Litestone Technical Specifications

In accordance with
EN 77.1-4 and SANS 50 771-4
Technical Specifications
and Applications
Building Our Future

Contents
Introduction to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) 1
Litestone AAC Standard Masonry Building Block 11
624mm (L) x 240mm (B) x 249mm (H); 11

PPW 4-0,5 Technical Specification
AAC Thin-Bed Mortar Group B 11

AAC Masonry Building Blocks of Different Formats and Strengths 12
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Building Applications 13

Samples
AAC Blocks 13
Lintels 16
Murfor 26
Round Walls 28
Wall Connections 29
Wall / Foundation 39
Wall / Floor Slab 50
Wall / Roof 63
Point Loads 64
Ring Beam 65
Windows 66
More Information 68
Autoclaved aerated concrete
(AAC, Aircrete)
Introduction
Autoclaved aerated concrete is a versatile lightweight construction material and usually used
as blocks. Compared with normal (ie: dense concrete), AAC has a low density and excellent
insulation properties.
The low density is achieved by the formation of air voids to produce a cellular structure.
These voids are typically 1mm - 5mm across and give the material its characteristic
2
appearance. Blocks typically have strengths ranging from 3-9 N/mm (when tested in
3
accordance with BS EN 771-1:2000). Densities range from about 460 to 750 kg/m ; for
comparison, medium density concrete blocks have a typical density range of 1350-1500
3 -3
kg/m and dense concrete blocks a range of 2300-2500 kg m .
Autoclaved aerated concrete block with a sawn surface to show the cellular pore structure
(Picture courtesy H+H UK Ltd.)
Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 1

WHD Microanalysis Consultants Ltd
Iken House, 8 Acer Rd, Rendlesham, Woodbridge
Suffolk, UK
Website: http://www.understanding-cement.com
Detailed view of cellular pore structure in an AAC block.
Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks are excellent thermal insulators and are typically used to
form the inner leaf of a cavity wall. They are also used in the outer leaf, when they are usually
rendered, and in foundations. It is possible to construct virtually an entire house from
autoclaved aerated concrete, including walls, floors - using reinforced AAC beams, ceilings
and the roof. Autoclaved aerated concrete is easily cut to any required shape.
AAC also has good acoustic properties and it is durable, with good resistance to sulfate
attack and to damage by fire and frost.
Production
Autoclaved aerated concrete is cured in an autoclave - a large pressure vessel. In AAC
production the autoclave is normally a steel tube some 3 metres in diameter and 45 metres
long. Steam is fed into the autoclave at high pressure, typically reaching a pressure of 800
kPa and a temperature of 180 C.

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Autoclaved aerated concrete can be produced using a wide range of cementitous materials,
commonly:
Portland cement, lime and pulverised fuel ash (PFA)
or
Portland cement, lime and fine silica sand. The sand is

usually milled to achieve adequate fineness.
A small amount of anhydrite or gypsum is also often added.
Autoclaved aerated concrete is quite different from dense concrete (ie: normal concrete) in
both the way it is produced and in the composition of the final product.
Dense concrete is typically a mixture of cement and water, often with slag or PFA, and fine
and coarse aggregate. It gains strength as the cement hydrates, reaching 50% of its final
strength after perhaps about 2 days and most of its final strength after a month.
In contrast, autoclaved aerated concrete is of much lower density than dense concrete. The
chemical reactions forming the hydration products go virtually to completion during
autoclaving and so when removed from the autoclave and cooled, the blocks are ready for
use.
Autoclaved aerated concrete does not contain any aggregate; all the main mix components
are reactive, even milled sand where it is used. The sand, inert when used in dense concrete,
behaves as a pozzolan in the autoclave due to the high temperature and pressure.
The autoclaved aerated concrete production process differs slightly between individual
production plants but the principles are similar. We will assume a mix that contains cement,
lime and sand; these are mixed to form a slurry. Also present in the slurry is fine aluminium
powder - this is added to produce the cellular structure. The density of the final block can be
varied by changing the amount of aluminium powder in the mix.
The slurry is poured into moulds that resemble small railway wagons with drop-down sides.
Over a period of several hours, two processes occur simultaneously:
The cement hydrates normally to produce ettringite and calcium silicate hydrates and the mix
gradually stiffens to form what is termed a "green cake".
The green cake rises in the mould due to the evolution of hydrogen gas formed from the
reaction between the fine aluminium particles and the alkaline liquid. These gas bubbles give
the material its cellular structure.
Litestone AAC production method

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Slurry being poured into moulds (Picture courtesy H+H UK Ltd.)

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Green cake rising in mould (Picture courtesy H+H UK Ltd.)
There are some parallels between autoclaved aerated concrete production and bread-
making. In bread, the dough contains yeast and is mixed, then left to rise as the yeast
converts sugars to carbon dioxide.
The dough must have the right consistency; too hard and the bubbles of carbon dioxide
cannot 'stretch' the dough to make it rise, but if the dough is too sloppy, the carbon dioxide
bubbles rise to the surface and are lost and the dough collapses. With the right consistency,
the dough is sufficiently elastic to stretch and expand, but strong enough to retain the gas so
that the dough does not collapse. When risen, the dough is placed in the oven.
Although a much more complex process, AAC production conditions are precisely-controlled
for, in part, somewhat similar reasons. The mix proportions and the initial mix temperature
must be correct and the aluminium powder must be present in the required amount and with
the appropriate reactivity and alkaline environment. All of the materials must be of suitable

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fineness. A complicating factor is that the temperature of the green cake increases due to the
exothermic reactions as the lime and the cement hydrate, so the reactions proceed faster.
When the cake has risen to the required height, the mould moves along a track to where the
cake is cut to the required block size. Depending on the actual production process, the cake
may be demoulded entirely onto a trolley before cutting, or it may be cut in the mould after the
sides are removed.
The cake is cut by passing through a series of cutting wires.
Green cake being cut by wires (Picture courtesy H+H UK Ltd.)
At the cutting stage, the blocks are still green - only a few hours have passed since the mix
was poured into the mould and they are soft and easily damaged. However, if they are too
soft, the cut blocks may either fall apart or stick together; if they are too hard, the wires will
not cut them - here too, the process has to be carefully controlled to achieve the necessary
consistency.
The cut blocks are then loaded into the autoclave. It takes a couple of hours for the autoclave
to reach maximum temperature and pressure, which is held for perhaps 8-10 hours, or longer
for high density/high strength AAC.

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"Green" blocks being loaded into an autoclave (Picture courtesy H+H UK Ltd.)
When removed from the autoclave and cooled, the blocks have achieved their full strength
and are packed ready for transport.
AAC Composition
The essence of AAC production is that lime from the cement and lime in the mix reacts with
silica to form 1.1 nm tobermorite.

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During the green stage, the cement is hydrating at normal temperatures and the hydration
products are initially similar to those in dense concrete - C-S-H, CH and ettringite and/or
monosulfate. After autoclaving, tobermorite is normally the principal final reaction product due
to the high temperature and pressure.
Small amounts of other hydrated phases will also be present in the final product. Additionally,
hydrated phases form in the autoclave as intermediate products, principally C-S-H(I). This is a
more crystalline form of calcium silicate hydrate than occurs in dense concrete; it can have a
ratio of calcium to silicon of (0.8<Ca/Si<1.5) but 0.8 to 1.0 is desirable as this ratio facilitates
the formation of 1.1 nm tobermorite.
The compositions of the hydration products in AAC are therefore quite different from those in
dense concrete cured at normal temperatures (ie: calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), calcium
hydroxide (CH), ettringite and monosulfate).
Looking at this in a little more detail from when the green blocks enter the autoclave, the main
reactions that occur are broadly as follows:
Over 2 hours or so, as the pressure and temperature

increase, the normal cement hydration products that
formed in the green state progressively disappear and the
sand becomes reactive.
C-S-H(I) forms, partly from silica derived from the sand.
As more sand reacts, calcium hydroxide from the lime
and from cement hydration is gradually used up by
continued formation of C-S-H(I).
With continued autoclaving, 1.1 nm tobermorite starts to
crystallize from the C-S-H(I); the total proportion of C-S-
H(I) declines and that of 1.1 nm tobermorite gradually
increases. C-S-H(I) is therefore mainly an intermediate
compound.
The final hydration products are then principally:
1.1nm tobermorite
Possibly some residual C-S-H(I)
Hydrogarnet
Unreacted sand is likely to remain in the final product. There may also be some residual
calcium hydroxide if insufficient silica has reacted and some residual anhydrite and/or
hydroxyl-ellestadite if anhdrite was present in the mix.

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SEM image of polished section showing a detail - a cell wall - of a block made with cement,
lime and sand mix. Some residual unreacted sand particles remain (examples arrowed), often
with rims of hydration product showing the size of the original particle. Most of the matrix is
composed of tobermorite. Black areas at top left and bottom right are epoxy resin used in
preparing the polished section filling air voids (air cells).
The objective is to react sufficient silica from the sand to form tobermorite from the available
lime supplied by the lime and cement. This will depend on a range of factors, including the
inherent reactivities of the materials, their fineness (especially the sand), and the temperature
and pressure. If the autoclaving time is too short, the tobermorite content will not be
maximised and some unreacted calcium hydroxide will remain and block strengths will be
then less than optimum. If the autoclaving time is too long, other hydration products may form
which may also be detrimental to strength and an unnecessary energy cost will be incurred.
There are different forms of tobermorite: 1.1 nm tobermorite and 1.4 nm tobermorite. Also,
there are different types of 1.1 nm tobermorite and these behave differently when heated.
Their crystal structure is that of layered sheets, with water molecules between the layers - on
heating, the inter-layer water is lost; as a result, some 1.1 nm tobermorites shrink (a process
known as lattice shrinkage) but some dont.
1.4 nm tobermorite (C5S6H9) - forms at room temperature and is found as a natural mineral. It
decomposes at 55 C to 1.1 nm tobermorite, and so is not found in AAC.

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Calcium silicate hydrate compositions in AAC
1.1 nm tobermorite (C5S6H5) is usually the main hydration

product in AAC where cement, lime and sand are used
C-S-H(I) - more crystalline than C-S-H in dense concrete,
typically 0.8<Ca/Si<1.0
Xonotlite (C6S6H) - forms with longer autoclaving times, or
higher temperatures
'Normal' tobermorite shows lattice shrinkage, while non-shrinking tobermorite is called

'anomalous' tobermorite. Tobermorite in AAC made with cement, lime and sand is usually
normal tobermorite. Tobermorite in autoclaved aerated concrete made with cement, lime and
PFA is usually anomalous tobermorite. Aluminium and alkali together in solution (such as will
be present in mixes of cement, lime and PFA) tend to produce anomalous tobermorite, with
some aluminium and alkali taken up into the tobermorite crystal structure. The differences
between the different forms of autoclaved calcium silicate hydrates are not well-defined; in an
AAC block, intimately-mixed hydrates of different compositions and crystallinity are likely to
occur.
Other hydrothermally-formed minerals
Gyrolite (C2S3H2) - not normally found in AAC

Jennite (C9S6H11) occurs as a natural mineral; not found
in AAC
C-S-H(II) - Ca/Si 2.0. Does not occur in AAC
C2SH (-C2S hydrate) can occur in autoclaved products
but is undesirable
Hydroxyl-ellestadite (C10S3.3SO3.H2O) - may be found in
AAC; also occurs at the cooler end of cement kilns
Environmental benefits of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

The use of autoclaved aerated concrete has a range of environmental benefits:
Insulation: most obviously, the insulation properties of AAC will reduce the heating
costs of buildings constructed with autoclaved aerated concrete, with consequent fuel
savings over the lifetime of the building.
Materials: lime is one of the principal mix components and requires less energy to
produce than Portland cement, which is fired at higher temperatures. Sand requires
only milling before use, not heating, and PFA is a by-product from electricity
generation. NB: lime may require less energy to manufacture compared with Portland
cement but more CO2 is produced per tonne (cement approx. 800-900 kg CO2/tonne
compared to lime at 1000 kg CO2 per tonne).
Carbonation: less obviously, the cellular structure of AAC gives it a very high surface
area. Over time, much of the material is likely to carbonate, largely offsetting the
carbon dioxide produced in the manufacture of the lime and cement due to the
calcining of limestone.

Suffolk, UK
Litestone AAC Standard Masonry Building Block
PPW 4-0,5
624mm (L) x 240mm (B) x 249mm (H)
Benefits and Advantages
High Thermal Insulation

Lightweight
Superior Fire Resistance
Compressive Strength
Workability
Economical, Easier and Quicker to Install
Sound Insulation and Absorption
Environmentally Friendly
High Resistance to Air and Water Penetration
Durability and Dimensional Stability
Cost Effective
Litestone AAC Standard Masonry AAC Thin-Bed Mortar Group B

Block PPW 4-0,5 Technical Specifications
Strength Class 4 Initial Shear > 0,3 N/mm2

Strength
Compressive Stress 1,0 MN/m2 Dry Bulk Density 1,425 +/- 75 kg/m3
Ave Compressive > 5,0 N/mm2 Water Absorption < 0,35 kg/m2 min 0,5
Strength
Gross Density 0,50 kg/dm3 Fire Class A1
Dimensional Stability < 0,2 mm/m Water Vapour 5/20

Permeability
Dead Load 6,0 KN/m3 Chloride Content < 0,1% m/m
Thermal Conductivity 0,12 W/mK Thermal Conductivity 0,52 W/mK
Acoustic Properties Rw = 36 dB Correction Time 7 minutes
11
AAC Masonry Building Blocks
Different Formats and Strengths
Mortar
Allowable Blocks
Thermal Compressive Required
Dimensions Dead Compressive Required
Product Conductivity Strength Density (dry mass)
LxBxH Load Stress per
k Class 2 3 per
0 m and m 2 3
m and m
2 3 3 2 Blocks per Mortar kg per

W/mK mm N/mm kg/dm KN/m MN/m 2 3 2 3
m /m m /m
PPW 1,6-0,30 0,08 624 x 365 x 249 1,6 0,30 4,0 0,40 6,4 / 17,5 4,12 / 11,30
PPW 1,6-0,30 0,08 499 x 425 x 249 1,6 0,30 4,0 0,40 8,0 / 18,8 4,23 / 11,60
PPW 1,6-0,30 0,08 499 x 480 x 249 1,6 0,30 4,0 0,40 8,0 / 16,7 4,85 / 11,40
PPW 2-0,35 0,08 624 x 365 x 249 2 0,35 4,5 0,60 6,4 / 17,5 4,12 / 11,30
PPW 2-0,35 0,08 499 x 400 x 249 2 0,35 4,5 0,60 8,0 / 20,0 4,19 / 11,50
PPW 2-0,35 0,08 499 x 500 x 249 2 0,35 4,5 0,60 8,0 / 16,0 4,93 / 11,50
PPW 2-0,35 0,09 499 x 300 x 249 2 0,35 4,5 0,60 8,0 / 26,7 3,60 / 12,00
PPW 2-0,35 0,09 624 x 300 x 249 2 0,35 4,5 0,60 6,4 / 21,3 3,45 / 11,50
PPW 2-0,35 0,09 499 x 365 x 249 2 0,35 4,5 0,60 8,0 / 21,9 4,23 / 11,60
PPW 2-0,35 0,09 624 x 365 x 249 2 0,35 4,5 0,60 6,4 / 17,5 4,12 / 11,30
PPW 2-0,40 0,10 624 x 175 x 249 2 0,40 5,0 0,60 6,4 / 36,6 2,21 / 12,60
PPW 2-0,40 0,10 499 x 240 x 249 2 0,40 5,0 0,60 8,0 / 33,3 2,98 / 12,40
PPW 2-0,40 0,10 624 x 240 x 249 2 0,40 5,0 0,60 6,4 / 26,7 2,88 / 12,00
PPW 2-0,40 0,10 499 x 300 x 249 2 0,40 5,0 0,60 8,0 / 26,7 3,60 / 12,00
PPW 2-0,40 0,10 624 x 300 x 249 2 0,40 5,0 0,60 6,4 / 21,3 3,45 / 11,50
PPW 2-0,40 0,10 499 x 365 x 249 2 0,40 5,0 0,60 8,0 / 21,9 4,38 / 12,00
PPW 2-0,40 0,10 624 x 365 x 249 2 0,40 5,0 0,60 6,4 / 17,5 4,12 / 11,30
PPW 4-0,50 0,12 624 x 175 x 249 4 0,50 6,0 1,00 6,4 / 36,6 2,21 / 12,60
PPW 4-0,50 0,12 624 x 240 x 249 4 0,50 6,0 1,00 6,4 / 26,7 2,88 / 12,00
PPW 4-0,50 0,12 499 x 300 x 249 4 0,50 6,0 1,00 8,0 / 26,7 4,23 / 12,00
PPW 4-0,50 0,12 499 x 365 x 249 4 0,50 6,0 1,00 8,0 / 21,9 4,23 / 12,00
PPW 4-0,55 0,14 624 x 115 x 249 4 0,55 6,5 1,10 6,4 / 55,7 1,61 / 14,00
PPW 4-0,55 0,14 499 x 240 x 249 4 0,55 6,5 1,10 8,0 / 33,3 2,98 / 12,40
PPW 4-0,60 0,16 624 x 175 x 249 4 0,60 7,0 1,10 6,4 / 36,6 2,21 / 12,60
PPW 6-0,65 0,18 624 x 175 x 249 6 0,65 7,5 1,40 6,4 / 36,6 2,21 / 12,60
PPW 6-0,65 0,18 499 x 240 x 249 6 0,65 7,5 1,40 8,0 / 33,3 2,98 / 12,40
PPEW 6-0,65 0,18 499 x 300 x 249 6 0,65 7,5 1,40 8,0 / 26,7 3,69 / 12,00
PPEW 6-0,65 0,18 499 x 365 x 249 6 0,65 7,5 1,40 8,0 / 21,9 4,23 / 11,60
Standard production block
*Note: All other products are produced on request
12
AAC: Building Applications
AAC BLOCKS
With Ergonomical Grips
1) AAC blocks 6) Cut corner block

T&G + ergonomical grips - the cutting section with grips
2) AAC thin-bed mortar can be used elsewhere
3) Mortar 7) Vertical joint
4) DPC - no bonding with thin-bed mortar
5) Foundation by tongued and grooved blocks
13
AAC BLOCKS
With Ergonomical Grips
1) AAC blocks 5) Foundation

T&G + ergonomical grips 6) Vertical joint
2) AAC thin-bed mortar - no bonding with glue by tongued
3) Mortar and grooved blocks
4) DPC 7) Remove the tongue
14
AAC BLOCKS
Smooth AAC blocks
1) Smooth AAC block 4) DPC

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 5) Foundation
3) Mortar
15
LINTELS
AAC Lintel
1) AAC block
2) AAC thin-bed mortar
3) AAC lintel
16
LINTELS
AAC U-Lintel
1) AAC block
3) AAC U-lintel
4) Reinforced concrete
17
LINTELS
AAC U-Lintel
a) Available length: 2m 6m
width: 175 200 240 300 365 mm
b) 250 mm
c) Height of the required concrete beam to
be calculated by structural engineer
d) 50 if b = 175 200 240
55 if b = 300
62.5 if b = 365
e) Bearing U-lintel (to be calculated by
structural engineer)
18
LINTELS
AAC U-Lintel used as column
1) AAC block
3) AAC U-lintel
4) Reinforced concrete
19
LINTELS
AAC U-Lintel connection with concrete floor slab/ceiling
1) AAC block 7) AAC block

2) AAC thin-bed mortar - to be cut on site
3) AAC U-lintel and glued to lintel
4) Reinforcing mesh 8) Elastic joint
5) Mortar 9) Insulation
6) Concrete floor/ceiling 10) Soft joint
20
LINTELS
1) AAC block 7) Concrete floor/ceiling

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 8) AAC block to be cut on site
3) AAC U-lintel and glued to lintel
4) Gunnebo nail 9) Elastic joint
5) Reinforcing mesh 10) Insulation
6) Mortar 11) Soft joint
21
LINTELS
1) AAC block 6) Mortar

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 7) Concrete floor/ceiling
3) AAC U-lintel 8) Elastic joint
4) Gunnebo nail 9) Insulation
5) Reinforcing mesh 10) Soft joint
22
LINTELS
AAC U-Lintel detail bearing of ceiling on AAC U-lintel
1) AAC block 7) Concrete

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 8) Concrete ceiling
3) AAC U-lintel 9) Sound insulation
4) Mortar 10) Floor screed
5) Roofing or neoprene > 4mm 11) DPC
6) Steel beam 12) Open perpend
23
LINTELS
Other Lintels solid wall: concrete lintel
1) AAC block 5) Concrete lintel

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Polyethylene foil
3) Thermal insulation 7) Gunnebo or aluminium nail
4) Reinforcing mesh 8) Expansion joint
24
LINTELS
Other Lintels cavity wall: concrete lintel
1) AAC block 6) DPC

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 7) Mortar
3) Brick 8) Concrete lintel
4) Open perpend 9) Reinforcing mesh
5) Thermal insulation 10) Polyethylene foil
25
MURFOR
Murfor Reinforcement
1) AAC wall 4) Murfor corner piece

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 5) Lapping min. 250 mm
3) Murfor EFS/Z or similar
26
MURFOR
Wall Connection
1) AAC wall Sizes:

2) AAC thin-bed mortar a) 40 mm, 90 mm, 140 mm, 190 mm
3) Murfor EFS/Z or similar b) Diameter 1.5 mm
4) Murfor corner piece c) 8 mm x 1.5 mm
27
ROUND WALL
Cut Principle
1) AAC blocks cut with band-saw Angle

2) AAC thin-bed mortar e Block thickness
R Internal radius
28
WALL CONNECTION
Load-Bearing Walls
PROPERTIES OF THE BLOCK

Dimensions of standard block:
a) 624 mm
b) 240 mm
c) 249 mm
Custom dimensions per order only.
29
WALL CONNECTION
Load-Bearing Walls
1) AAC wall
3) Coupling Strips
4) Gunnebo nail
30
WALL CONNECTION
Load-Bearing Walls with Non Load-Bearing Wall
1) AAC wall
3) L-anchor
4) Gunnebo nail
31
WALL CONNECTION
Load-Bearing Walls with Non Load-Bearing Wall
1) AAC wall 4) Resilient anchor

2) AAC wall or wall of other material 5) Gunnebo nail
3) Polyurethane foam
32
WALL CONNECTION
Load-Bearing Walls with Non Load-Bearing Wall Free
Movement Allowed
1) AAC wall 5) Glass fibre mesh

2) AAC wall or wall of other material 6) Cut into plaster
3) Polyurethane foam 7) Resilient anchor
4) Finish 8) Gunnebo nail
33
WALL CONNECTION
New AAC Wall to Existing Wall
1) AAC wall 4) Fixed to existing wall

2) Existing wall 5) Resilient anchor
3) Polyurethane foam 6) Gunnebo nail
34
WALL CONNECTION / COLUMN

AAC Wall to a Column
1) AAC wall 4) Fixed to column

2) Concrete column 5) Resilient anchor
3) Ployurethane foam 6) Gunnebo nail
35
WALL CONNECTIONS / CEILING

Load-Bearing Wall to a Ceiling
1) AAC wall 4) Finish

2) Polyurethane foam 5) Cut into finish
3) Glass fibre mesh 6) Ceiling
36
WALL CONNECTIONS / CEILING

Non-Bearing Wall to a Ceiling
1) AAC wall 4) Resilient anchor

3) Ceiling 6) Fixed to ceiling
37
EXPANSION JOINTS
With Dilatation Anchors
1) AAC wall 3) Dilatation anchor

38
WALL / FOUNDATION
AAC Wall on Concrete Floor Above Cellar
1) AAC blocks density PPW 4-0,5 10) Plaster

2) AAC blocks density PPW 6-0,65 11) Stop bead
3) AAC thin-bed mortar 12) Cement screed
4) DPC 13) Concrete floor
5) Thermal insulation 14) Protection and DPC
6) Brick 15) Waterproofing
7) Waterproofing 16) DPC
8) Mortar 17) Foundation
9) Render only
39
WALL / FOUNDATION
AAC Wall on Concrete Floor Above Ventilated Void
1) AAC blocks density PPW 4-0,5 9) Render only

2) AAC blocks density PPW 6-0,65 10) Plaster
3) AAC thin-bed mortar 11) Stop bead
4) DPC 12) Cement screed
5) Thermal insulation 13) Floor in concrete
6) Solid brick class B face brick 14) Protection and DPC
(Blue engineering brick) 15) DPC
7) Waterproof mortar 16) Foundation
8) Mortar
40
WALL / FOUNDATION
Solid External AAC Wall
1) AAC block 9) Plaster

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 10) Stop bead
3) DPC 11) Cement screed
4) Thermal insulation 12) Floor in concrete
5) Brick or concrete 13) Base course
6) DPC 14) Foundation wall
8) Render only
41
WALL / FOUNDATION
AAC Wall/Concrete Floor on Ground
1) AAC block 8) Render only

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 9) Plaster
3) DPC 10) Stop bead
4) Thermal insulation 11) Cement screed
5) Solid brick class B face brick 12) Concrete floor
(Blue engineering brick) 13) Base course
6) Waterproof mortar 14) Foundation wall
42
WALL / FOUNDATION
Cavity Wall Concrete Floor Above Cellar
1) AAC block 9) Concrete screed

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 10) Thermal insulation
3) AAC blocks density PPW 6-0,65 11) Cement floor
4) DPC 12) Protection and DPC
5) Mortar 13) Waterproofing
6) DPC 14) DPC
7) Bricks 15) Foundation
8) Plaster
43
WALL / FOUNDATION
Cavity Wall Concrete Floor Above Ground

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 9) Cement screed
4) Thermal insulation 11) Base course
5) DPC 12) Foundation wall
7) Bricks
44
WALL / FOUNDATION
Load-Bearing Internal AAC Wall
1) AAC block 7) Cement screed

4) Mortar 10) Base course
5) Waterproofing and DPC 11) Foundation wall
6) Plaster 12) Foundation
45
WALL / FOUNDATION
Non Load-Bearing Internal AAC Wall on Concrete Floor

3) Mortar 8) Concrete floor
4) Waterproofing 9) Base course
5) Plaster
46
WALL / FOUNDATION
Non Load-Bearing Internal AAC Wall on Concrete Floor

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Insulation
3) Mortar 7) Concrete floor
4) Plaster
47
WALL / FOUNDATION
Non Load-Bearing Internal AAC Wall on Timber Floor

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Timber floor
3) Timber batten 7) Timber beams
4) Murfor
48
WALL / FOUNDATION
Non Load-Bearing Internal AAC Wall on Timber Floor
1) AAC block 5) Internal plaster

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Timber floor
3) Timber batten 7) Timber beams
4) Murfor 8) Polyethylene foil
49
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Concrete Floor on Solid 300mm AAC Wall
1) AAC block 5) Concrete floor

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Bituminous felt or neoprene
3) Reinforcing mesh laid in render min. thickness 4 mm
4) Thermal insulation type PU 7) Mortar
50
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Concrete Floor on Solid 240mm AAC Wall
1) AAC block 5) Concrete floor/hollow core floor

2) AAC thin-bed mortar slab/beam & blocks
3) Reinforcing mesh laid in render 6) Bituminous felt or neoprene
4) Thermal insulation type PU min. thickness 4 mm
6) Mortar
51
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Concrete Floor on Solid External Wall
1) AAC block 5) In-situ concrete slab

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Polyethylene foil
3) Reinforcing mesh laid in render 7) Polystyrene strip 40 x 5 mm
4) Thermal insulation 8) Mortar
52
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Timber Floor on Solid External Wall
1) AAC block 7) Timber floor

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 8) Subfloor
3) Reinforcing laid in render 9) Bituminous felt or neoprene
4) Plaster min. thickness 4 mm
5) Cavity or insulation 10) Necessary expansion space
6) Insulation polyurethane foam for timber floor
53
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Concrete Floor on Cavity Wall
1) AAC block 5) Bricks

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Concrete floor
3) Mortar 7) Bituminous felt or neoprene
4) Thermal insulation min. thickness 4 mm
54
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

1) AAC block 4) Bricks

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 5) Concrete floor
3) Mortar 6) Bituminous felt or neoprene
min. thickness 4 mm
55
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Concrete Floor on AAC Lintel
1) AAC block 7) Bituminous felt or neoprene

2) AAC thin-bed mortar min. thickness 4 mm
3) AAC Lintel 8) Plaster
4) Thermal insulation 9) Concrete floor
5) DPC 10) Sound insulation
6) Open perpend 11) Cement screed
12) Bricks
56
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

1) AAC block 5) Polyethylene foil

3) Concrete floor 7) Bricks
4) Polystyrene strip 40 x 5 mm
57
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Timber Floor on Cavity Wall
1) AAC block 6) Insulation polyurethane foam

3) Cavity or insulation min. thickness 4 mm
4) Timber floor 8) Brick
5) Necessary expansion space 9) Timber floor
for timber 10) Subfloor
58
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Concrete Floor on Internal Wall

3) Concrete floor 5) Mortar
59
WALL / FLOOR SLAB


3) Concrete floor 5) Mortar
60
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

1) AAC block 5) Render

3) Concrete floor min. thickness 4 mm
4) Cavity 20mm 7) Reinforcing mesh laid in render
61
WALL / FLOOR SLAB

Placement of Timber Floor on Internal Wall
1) AAC block 5) Polyurethane foam

2) AAC thin-bed mortar - thickness 15 mm
3) Timber beam 6) Bituminous felt or neoprene
4) Necessary expansion space min. thickness 4 mm
for timber floor
62
WALL / ROOF
Sloping Roof Timber Frames
1) AAC wall 4) Wall plate

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 5) Timber frame
3) Holding down rod
63
POINT LOADS
Different Possibilities
Possibility 1 Possibility 2

3) Thermal insulation 6) Steel profile
4) Pad stone
64
RING BEAM
On Solid AAC Wall Using U-Lintels
1) AAC block 5) Reinforcement mesh

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Cavity or insulation
3) AAC U-lintel 7) Bituminous felt or neoprene
4) Concrete floor slab min. thickness 4 mm
65
WINDOWS
Cavity Wall
1) AAC Block 5) Open perpend

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Flexible joint
3) Plaster 7) DPC
4) Brick 8) Thermal insulation
66
WINDOWS
Solid Wall
1) AAC block 5) DPC

2) AAC thin-bed mortar 6) Flexible joint
3) Plaster 7) Thermal insulation
4) Render only 8) AAC block
- cut from 100 mm block
67
More Information
Website
http://www.litestonegroup.com
Brochures, flyers, presentations, technical specifications and applications and

more information can be found at our website.
Email
info@litestonegroup.com
If you require assistance, have an enquiry or require more information then

email us and someone will assist.
68

Litestone Technical Specifications

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Litestone Technical Specifications

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In accordance with

EN 77.1-4 and SANS 50 771-4

Building Our Future

Litestone AAC Standard Masonry Building Block 11

624mm (L) x 240mm (B) x 249mm (H); 11

AAC Thin-Bed Mortar Group B 11

AAC Masonry Building Blocks of Different Formats and Strengths 12

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Building Applications 13

Wall / Floor Slab 50

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 1

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 2

Portland cement, lime and pulverised fuel ash (PFA)

Portland cement, lime and fine silica sand. The sand is

A small amount of anhydrite or gypsum is also often added.

Litestone AAC production method

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 3

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 4

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 5

The cake is cut by passing through a series of cutting wires.

Green cake being cut by wires (Picture courtesy H+H UK Ltd.)

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 6

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 7

Over 2 hours or so, as the pressure and temperature

The final hydration products are then principally:

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 8

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 9

1.1 nm tobermorite (C5S6H5) is usually the main hydration

'Normal' tobermorite shows lattice shrinkage, while non-shrinking tobermorite is called

Other hydrothermally-formed minerals

Gyrolite (C2S3H2) - not normally found in AAC

Environmental benefits of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Source: Understanding Cement by Nick Winter 10

624mm (L) x 240mm (B) x 249mm (H)

Benefits and Advantages

High Thermal Insulation

Litestone AAC Standard Masonry AAC Thin-Bed Mortar Group B

Strength Class 4 Initial Shear > 0,3 N/mm2

Gross Density 0,50 kg/dm3 Fire Class A1

Dimensional Stability < 0,2 mm/m Water Vapour 5/20

Dead Load 6,0 KN/m3 Chloride Content < 0,1% m/m

Thermal Conductivity 0,12 W/mK Thermal Conductivity 0,52 W/mK

Acoustic Properties Rw = 36 dB Correction Time 7 minutes

2 3 3 2 Blocks per Mortar kg per

Standard production block

*Note: All other products are produced on request

1) AAC blocks 6) Cut corner block

1) AAC blocks 5) Foundation

1) Smooth AAC block 4) DPC

1) AAC block 7) AAC block

1) AAC block 7) Concrete floor/ceiling

1) AAC block 6) Mortar

1) AAC block 7) Concrete

1) AAC block 5) Concrete lintel

1) AAC block 6) DPC

1) AAC wall 4) Murfor corner piece

1) AAC wall Sizes:

1) AAC blocks cut with band-saw Angle

PROPERTIES OF THE BLOCK

1) AAC wall 4) Resilient anchor

1) AAC wall 5) Glass fibre mesh

1) AAC wall 4) Fixed to existing wall

WALL CONNECTION / COLUMN

1) AAC wall 4) Fixed to column