1.

The great dust bowls of the 1930s are best explained by

a. The massive reversal of rivers to the South
b. The climate return to the average maxim
c. The drought linked to the melting of glaciers
d. The drought linked to the lack of winter snow in the highlands

2. The average age of mother at first birth in Canada is:

a. Increasing
b. Decreasing

3. In population studies Natural Increase refers to:

a. Babies produced by women not using contraceptives
b. The increase in population through BR, DR and Immigration
c. The increase in population considering the difference in births and deaths
d. The rate of increase of a species in the environment

4. The standing state refers to

a. Government owned lands that have been developed
b. The amount of abiotic material in an ecosystem
c. The static periods between governmental changes in environmental approaches

5. Only 3 to 5 trophic levels can exist

a. True
b. False

6. Species at the top of trophic structures are more vulnerable to change as the population
numbers are smaller
a. True
b. False

7. The coming population addition of over three billion people to the world could be better
accommodated if all the new additions were vegetarians.
a. True
b. False

8. In agriculture the spraying of generalized insecticides is a long term losing proposition as:
a. Not all areas can be covered
b. An acceleration of insect evolution will occur
c. Individual insects are not affected by general insecticides

9. The current concerns of Grassy Narrows are linked to areas in:

a. Ontario
b. British Columbia
c. Japan
d. USA

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 10. How might an increase in cloud cover help to cool planet Earth?
a. The clouds would reflect more incoming solar radiation back to space
b. The clouds would absorb more heat, taking the heat out of the atmosphere
c. Cloud formation produces rain, which removes water vapour from the atmosphere
when it falls

11. The text lists what human activity as the greatest contributor to the extinction of terrestrial
(land) species
a Deforestation
b Agriculture
c Destruction of wetlands

12. In the rational sense of this course which of the following would be a reason for
governments to interfere with free markets?
a. To protect monopolies
b. To provide national security
c. To help corporations control prices

13. What does a full-cost price of a product include?

a. Actual internal costs plus actual external costs
b. Actual internal costs minus actual external costs
c. Actual external costs minus actual internal costs

14. When pesticides kill beneficial species in addition to targeted species,

a. the pest problem is eliminated because no insects survive
b. the pest problem can become worse if natural predators are eliminated
c. the pest problem is greatly reduced since pesticides usually kill only their target
organisms

15. ZPG stands for:

a. Zero population growth
b. Zero pollution gains
c. Zero pollution, Greenpeace

16. The Precautionary Principle states that

a. New Products introduced into the environment are innocent until proven guilty
b. New products introduced into the environment are guilty until proven innocent

17, Abiotic refers to:

a. never living
b. living things
c. people in an environment
d. dead things

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18. In ecosystems succession is

a. An unpredictable change
b. An expected modification of an environment
c. A process of regal change
d. An expected self-modification of an environment

19. Removal of species by humans is:

a. Deliberate
b. Accidental
c. Both of the above

20. Which of the following means of tracking climate change is the most reliable to date?

a. Anecdotal
b. Surrogate and inferential
c. Scientific testing and systematic analysis

21. The level of government controlling the vast majority of Canadian forests is?

a. Federal
b. Provincial
c. Municipal
d. None of the above it is privately owned

22. Pollution is defined as

a. Any contaminant entering the environment

b. The amount of contaminant in excess of assimilative capacity
c. The amount of contaminant in excess of the non-point external sources
d. The assimilative capacity

23. Common Property Resources are:

a. Shared resources
b. Resources owned by First Nation groups
c. Abiotic in nature
d. Resources associated with hunting and fishing

3
24. Drunken Forest is best related to:

a. The Tanana River Lottery

b. Thermokarsts
c. Wind shears
d. Melting permafrost

25. The commitment to conservation suffers the most when it involves:

a. The TTC
b. Bike allowances
c. Monetary costs to the individual
d. idealism

26. Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications are difficult problems to deal with when we
have the introduction into an ecosystem of persistent synthetic chemicals. These are
chemicals that:

a. Continue to evolve inside species

b. Degrade into simpler compounds
c. Remain unaltered and persist for long periods of time
d. Consistently produce reactions that will induce cancer

27. Which group has the larger ecological footprint per person?

a. A member of poorer nations

b. A member of richer nations

28, The branch of Canadian government that has attacked more problems than those they
have ignored over the last ten years or so has been the:

a. Federal Government
b. Provincial Governments

29. The Ontario government allows the use of common property resources by logging
companies through the use of:

a. Long-term leases
b. Sales of selected areas
c. Unwritten agreements of proper land use
d. The resources are owned by the Federal government

4
30. Costa Rica is a prime example of

a. Practices that encourage rainforest destruction

b. Development of environmental protection through economics
c. The profitable switch to fish farming techniques
d. The benefits of the WTO

31, State property refers to:

a. Property used directly by the government for its own uses

b. Property held in trust by the government for its population
c. Property held by the government and leased out to individuals and companies
d. Property held by native groups

32, Which one of the following has the greater quantity of fresh water on the planet

a. Surface water
b. Groundwater

33. What is a confined aquifer?

a. A permeable layer of rock with water in it that is bounded above and below by
impermeable rocks
b. An impermeable layer of rock with water in it that is recharged by rainwater from
directly above the aquifer
c. A permeable layer of rock containing water that is difficult to access and must always
be pumped to the suface

34. Marine reserves refer to

a. The size of American naval military forces

b. No-take areas
c. Water parks designed for ecotourists
d. Areas used for future fishing grounds

35. Which country has the greatest water supply per capita?

a. Canada
b. China
c. United States

5
36. An old saying concerning health and diet isan apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Considering pesticide residue is that necessarily:

a. True
b. False

37. The text states that in North America the domestic activity that consumes the largest
amount of water clean enough to drink is:
a. Showers and baths
b. Flushing toilets
c. Drinking

38. The solutions to the depression and environmental problems in the 1930s were linked to
the perception that there is a greater cost to society in the long run when governmental
management is avoided.

a. True
b. False

39. M. K. Hubbert is best associated with theory on:

a. Population growth as an exponential curve

b. Resources their discovery, exploitation and depletion
c. Changes in costs for sewer and water systems

40. Major changes to an ecosystem can be spotted by:

a. Observing the size of commercial species over a number of years

b. The presence of an unusually hot summer
c. An unusual early breakup of ice on rivers

41. The text states that one of the following fossil fuels meets the greatest percentage of the
human energy demand:

a. Oil
b. Coal
c. Natural gas

42. Accounting determines the price of a product by adding up the costs of raw materials,
labour, tools, transportation, capital, and a markup for profit. These are costs classified as:

a. Internal
b. External
c. Internal and External combined

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43. Based on projections of future oil discoveries and production, when will oil cease to be a
major source of energy for human consumption?

a. This century (the 2000s)

b. Next century (the 2100s)
c. The following century (the 2200s)

44. Why has the Arctic gained recent attention in terms of fossil fuels?

a. Vast areas of coal have been found

b. Warming climate has thawed natural gas
c. Melting of sea ice has permitted oil and gas exploration

45. Which country has the greatest reserves of natural gas?

a. Canada
b. Russia
c. Iran

46. Populations have accommodated energy problems in the past by means of:

a. Substitution of different technologies and resources

b. Development of nuclear technology
c. Controlling their population
d. Migration to urban areas

47 A volcano that averages an eruption every fifty years over the last 20 centuries will erupt
once in the next fifty years:

a. True
b. False

48. The removal reference baseline in commercial fish catches has a key word leading to
problems. That word is:

a. Sustainable
b. Stock
c. Maximum
d. Biology

49. The bio-centric viewpoint is best associated with:

a. Romanticism
b. The useless parts of the environment
c. Industrialization
d. Population growth

7
50. Silent Spring was written by:

a. Rachel Carson
b. George March
c. Thomas White
d. Henry Thoreau

51. A toxic canary is:

a. A poisoned budgie
b. Any bird that creates a disturbance in succession patterns
c. Any creature that indicates a negative change in an ecosystem
d. A captive bird used in exploring the upper reaches of the atmosphere

52. The main reason for the extinction of the Passenger Pigeon was

a. Hunting and sport shooting

b. Changes in weapon technology
c. Destruction of forest habitat
d. Bird flu

53. PCBs will kill directly:

a. True
b. False

54. No development is best associated with

a. Preservation
b. Civic studies
c. Conservation
d. Railway construction

55. The Province with the greatest amount of land being changed for urban development is:

a. Alberta
b. British Columbia
c. Ontario
d. Quebec

56. Canada, in contrast to the United States, has always been the leader in the development of
protected areas and parks

a. True
b. False

8
57. In Canada the first conservation movement was marked by

a. An emphasis on river and bridge construction for flood control

b. An emphasis on park development
c. An emphasis on government action and agencies
d. An emphasis on private/public actions

58. Canadas first two conservation eras were terminated by:

a. Wars
b. Depressions
c. Conflicts with developers and government
d. Lack of exploitative opportunities

59. Part of the difficulties for settlers in western Canada during the depression were caused
by:

a. Short period of environmental investigation

b. Lack of effective dry farming techniques
c. Reversion back to the normal conditions of the prairies
d. A. and c
e. A., b., and c

60. The TVA (United States) and the PFRS (Canada) were organizations dedicated to

a. Protection of fish stocks

b. Rehabilitation of environments
c. Preservation of mountain forests
d. Provision of information for resource development companies

61. The baby boom in Canada in the period after WWII was mainly caused by

a. A decrease in Death Rates as compared to previous periods

b. An increase in Birth Rates as compared to previous periods
c. An increase in immigration rates
d. Greater migration rates into urban environments

62. Rachel Carson was responsible for the popularization of such concepts as

a. The Food Web

b. Indirect impacts
c. Temporal and spatial impacts
d. A. and b
e. A., b, and c

9
63. The near extinction of the Calvaria tree on Mauritius is a good example of:

a. Interdependence in ecosystems
b. The danger of overcutting by logging companies
c. The danger of invasive forest species
d. The danger of spraying for one species and impacting another

64. Several data bases exist that may provide clues and information about climate change.
They are

a. Outdoor lotteries
b. Budgets for road repairs
c. Cruise line records
d. All of the above

65. The source of water for Coke and Pepsi products such as Disani and Aquafina is

a. Glacial outwash water

b. Rural springs
c. Protected groundwater
d. Tap water

66. Bottled water is always safer than tap water.

a. True
b. False

67. The hottest July on record (since 1880) was in:

a. 1946
b. 1993
c. 2006
d. 2016

68. Eutrophication is associated with

a. An excessive growth of plant life

b. A decline in plant growth
c. Eventual growth in fish numbers
d. The stagnation of the succession process

69. Raccoons, skunks, and hornets could be classified as

a. Migratory species
b. Opportunistic species
c. Threatened species
d. Rabies prone species

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70. The key to proving the early onset of spring in the Nenana Ice Classic Lottery is the

a. Year that the lottery started

b. Starting year selected for the beginning of the trend line
c. Depth of ice in January

71. Most of the arguments for preservation of species revolve around

a. Ethical considerations
b. Self-interest of our species
c. The considerations of Parks Canada
d. Market considerations

72. The formula (Productive surface area of the earth / population of the earth) gives you

a. The amount of space the average person has on the planet

b. The Environmental change in ecosystems on the planet
c. The average eco-footprint per person on the planet
d. The total eco-footprint on the planet

73. The Ogallala Aquifer:

a. Has more water than Lake Huron

b. Has a depletion rate greater than replenishment rate
c. Has been depleted by 50% in total
d. B. and c
e. A., b., and c

74. The Rio Grande River (border of Mexico and the United States) could be compared to
Love Canal.

a. Yes
b. No

75. Meteoric water is water that

a. Rushes over waterfalls

b. Is found in hurricanes
c. Is moving groundwater
d. Is moving in rivers into lakes

76. When comparing current rates of extinction to the rates during recent geological past the
current rates are much higher
a. True
b. False

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77. Bottled Water producers pay a large proportion of their resource costs to the governments
of Ontario and British Columbia.

a. True
b. False

78. The Grand Canal Scheme from James Bay will be completed by the year 2050.

a. True
b. False

79. Temagami was a good example of the problems of

a. Common property resources

b. The dangers of storage of radioactive material
c. Food Web systems
d. The dangers of mercury poisoning

80. Flow or renewable resources:

a. Have to be left alone to regenerate

b. Have to be naturally replaced within a humans lifetime if they are to last
c. Will always recycle
d. Are water resources

81. Common Property resources are:

a. Owned communally by native bands

b. Shared resources
c. Are jointly owned by government and private businesses
d. Are not rare but easily found

82. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all is true because of:

a. Individuals profit while costs are shared by all

b. Individuals will buy up sections of land owned by all
c. Individuals will not contribute work to the general good of all

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83. Carrying capacity refers to

a. The level of existence and enjoyment with the number of humans that can be
supported in an area
b. The level of contaminants that an ecosystem can handle without changing
c. The volume of water that can carry debris and sewage away from a source
d. The number of humans that can be supported in an area

84. Sustained yield is

a. The volume of water available for hydroelectric power plants

b. The maximum that can be removed from the standing crop without depletion
c. The maximum crop off fields that have been fertilized
d. The most that can be taken from fund resources in a year

85. The annual allowable cut (AAC) is

a. Comparable to interest on a bank account

b. The maximum percentage of deer population that can be hunted in one year
c. Is calculated based on the number of employees in the system
d. Is calculated based on the necessary profit margins of companies involved

86. The estimates of the standing crop are easier to calculate accurately for

a. Fish
b. Cattle

87. Canada was the first nation to introduce National Parks

a. True
b. False

88. A shift towards more opportunistic species in an urban environment probably means

a. The system is undergoing stress

b. The amount of garbage in the area is increasing
c. Pets have been released into the wild
d. Protection laws have allowed populations to increase

89. The Province with the greatest loss of inland wetlands is

a. British Columbia
b. Alberta
c. Ontario
d. Quebec

13
90. The Great Fillup refers to

a. Increasing production of oil in Alberta

b. The inevitable addition of three million people on the planet
c. The removal of water to urban area for the use of their population
d. The use of air to provide fertilizers

91. Cocaine, amphetamines, hormones and painkillers are removed from sewage by our
treatment plants

a. True
b. False

92. If you walk through a supermarket you might notice that the names of some replacement
products are unfamiliar (for example sea bass or orange roughy). This is an indication of

a. Tremendous marketing skills

b. Overfishing of familiar species
c. The discovery of new sources of fish
d. The introduction of more farmed species

93. Is pollution an economic problem?

a. Yes
b. No

94. The American James Watt was

a. The inventor of the steam engine

b. The head of the Department of the Interior
c. The head of the Clear Lakes Station in Ontario
d. The first environmentalist in North America

95. Love canal was significant because:

a. It provided opportunities for water from Lake Erie to mix with Lake Ontario water
b. It was the first case concerning hazardous waste disposal in North America
c. It provided opportunities for invasive species to enter Lake Ontario
d. It was the first case suburban expansion into farmland surrounding large urban areas

96. Modern technologies in filtration and housing have reduced the percentage of our young
population with asthma

a. True
b. False

14
97. The closing of the coal plants in Ontario significantly lowered the presence of greenhouse
gases in Ontario.

a. True
b. False

98. The latest reports show that the temperatures in Ontario are rising faster than the global
average

a. True
b. False

99. Water levels in the Great Lakes over the next 40 years will

a. Rise because of increased snow over a shorter, colder winter

b. Fall because of drought conditions

100. Local populations will always win environmental battles with outsiders concerned with
protection over employment.

a. True
b. False

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