ARALING PANLIPUNAN

Cyrus II of Persia (Old Persian: Kru; New

Persian: Kuru; Hebrew: , Modern Kr, Tiberian Kor; c. 600 530 BC), commonly known
[7]
as Cyrus the Great and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid
Empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near
East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and
the Caucasus. From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the
Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen. Under his successors, the empire eventually
stretched at its maximum extent from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Paeonia and Thrace-Macedonia)
and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. His regal titles in full were The Great
King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and King of the
Four Corners of the World.

Darius I (Old Persian: Drayava(h)u, New

Persian: Dryu; Hebrew: ,
Modern Dreyve, Tiberian Dryw; c. 550486 BCE) was the third
king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Also called Darius the Great, he ruled the empire at its peak, when it
included much of West Asia, the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia and Paeonia), most of
the Black Sea coastal regions, parts of the North Caucasus, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valleyin the far
east, and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (Mudrya), eastern Libyaand coastal Sudan.

Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the
Great (Greek: , Alxandros ho Mgas Koine Greek: [a.lk.san.dros ho m.gas]), was a king (basileus)
of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and
succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an
unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and he created one of the largest empires of the
ancient world by the age of thirty, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is
widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.

Xerxes I (/zrksiz/; Old Persian: x--y-a-r--a "ruling over heroes", Greek [ksrkss]; 518465 BC),
called Xerxes the Great, was the fourth king of kings of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia. Like his
predecessor Darius I, he ruled the empire at its territorial apex. He ruled from 486 BC until his assassination in
465 BC at the hands of Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard.
Cambyses II (Old Persian: Kambjiya Aramaic: Kanbz;[7] Ancient Greek: Kambss;
Latin Cambyses; Medieval Hebrew , Kambisha) (d. 522 BC) son of Cyrus the Great (r. 559530 BC),
was emperor of the Achaemenid Empire.
Cambyses' grandfather was Cambyses I, king of Anshan. Following Cyrus the Great's conquest of the Near
East and Central Asia, Cambyses II further expanded the empire into Egypt during the Late Period by defeating
the Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik III during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC. After the Egyptian campaign and the
truce with Libya, Cambyses invaded the Kingdom of Kush (located in what is now the Sudan) but with little
success.[9]
 T.L.E
Joseph Marie Charles dit (called or nicknamed) Jacquard (7 July 1752 7 August 1834) was a French weaver
and merchant. He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom (the
"Jacquard loom"), which in turn played an important role in the development of other programmable
machines, such as an early version of digital compiler used by IBM to develop the modern day computer.

Blaise Pascal (/pskl, pskl/; French: [blz paskal]; 19 June 1623 19 August 1662) was a
French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who was
educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences
where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts
of pressure and vacuum by generalising the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defence of
the scientific method.
 SCIENCE

Animal cells and plant cells are similar in that they are both eukaryotic cells and have similar organelles. Animal cells
are generally smaller than plant cells. While animal cells come in various sizes and tend to have irregular shapes, plant
cells are more similar in size and are typically rectangular or cube shaped. A plant cell also contains structures not found
in an animal cell. Some of these include a cell wall, a large vacuole, and plastids. Plastids, such as chloroplasts, assist in
storing and harvesting needed substances for the plant. Animal cells also contain structures such as centrioles, lysosomes,
cilia, and flagella that are not typically found in plant cells.

The following are examples of structures and organelles that can be found in typical animal cells:

Cell (Plasma) Membrane - thin, semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell,
enclosing its contents.
Centrioles - cylindrical structures that organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division.
Cilia and flagella - specialized groupings of microtubules that protrude from some cells and aid in
cellular locomotion.
Cytoplasm - gel-like substance within the cell.
Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that gives the cell support and helps
to maintain its shape.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - an extensive network of membranes composed of both regions with
ribosomes (rough ER) and regions without ribosomes (smooth ER).
Golgi Complex - also called the Golgi apparatus, this structure is responsible for manufacturing, storing
and shipping certain cellular products.
Lysosomes - sacs of enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids.
Microtubules - hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell.
Mitochondria - cell components that generate energy for the cell and are the sites of cellular
respiration.
Nucleus - membrane-bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information.
Nucleolus - structure within the nucleus that helps in the synthesis of ribosomes.
Nucleopore - a tiny hole within the nuclear membrane that allows nucleic acids and proteins to
move into and out of the nucleus.
Peroxisomes - enzyme containing structures that help to detoxify alcohol, form bile acid, and break
down fats.
Ribosomes - consisting of RNA and proteins, ribosomes are responsible for protein assembly.