2
4
= 22 22 2
1
=0 = 0 = 1 2 2
4
=2
1 1
= 42 (2 ) 2 + 2 = 1 2 = 1 2
4 4
=0
2 = 4(1 2 ) = 21 2

204
=1
= 21 2 8 8
= 1 2 ( 2 )
3 3
= 21 2 =1
=1
2 = 1 = 1 8
= 1 2 (1 2 )
3
= 1 = 1 =1
= sin = cos

= 1 =
2

= 1 =
2

= 1 =
2

=
2
8
= cos4
Required volume V is 3

= 2
2 1 2
=1 =21 2 =1 4
cos4
=
=1 =21 2 =0

=1 =21 2 =
1 2
1 2 2 16
4
= []0 = cos4
3
=1 =21 2 =0
=1 =21 2 Use reduction formula

1
= (1 2 2 ) =

4 2
=1 =21 2 1 3 31
= .
=1
2 422
=21 2 =0
1 3
2
= [ ]
4 3 =21 2 16 3 1
=1 = ( )=
3 422
=1
8 3 26. Find by triple integration the volume bounded by the
= {21 2 2 2 1 2 (1 2 )
12 sphere + + = and the paraboloid + =
=1
W2009
+ 21 2 2 2 1 2
8 3
(1 2 ) } Solution:-
12
=1 The region of the integration is bounded by
16 3
= {41 2 4 2 1 2 (1 2 ) } 2 + 2 + 2 = 4 2 + 2 = 3
12
=1
=1 2 = 4 2 2 = 4 2 2
4 4
= 1 2 (4 4 2 + 2 )
3 3 2 + 2
=1 2 + 2 = 3 =
3
To find the point of intersection of

205
2 + 2 + 2 = 4 2 + 2 = 3
4 2 = 2 = =
2
3 + 2 = 4 2 + 3 4 = 0
= 0 = 4
( + 4)( 1) = 0 = 4 = 1
= 3 = 1
2 + 2 + 1 = 4 2 + 2 = 3
3 1
4
= 2 {[ ] ( )}
12 0 2
4
1
9 1 1
= 2 { + 2 }
12 2
4
3 1
9 1 2
= 2 { + [ ] }
12 2 3
2 4
3 1 13 13
= 2 ( + ) = 2 ( ) =
4 3 12 6
= cos , = sin
27. Find the volume using triple integration of the region
2 2 2
+ = = enclosed the paraboloid = + the cylinder +
= and the plane = S2006
= 0 = 3
Solution:-
= 0 = 2
The region of the integration is bounded by = 2 +
2
= 4 2 = 2 , 2 + 2 = 4 = 0
3
2 + 2
The require volume V is = 0 =

2
=3 2 =
3 = cos , = sin
=
2 + 2 = 2 =
=0 =0 =4 2
2 + 2 = 4 2 = 4 cos
=3 2
2
=
= [] 3 2 = 4 cos
=4
=0 =0

= 0 0 = 4 cos =
=3 2 2
2
= ( 4 2 )
3
=0 =0
=3
2
= ( 4 2 ) []2
0
3
=0
=3 =3
3
= 2 { 4 2 }
3
=0 =0

206
From fig
= 0 = acos

= 0 =
2
2
= 0 =

2
= =4 acos =
2
=2
=0 =0 =0

= =4 acos
2
2
=
=2 []=0
=0 =0

= =4 acos
2
2
=2 ( 0)

=0 =0

= =4 acos
2
2
= 3

=0 =0

=
2 =4 acos
2 4
= [ ]
4 =0
=0

=
2
2
= 24 4 cos 4
4
=0

=
2
3
16
= 4
2
=0
Use reduction formula

=
2
1 3 31
= . .
2 422
=0
163 3 1 33
= ( )=
2 422 2

Previews Engineering Mathematics II by Prof. P. D. Wasankar

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1

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

Sr.No. Name of Chapter Page No.

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

1 exists || = 2(4 1) + 1(2 + 1) + 1(1 2)

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

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= ( 1 )1 9. Find the inverse of the matrix S2006

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

11. Find the inverse of the matrix S2011 3 1 3 1

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

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Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

= 1 To find 1 by using adjoint method

= [3 12 + 10 3 + 20 20 1 8 + 10] |3 | = 2 (cos2 + sin2 ) + 2 = 1 0

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

A is nonsingular matrix sin

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

2 (1)2 The number of nonzero rows in above matrix A is 2

17. Find the rank of the matrix W2009 Solution:-

1+2+0 1+2+6 2+2+4 3 : 3 4 5 6 7

23. Determine for what values of the following () () Which is possible if

+ = , + + = iii. Infinite number of solutions

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

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ii. Unique solution + + = , + + =

Have the solution and solve them completely in each

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= 1 . 1 25. Test the consistency of the following equations and solve

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

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() = () is known as an Eigen values of matrix A and X is called as

+ 4 + The determinant | | expand then we gets a

+ 4 + = 5 . .1 The equation | | = 0 is called as characteristic

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a. The Eigen vectors X of a matrix A is not be unique

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

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= 1 , = 3 , = 2 are the characteristics roots of 1 = , 2 = 2 3 = 2

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

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Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics II First Year BE for All Branches

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