Geosynthetics

y and
Reinforced Soil Structures
R i f
ReinforceddS
Soilil W
Walls
ll
continued
Prof K. Rajagopal
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras,
M d Chennai
Ch i
e-mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.in
 Outline of the Lecture
Seismic loads in design
Internal Stability Calculations

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 SEISMIC LOADS (IS1893-2002)
Z I Sa
base acceleration factor Z = zone factor(Table 2)
2Rg I = importance factor (Table 6)
Seismi II III IV V Sa = spectral acceleration
c zone coefficient (chart shown below)
R = response reduction factor
Intensity Low Moderate Severe Very (Table 7)
Severe g = acceleration coefficient
=9.81 m/s2
Zone 0 10
0.10 0 16
0.16 0 24
0.24 0 36
0.36
factor, Z

I/R < 1
I/R<1

Average acceleration
coefficient in soil
m = (1.45) (FHWA)

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 Importance Factors (IS 1893-2002)
Sl. No. Type of structure Importance factor
1 Important buildings such as 1.5
hospitals emergency building,
hospitals, building
public places, etc.
2 All other buildings 1

Typical response reduction factors (IS 1893-2002)

(Extracts from Table 7)
Varies from 1.5
1 5 to 5 depending on the flexibility of
the buildings.
e.g. unreinforced masonry wall buildings have low
reduction factor of 1.5
Ductile shear walls and steel frames have a high
reduction factor of 5.0
4/32
Reinforced Soil Walls - 5
 LEGEND
Various seismic
ZoneII
Zone II
ZoneIII
zones as per
ZoneIV IS1893-2002
ZoneV

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 SEISMICLOADS(FHWA)
Lateral thrust from the backfill soil on the RE-block

PAE= 0 375 * m * *H
0.375 H2 (acts at 0.6
0 6 H from base)

Inertial force of the soil in RE-block PIR= 0.5* m * *H2

(acts at 0.5H
0 5H from the base)
Seismic force for external stability calculations
= PIR+0.5*PAE (assuming that both forces do not
reach the peak value at the same time)

The above force is added to the other forces due to static

loads in the external stability calculations.

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 Mononobe Okabe Method
A ti earth
Active th pressure coefficien
ffi i t
sin 2 ( )
K ae
sin( ) sin( )

2
cos sin 2 sin( ) 1
sin( ) sin( )

tan 1 k h
P
1 k v

kh = coefficient in horizontal direction = m

kv = coefficient in vertical direction=0
kv < kh
1
P ae H 2 (1 K v) K ae
2
Pa is the static force that acts at H/3 from base
P P ae P a P is the dynamic component which acts at
0.6H from base

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 Factors of Safety
FactorsofSafety
Totalforcesarethesumtotalofseismicforces
Total forces are the sum total of seismic forces
andotherstaticforcesduetoselfweight,
surcharge loads etc
surchargeloads,etc.
AllowableFactorsofsafetywhenseismicforces
are included are 75% of the corresponding
areincludedare75%ofthecorresponding
staticvalues.e.g.FSagainstlateralslidingis
0 751 5=1 125 when seismic forces are
0.751.5=1.125whenseismicforcesare
considered.

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 InternalFailureAnalysis
Todeterminetheverticalspacingofthe
reinforcementlayers

Modesoffailure
Ruptureofreinforcementlayers
f f l
Pulloutofthereinforcementlayers
Connectionfailureorexcessivemovementoffacing
blocks

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 Longterm Allowable Design Strength
CRF T ult
Ta
FC FD FS

Tultlt from index tension tests

FC is the environmental degradation factor,
FD is the construction induced damage
g ((depends
p on method of
compaction, size of aggregate etc.)
FS is overall factor of safety
CRF = creep reduction factor (depends on type of polymer, duration of
service life, temperature, etc.)

Type of polymer CRF

Polyester 0.40 to 0.63
Polypropylene 0.20 to 0.25
polyamide
p y 0.35
HDPE 0.20 to 0.40
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Different Components of total force in each
reinforcement layer

self-weight
self weight of soil
Uniform surcharge due to dead loads and live
loads
Bridge abutment loads
Horizontal loads on the surface of backfill
surface
Inertial forces due to earthquake effects

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Forces in reinforced soil due to bridge abutment
P = vertical
e t ca force
o ce from
o bbridge
dge dec
deck
Uniformpavementload=ws

Lateral force on crest = Fh b

2V:1H load dispersion
1
Fh k ab ws h
2 of vertical load
2 k ab h through the footing
breaking force

Equivalent vertical force

on wall,
Peq = P - (h+ws)b
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Forces in reinforcement layers
due to horizontal load, Fh
d
d b/2 Fh
h
t ( 45 / 2)
tan( b z

h
)
((45/2)
2Fh z
T ( z) (1 ) S v ( z )
h h

Sv = vertical spacing of
reinforcement layers
z = depth
d h ffrom surface
f
h = wedge height

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Force transferred to reinforcement layers

Sv/2
Sv/2

P = Kf vb Sv(z)
( )
Forces transferred into each reinforcement layer
p
correspond to lateral forces in soil from half-spacing
p g
above that layer and half-spacing below
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 LateralEarthPressureCoefficientinReinforcedSoilBlock
Flexible reinforcements
reinforcements, k = Ka for full height - both FHWA &
BS8006
For inextensible reinforcements
reinforcements, K=K
K Ko at top of wall and
decreases linearly to Ka at 6 m depth (both FHWA & BS8006)

Ko
Additional guidelines in FHWA for
metallic products z
6m
6m
Rigid metallic strips
K=1.7Ka at top and reduces linearly
to 1.2K
1 2Ka at 6m depth

Welded wire meshes Ka

K 2 5Ka att top
K=2.5K t andd reduces
d linearly
li l
to 1.2Ka at 6m depth
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Checkforruptureofreinforcement
At any depth,
depth force in reinforcement < Ta
Force in reinforcement at depth z = Sv(z) Kf vb
Kf = earth pressure coefficient in the reinforced fill
Sv(z) = vertical spacing at depth z Sv
Sv(z) = Ta/Kf vb

eccentricity at depth z,
1 / 6 k ab b z 3 k ab q z 2
e
f zL qL Sv(z)
z
vertical stress at depth z, Vertical spacing reduces
(z q) L
vb p if Ta is same at
with depth
L 2e all depths
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Peak reinforcement forces and the location
of the internal rupture surface

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 Internalruptureplane

Inadequatelengthofreinforcement
beyondruptureplane

embedmentlengthofreinforcement

Pullout failure of reinforcement layers due to inadequate

embedment FHWA guideline is 1m length beyond rupture plane

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Wallunderconstruction..Noticethefrontfacingwassplitintothreepartsall
p
measurementsweremadeonthecentralpaneltoavoidsidewallfrictioneffects

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 The soil after removal of
facing panels .. Internal
rupture surface can be
visualised

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Reinforced Soil Walls - 5 21/32
Reinforced Soil Walls - 5 22/32
 1.8m 80

n (micro strain)
40

srain
1.6875 0
m
0.0 1.0 2.0

elevatiion (m)
length of soil nail (m)

80

straain (micro strain)

40

1.2375m
0

0.0 1.0 2.0

length of soil nail (m)

80

strain (miccro srain)

40

0.1125 0
m
0.0m 0.0 L
Length
1.0
th off soil
il nail
il (m)
( )
2.0

Distancefromthe
face(m)
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 Internal Rupture Planes
0.3H
0.3H

0.2H

0.4H
( ) ( )
4 2 4 2
Tiebackwedgemethod
CoherentgravityFHWA CoherentgravityBS
forflexiblereinforcements
RigidReinforcements
Rigid systems those reinforcements that develop their
peak strength within 1% strain
Additional seismic force to consider =
Weight of soil in wedge acceleration factor
Reinforced Soil Walls - 5 24/32
 Forces in Layers
y due to seismic forces

Inertial force on the active soil wedge, PI = m WA

WA = total vertical force due to weight of soil and permanent

loads on the active soil wedge
g

Load in each reinforcement layer,

T PI Le
Le
Le = embedment length of reinforcement
Le = sum total of all embedment lengths

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Check for pullout reinforcement
z
H Le
Le = length of embedment beyond
L
rupture plane

H z
Le L
pullout resistance 2 tan r v Le
tan(45 r )
2
v = vertical
ertical stress at reinforcement le
level
el
= pullout interaction parameter
r = friction angle of reinforced fill

pullout resistance
FS against pullout 1 .5
force in reinforcem ent

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 SoilReinforcement
Soil ReinforcementInteraction
Interaction
Passive Resistance
Pullout force Pullout Force
F i ti
Frictional
lRResistance
i t

Normal Pressure

Friction + Passive Resistance in

Frictional Load Transfer
G id Reinforcements
Grid i f

Passive wedge

Pullout Force
Passive Resistance

Friction + Passive Resistance in Anchor Reinforcements

Reinforced Soil Walls - 5 27/32

Weldedwirereinforcementmesh

Reinforced Soil Walls - 5 28/32

 Load capacity of welded wire meshes

P = Nq d w N v

P = pullout load capacity

Nq = bearing
b i capacity it ffactor
t
d = diameter of cross-bars
w = width of the cross-bars
N = no. of cross bars beyond
y active wedge
g
v = vertical stress at reinforcement level

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Steel strip reinforcement with an anchor connection at end

steel strip

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Pullout capacity of anchored reinforcement
elements BS 8006 (1995)

Pu P s P a 2 B s v Le 4 K p B a t a v
Ps = skin friction force
Pa = passive capacity due to anchor
= surface friction factor = .tanr
v=normal pressure
Bs = width of strip
Le = embedment length of steep strip
Ba, ta = width and height of anchor
Kp = passive pressure coefficient
Reinforced Soil Walls - 5 31/32
 Recap
This
Thislecturehasdiscussedtheearthquake
lecture has discussed the earthquake
forcesontheretainingwallsandsomeaspects
of the internal stability analysis
oftheinternalstabilityanalysis

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