CONTENTS

GENERALS .................................................................................................................................. 3
Description .................................................................................................................................. 3
Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Definitions: ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.2. Classification of hydraulic structures...................................................................................... 4
1.3. Storage Structures............................................................................................................... 4
2. ELEMENTS OF DAM ENGINEERING ......................................................................................... 6
2.1. Definition ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Elements of a dam............................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Classification of Dams ......................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1. According to the function performed, dams are classified into:.......................................... 7
2.3.2. From hydraulic design considerations, dams are classified as: ......................................... 7
2.3.3. Classification based on the materials in which dams are made: ........................................ 7
2.3.4. Classification of Dams According To Location................................................................. 8
2.3.5. Classification of Dams According to Release Pattern ...................................................... 8
2.3.6. Classification of dams according to Size......................................................................... 9
2.3.7. Classification of Dams According to Filling and Emptying Mode ..................................... 10
2.3.8. Classification according to location of service area ........................................................ 10
2.3.9. Classification according to the rigidity........................................................................... 10
2.4. General characteristics ...................................................................................................... 11
2.4.1. Earthfill dams ............................................................................................................. 11
2.4.2. Composite dams ........................................................................................................ 12
2.4.3. Gravity dams ................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.4. Buttress dams............................................................................................................ 13
2.4.5. Arch dams ................................................................................................................. 14
2.5. Dams focus points ............................................................................................................ 15
2.6. Dam Site Selection ............................................................................................................ 16
2.7. Selection of dam type ........................................................................................................ 17
3. EARTHFILL DAMS .................................................................................................................. 19
3.1. Classification of earthfill dams ............................................................................................ 19
3.2. Embankment dam types and characteristics ........................................................................ 19

1 Hydraulic Structures Lecture Notes By Eng M. Evergiste, MSc| III rd year KCT
 3.3. The criteria for the design of earth dams are: ....................................................................... 24
3.4. Components of an Earthfill dam .......................................................................................... 25
3.5. Some causes of failure of earthfill dams .............................................................................. 26
3.5.1. Hydraulic failure: ........................................................................................................ 27
3.5.2. Seepage failure: ......................................................................................................... 28
3.5.3. Structural Failure: ....................................................................................................... 29
3.6. Design of some elements of earthfill dams ........................................................................... 30
3.6.2. Side slopes of dam ..................................................................................................... 30
3.6.3. Berms: ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.6.4. Free Board ................................................................................................................ 31
3.6.5. Slope Protection (Revetment)...................................................................................... 32
3.6.6. Drainage: .................................................................................................................. 33
3.6.7. Design of Filter .......................................................................................................... 37
3.6.8. Stability of Earthfill dams ............................................................................................. 38
4. CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS .................................................................................................. 39
4.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 39
4.2. Conventional concrete dams. ............................................................................................. 39
4.3. Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dams. .................................................................. 40
4.4. Site Selection .................................................................................................................... 40
4.5. Forces on gravity dams ...................................................................................................... 41
4.5.1. Basic Definitions ........................................................................................................ 41
4.5.2. Loads ........................................................................................................................ 42
4.5.3. Schedule of loads ...................................................................................................... 43
4.5.4. Combination of forces for design ................................................................................. 52
4.5.5. Stability analysis of gravity dams ................................................................................. 53
4.5.6. Low and high gravity dams.......................................................................................... 54
4.5.7. The practical dam profile ............................................................................................. 55

2 Hydraulic Structures Lecture Notes By Eng M. Evergiste, MSc| III rd year KCT
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

GENERALS

Description
This part is designed to acquaint students with the basic design principle of Hydraulic structures
and appurtenant works. As the course is on progress, emphasis will be given on Elements of
dam engineering; classification of dams; site assessment and selection of appropriate type of dam;
foundations and their treatment; concrete dams: loading; analysis and design of gravity dam, design
features and construction of concrete dam; roller compacted concrete gravity dam; embankment
dams: types of embankment dams, nature and characteristics of engineering soils, design and analysis of
embankment dams, material and construction; diversion structures (cross drainage structures, diversion
headworks)

Objectives

At the end of the course, the students will be able to:

- define dam & reservoir and know its basic importance and also list the types of dam
- differentiate the general characteristics of concrete and embankment dams
- select appropriate site for construction of different types of dams and know the
method of foundation preparation
- know the basic design principle and analysis of gravity and embankment dams
- understand the various mode of failure in all type of dams and recognize its constructional feature
- familiar with the technique of diverting river water for the purpose of constructions
- Check the stability of Dams
- Understand the cross drainage structures, diversion headworks)

3 Hydraulic Structures Lecture Notes By Eng M. Evergiste, MSc| III rd year KCT