Upload Mathematics Part i for Class Xii Book

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Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

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MODEL SOLUTION OF M. S. BOARD BOOK
MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS (40)

PART I
STANDARD XII
(ARTS & SCIENCE)
BY
Prakash D. Wasankar
M. Sc. (Mathematics) B. Ed.
Price: 200 Rs.

3
Model Solution of M.S. Board Book
Mathematics and Statistics (40)
Part II
Standard XII
(Arts & science)
Publisher
All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever
without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.
Published by
Mrs. Jyoti P. Wasankar
Sai Nagar Shegaon
Dist. Buldhana 444203
Mob 9422925819
E-mail jyotiwasankar@gmail.com

4
Contents
Sr.No. Name of Chapter Page No.
1 Matrices 4
2 Mathematical Logic 28
3 Trigonometric Function 41
4 Pair of Straight Lines 101
5 Vectors 131
6 Three Dimensional Geometry 158
7 Line And Plane 166
8 Linear Programming 211

5
3 2 61 0 0
MATRICES 3 3 60 3 0
0 1 0 1 3 0
2 2 50 0 1
Inverse matrix:-
Let A be a non singular matrix then 2 2 40 2 0

0 0 10 2 1
exist
= =
1 1 2 0 1 0
0 1 0 = 1 3 0
0 0 1 0 2 1
Procedure for finding inverse matrix by using
Apply 1
elementary operation
Keep 1 in the place of

1 1 2 0 1 0
i.
0 1 0 = 1 3 0
ii.
0 0 1 0 2 1

iii.
Keep 1 in the place of Apply

iv.

v.
1 0 2 1 2 0
3 2 6
vi.
0 1 0 = 1 3 0
1. Find the inverse of = 1 1 2 by using
0 0 1 0 2 1
2 2 5
elementary transformation Apply 2
1 0 21 2 0
0 0 20 4 2
Solution:-
3 2 6 1 0 01 2 2
= 1 1 2
2 2 5 1 0 0 1 2 2
0 1 0 = 1 3

0
3 2 6 0 0 1 0 2 1
|| = 1 1 2
2 2 5 1 2 2
= 1 3 0
|| = 35 4 25 4 + 62 2 0 2 1
|| = 3 2 + 0 = 1 0 1 2 2
= 1 3 0
A is nonsingular matrix 0 2 1
exists 0 1 2
2. Find the inverse of = 1 2 3 by elementary
= 3 1 1
3 2 6 1 0 0
operation
1 1 2 = 0 1 0
2 2 5 0 0 1
Solution:-
0 1 2
Apply = 1 2 3
3 1 1
1 1 2 0 1 0
3 2 6 = 1 0 0 0 1 2
|| = 1 2 3
2 2 5 0 0 1
3 1 1
Apply 3
2
|| = 0 11 9 + 21 6

6
|| = 8 10 = 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
0 0 2 5 3 1
A is nonsingular matrix 0 1 0 4 3 1
exists 1 1 1
' *
1 0 0
&2 2 2)
= 0 1 0 = &4 3 1)
0 0 1 &5 3 1)
%2
0 1 2 1 0 0 2 2(
1 2 3 = 0 1 0
3 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
' *
&2 2 2)
Apply = &4 3 1)
&5 3 1)
1 2 3 0 1 0 % 2 2 2 (
0 1 2 = 1 0 0
3 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
' *
&2 2 2)
Apply 3 = &4 3 1)
&5 3 1)
3 1 1 0 0 1 % 2 2 2(
3 6 9 0 3 0
0 5 8 0 3 1 2 0 1
3. Find the inverse of the matrix = 5 1 0 by
1 2 3 0 1 0 0 1 3
0 1 2 = 1 0 0
0 5 8 0 3 1
elementary transformation
Apply 2
+ 5
Solution:-
2 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
= 5 1 0
0 2 42 0 0
0 1 3
1 0 12 1 0
2 0 1
0 5 80 3 1 || = 5 1 0
0 5 10 5 0 0
0 1 3
0 0 2 5 3 1
1 0 1 2 1 0 || = 23 0 0 15 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0
|| = 6 5 = 1 0
0 0 2 5 3 1

A is nonsingular matrix

Apply
exists
2 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0 =
0 1 2 =" 5 3 1#
0 0 1
2 2 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
5 1 0 = 0 1 0

Apply +
2 0 1 3 0 0 1
2 1 0 Apply 3
1 0 1
1
$
0 0
6 0 3 3 0 0
1 0 0

5 1 0 = 0 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1

7
Apply 1 0 1
|| = 0 2 3
1 1 3 3 1 0 1 2 1
5 1 0 = 0 1 0

0 1 3 0 0 1 || = 12 6 0 + 10 2
Apply 5 || = 4 2 = 6 0
5 1 0 0 1 0
5 5 1515 5 0
0 6 1515 6 0 exists

1 1 3 3 1 0 =
0 6 15 = 15 6 0
0 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 2 3 = 0 1 0
Apply 5 1 2 1 0 0 1
0 6 15 15 6 0 Apply
0 5 15 0 0 5
0 1 0 15 6 5 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 2 3 = 0 1 0
1 1 3 3 1 0
0 2 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 = 15 6 5
0 1 3 0 0 1 Apply

Apply +

1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 3 1 1 3 1
"0 1 # = " 0 0#
0 1 0 = 15 6 5 2 2
0 0 3 15 6 6 0 2 0 1 0 1

Apply 2

Apply
0 2 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 3 1 1
0 1 0 = 15 6 5 0 2 3 0 1 0
0 0 31 1 1
0 0 1 5 2 2
3 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
3 1

= 15 6 5 "0 1 # = " 0 0#
5 2 2 2 2
0 0 3 1 1 1
3 1 1
= 15 6 5 Apply

5 2 2
1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 ' 1 *
4. Find the inverse of = 0 2 3 by elementary 3 &0 0 )
"0 1 # = & 2 )
1 2 1 2
0 0 1 &1 1 1)
%3 (
3 3
transformation
Apply

Solution:-
1 0 1
= 0 2 3
1 2 1

8
1 0 0 =
1 0 1
1

0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 5 = 0 1 0

2 4 7 0 0 1
0 0

0 1

Apply and 2

0 0

1 1 5 0 1 0
0 1 0 0

1 2 31 0 0
0 1 2 1 1 0
2 1 1
' * 2 4 7 0 0 1
1 0 0 & 3 3 3 )
2 4 62 0 0
1 1 )
0 1 0 = & 0 0 0 1 2 0 1
0 0 1 & 2 2 )
& 1 1 1) 1 2 3 1 0 0
% 3 (
3 3 0 1 2 = 1 1 0
0 0 1 2 0 1
2 1 1
' *
& 3 3 3 ) Apply 1
1 1 )

= & 0
& 2 2 ) 1 2 3 1 0 0
& 1 1 1) 0 1 2 = 1 1 0
% 3 ( 0 0 1 2 0 1
3 3
2 1 1 Apply 2
' *
& 3 3 3 )
1 2 31 0 0
1 1 )
= & 0 0 2 42 2 0
& 2 2 ) 1 0 71 2 0
& 1 1 1)
% 3 (
3 3 1 0 7 1 2 0
0 1 2 = 1 1 0
1 2 3 0 0 1 2 0 1
5. Find the inverse of 1 1 5 by using elementary
2 4 7 Apply 7
+ 2
1 0 7 1 2 0
transformation
0 0 7 14 0 7
1 0 0 13 2 7
Solution:-
1 2 3
,-. = 1 1 5 0 1 2 1 1 0
2 4 7 0 0 2 4 0 2
0 1 0 3 1 2
1 2 3
|| = 1 1 5 1 0 0 13 2 7
2 4 7 0 1 0 = 3 1 2
0 0 1 2 0 1
|| = 17 20 27 10 + 34 2
13 2 7
|| = 13 + 6 + 6 = 1 0 = 3 1 2
2 0 1
13 2 7
= 3 1 2
exists
2 0 1

9
cos 2 sin 2 0 sin 2 1

6. Find the inverse of the matrix sin 2 cos 2 0 1 0 0 0
" cos 2 # = " cos 2 #
0 0 1 0 1 0 sin 2 cos 2 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
Apply + 567 8
79: 8
By elementary operation
Solution:-
0 0

cos 2 sin 2 0 1 567 8 0
79: 8
567 8
Let = sin 2 cos 2 0
0 0 sin 2 0
79: 8 79:; 8
0 0 1 567 8 567 8
1 0 0 cos 2 sin 2 0
cos 2 sin 2 0
|| = sin 2 cos 2 0 1 0 0 cos 2 sin 2 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 = sin 2 cos 2 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
|| = cos 2 cos 2 0 + sin 2 sin 2 0 + 0
cos 2 sin 2 0
|| = cos 2 + sin 2 = 1 0
= sin 2 cos 2 0
0 0 1
cos 2 sin 2 0
= sin 2 cos 2 0
exists

0 0 1
= 2 3 3
7. Find the inverse of the matrix 2 2 3 by
cos 2 sin 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 0 = 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

Solution:-
567 8
2 3 3
Apply
sin 2 1 <-. = 2 2 3
1 0 0 0
" cos 2 # = "cos 2 # 3 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 3
|| = 2 2 3
Apply sin 2 3 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 0 0 1 0 || = 24 + 6 + 34 9 + 34 6

0 567 8 0 0
79: 8
sin 2 + 567 8
79:; 8
|| = 20 15 30 = 25 0
0 0 567 8 1 0
79: 8
567 8
sin 2 1
'1 0* ' 0 0* exists

& cos 2 ) & cos 2 )
&0 1 = & sin 2
& 0)) & cos 2 1 0)) =
cos 2
%0 0 1( % 0 0 1( 2 3 3 1 0 0
2 2 3 = 0 1 0

567 8 3 2 2 0 0 1
Apply
Apply

10
3 2 2 0 0 1 0

2 2 3 = 0 1 0 0 1 1 $ $
0 0 1 $

2 3 3 1 0 0 $ $
0 1 0
Apply 0
$ $
1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3
2 2 3 = 0 1 0 ' 0 *
1 0 0 & 5 5 )
2 3 3 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 = & 0 )
Apply 2
2 0 0 1 & 5 5 )
& 2 1 2)
% 5 (
2 2 30 1 0 5 5
2 2 22 0 2 2 3 7
0 0 52 1 2 ' *
& 5 5 5)
2 3 31 0 0 1 1
= & 0 )
2 2 22 0 2 & 5 5 )
0 5 53 0 2 & 2 1 2)
% 5 (
5 5
1 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 5 = 2 1 2 2 3 7
0 5 5 3 0 2 ' *
& 5 5 5)
1 1
Apply = & 0 )
& 5 5 )
1 1 1 1 0 1 & 2 1 2)
% 5 (
0 5 5 = 3 0 2 5 5
0 0 5 2 1 2
1 3 2
8. Find the inverse of the matrix3 0 5by
$

2 5 0
Apply
1 0 1
1 1 1
3 2
0 1 1 = " 0 #
0 0 5 5 5
Solution:-
2 1 2 1 3 2
Let = 3 0 5
==,>
2 5 0
2 3 1 3 2
' 0 *
1 0 0 || = 3 0 5
& 5 5)
0 1 1 =& 3 2) 2 5 0
0 0 5 & 5 0 5)
% 2 1 2( || = 10 + 25 30 + 10 215 0
Apply $

|| = 25 30 + 30 = 25 0
2 3
' 0 *
1 0 0 & 5 5 )
exists
3 2 )
0 1 1 = & 0
0 0 1 & 5 5 ) =
& 2 1 2)
% 5 (
5 5 1 3 2 1 0 0
3 0 5 A = 0 1 0

==,> + 2 5 0 0 0 1

11
==,> + 3
2 2 0 1
0 1 4

A B
3 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 4 $ $ $
3 9 6 3 0 0 0 1 0 A
$ $ $
0 9 113 1 0
2 3
2 5 00 0 1 ' 1 *
& 5 5)
2 6 42 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 11 )
0 1 42 0 1 0 1 0 A = &
0 0 1 & 5 25 25 )
1 3 2 1 0 0 & 3 1 9 )
0 9 11 A = 3 1 0 % 5 25 25 (
0 1 4 2 0 1
2 3
' 1 *
Apply 5 5)
&
2 4 11
1 3 2 1 0 0 IA = & )
& 5 25 25 )
0 1 4 A = 2 0 1 & 3 1 9 )
0 9 11 3 1 0 % 5 25 25 (
Apply 1 2 3
' 1 *
1 3 2 1 0 0 & 5 5)
2 4 11 )
0 1 4 A = 2 0 1 A = &
0 9 11 3 1 0 & 5 25 25 )
& 3 1 9 )
==,> 3
9 % 5 25 25 (
1 3 2 1 0 0 2 0 1
0 3 12 6 0 3 9. Find the inverse of the matrix 5 1 0 by
1 0 10 5 0 3 0 1 3
0 9 11 3 1 0
0 9 36 18 0 9
0 0 25 15 1 9
Solution:-
2 0 1
1 0 10 5 0 3 Let = 5 1 0
0 1 4 A = 2 0 1 0 1 3
0 0 25 15 1 9
2 0 1
Apply $ || = 5 1 0

0 1 3
5 0 3
1 0 10 || = 23 0 0 15 0
2 0 1
0 1 4 A = " 3 1 9#
0 0 1 || = 6 5 = 1 0
5 25 25
==,> 10
+ 4 A is nonsingular matrix
5 0 3 exists
1 0 10
10 6 $ $
@
0 0 =
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 1 0 0
$ $
5 1 0 = 0 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1

12
Apply 1 0 0 3 1 1
0 1 0 = 15 6 5
5 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 2 2
2 0 1 = 1 0 0

0 1 3 0 0 1 3 1 1
= 15 6 5
==,> 2 5 2 2
5 1 00 1 0 3 1 1
4 0 22 0 0
= 15 6 5
1 1 22 1 0 5 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2
2 0 1 = 1 0 0 10. Find the inverse of matrix 0 2 1 by
0 1 3 0 0 1 1 3 0
Apply 2
elementary raw operation
2 0 11 0 0
Solution:-
2 2 44 2 0 1 2 2
0 2 55 2 0 Let = 0 2 1
1 3 0
1 1 2 2 1 0
0 2 5 = 5 2 0 1 2 2
0 1 3 0 0 1 || = 0 2 1
1 3 0
Apply
|| = 10 3 20 + 1 20 2
1 1 2 2 1 0
0 1 3 = 0 0 1 || = 3 2 + 4 = 1 0
0 2 5 5 2 0
==,>
+ 2
exists
1 1 2 2 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1 =
1 0 12 1 1
1 2 2 1 0 0
0 2 55 2 0
0 2 1 = 0 1 0
0 2 60 0 2
1 3 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 5 2 2
1 0 1 2 1 1 +
0 1 3 = 0

0 1 1 2 2 1 0 0
0 0 1 5 2 2 0 2 1 = 0 1 0
==,> + and 3 0 5 2 1 0 1
Apply

1 0 12 1 1
0 0 1 5 2 2
1 0 0 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 0
1 1
0 1 3 0 0 1 "0 1 # = "0 0#
2 2
0 0 315 6 6 0 5 2 1 0 1
0 1 0 15 6 5
==,> 2 and 5

13
1 2 21 0 0 E E E
0 2 1 0 1 0
FGH . GI = E E E
1 0 11 1 0 E E E
0 5 2 1
$ 1 0 1 =
FGH . GI
0 5 ||
0 5/2 0
1 5/2 1
0 0 1 2 3

11. Find the inverse of the matrix 1 1 5 by adjoint
1 0 1 1 1 0 2 4 7
' 1* ' 1 *
&0 1 ) &0 0)
& 2) = & 2 )
method
& 1 ) & 5 )
%0 0
2 ( %1 2
1(
Solution:-
1 2 3
Apply 2 Let = 1 1 5
2 4 7
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 || = 17 20 27 10 + 34 2
"0 1 # = "0 0#
2 2
0 0 1 2 5 2 || = 13 + 6 + 6 = 1 0
1
==,> +
+
2
exists
1 0 11 1 0
0 0 12 5 2 1 5
E = 1K L L = 17 20 = 13
1 0 03 6 2 4 7
0 1 0

0 1 5
E = 1K L L = 17 10 = 3
2 7
0 0 1 1
$
0 1

01

1 1
2 1 E = 1K L L = 14 2 = 2
2 4
1 0 0 3 6 2
0 1 0 = 1 2 2 3
1 E = 1K L L = 114 12 = 2
4 7
0 0 1 2 5 2
1 3
3 6 2 E = 1K L L = 17 6 = 1
= 1 2 2 7
1
2 5 2 1 2
E = 1K L L = 14 4 = 0
2 4
3 6 2
= 1 2 1 2 3
2 5 2 E = 1K L L = 110 3 = 7
1 5
1 3
E = 1K L L = 5 3 = 2
1 5
Inverse of square matrix by adjoint method
E E E 1 2
E = 1K L L = 11 2 = 1
The co-factor matrix of given matrix A is
E E E 1 1
E E E E E E
E
Co-factor matrix= E E
E E E J
E E E
E

FGH . GI = E E
E E E

14
13 3 2 0 1
E = 1K L L = 10 2 = 2
Co-factor matrix= 2 1 0 2 3
7 2 1
1 1
E = 1K L L = 3 0 = 3
13 3 2 J 0 3

FGH . GI = 2 1 0
1 0
7 2 1 E = 1K L L = 12 0 = 2
0 2
13 2 7 E E E

FGH . GI = 3 1 2 E E E
Co-factor matrix=
2 0 1 E E E
1
=
FGH . GI 4 3 2
|| Co-factor matrix= 2 0 2
2 3 2
1 13 2 7 13 2 7

= 3 1 2 = 3 1 2 4 3 2 J
1
2 0 1 2 0 1
FGH . GI = 2 0 2
13 2 7 2 3 2
= 3 1 2 4 2 2
2 0 1
FGH . GI = 3 0 3
1 0 1 2 2 2
12. Find the inverse of 0 2 3 by adjoint method 1
1 2 1 =
FGH . GI
||
1 4 2 2
=
Solution:-
1 0 1 3 0 3
6
Let = 0 2 3 2 2 2
1 2 1
1 4 2 2
= 3 0 3
|| = 12 6 0 + 10 2 6
2 2 2
|| = 4 2 = 6 0 1 2 3
A is nonsingular matrix 1 2 4
exists
adjoint method
2 3
E = 1K L L = 12 6 = 4
Solution:-
2 1 1 2 3
0 3 Let = 1 1 2
E = 1K L L = 10 3 = 3 1 2 4
1 1
0 2 || = 14 4 24 2 + 32 1
E = 1K L L = 10 2 = 2
1 2
|| = 0 + 12 9 = 3 0
0 1
E = 1K L L = 10 2 = 2
2 1 A is nonsingular matrix
1 1 exists
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 0
1 1
1 0 1 2
E = 1K L L = 12 0 = 2 E = 1K L L = 14 4 = 0
1 2 2 4

15
1 2 || = 3 0
E = 1K L L = 14 2 = 6
1 4
1 1
E = 1K L L = 12 1 = 3
1 2 exists
2 3
E = 1K L L = 18 6 = 2 3 0
2 4 E = 1K L L = 13 0 = 3
2 1
1 3
E = 1K L L = 14 3 = 1 3 0
1 4 E = 1K L L = 13 0 = 3
5 1
1 2
E = 1K L L = 12 2 = 0 3 3
1 2 E = 1K L L = 16 15 = 9
5 2
2 3
E = 1K L L = 14 3 = 1 0 0
1 2 E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0
2 1
1 3
E = 1K L L = 2 + 3 = 5 1 0
1 2 E = 1K L L = 11 0 = 1
5 1
1 2
E = 1K L L = 11 + 2 = 3 1 0
1 1 E = 1K L L = 12 0 = 2
5 2
E E E
E
Co-factor matrix= E E 0 0
E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0
E E E 3 0
0 6 3 1 0
E = 1K L L = 0 0 = 0
1 5 3 1 0
E = 1K L L = 13 0 = 3
3 3
0 6 3 J

FGH . GI = 2 1 0 E E E
1 5 3 Co-factor matrix= E E E
E E E
0 2 1

FGH . GI = 6 1 5 3 3 9
3 0 3 Co-factor matrix= 0 1 2
0 0 3
1
=
FGH . GI
|| 3 3 9 J

FGH . GI = 0 1 2
1 0 2 1 0 0 3
= 6 1 5
3 3 0 0
3 0 3

FGH . GI = 3 1 0
1 0 0 9 2 3
14. Find the inverse of matrix 3 3 0 by adjoint
5 2 1 1
=
FGH . GI
method ||
1 3 0 0
= 3 1 0
Solution:-
1 0 0 3
9 2 3
Let = 3 3 0
5 2 1 1 3 0 0
= 3 1 0
3
|| = 13 0 0 + 0 9 2 3
16
1 2 3 10 10 2
15. Find the inverse of the matrix 0 2 4 by adjoint
FGH . GI = 0 5 4
0 0 5 0 0 2
1
=
FGH . GI
method
Solution:- ||
1 2 3 1 10 10 2
Let = 0 2 4 = 0 5 4
10
0 0 5 0 0 2
|| = 110 0 20 0 + 30 0 2 1 1

|| = 10 0 + 0 = 10 0 1 1 2
adjoint method
exists

Solution:-
2 1 1
2 4 Let = 1 2 1
E = 1K L L = 110 0 = 10 1 1 2
0 5
0 4 || = 24 1 + 12 + 1 + 11 2
E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0
0 5
|| = 6 1 1 = 4 0
0 2
E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0
0 0 A is nonsingular matrix
2 3
E = 1K L L = 110 0 = 10 exists
0 5
1 3 2 1
E = 1K L L = 15 0 = 5 E = 1K L L = 14 1 = 3
0 5 1 2
1 2 1 1
E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0 E = 1K L L = 12 + 1 = 1
0 0 1 2
2 3 1 2
E = 1K L L = 18 6 = 2 E = 1K L L = 11 2 = 1
2 4 1 1
1 3 1 1
E = 1K L L = 4 0 = 4 E = 1K L L = 12 + 1 = 1
0 4 1 2
1 2 2 1
E = 1K L L = 12 0 = 2 E = 1K L L = 14 1 = 3
0 2 1 2
E E E 2 1
E = 1K L L = 12 + 1 = 1
Co-factor matrix= E E E 1 1
E E E
1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 2 = 1
10 0 0 2 1
2 4 2 E = 1K L L = 2 + 1 = 1
1 1
10 0 0 J 2 1

FGH . GI = 10 5 0 E = 1K L L = 14 1 = 3
1 2
2 4 2

17
E E E
Co-factor matrix= E E E
Solution:-
E E E The given equations are
3 1 1 M + 3> = 2 , 3M + 5> = 4
Co-factor matrix= 1 3 1
1 1 3 1 3 M 2
O PO P = O P
3 5 > 4
3 1 1 J

FGH . GI = 1 3 1 ==,> 3
1 1 3
3 5 4
3 1 1 3 96

FGH . GI = 1 3 1 0 42
1 1 3
1 3 M 2
1 O P O>P = O P
=
FGH . GI 0 4 2
||
M + 3> 2
Q R=O P
1 3 1 1 4> 2
= 1 3 1
4 1
1 1 3
M + 3> = 2 , 4> = 2 > =
2
3 3 1 1
Reduction method
17. Solve the equations 2M + > = 5 , 3M + 5> = 3 M+ =2M =2 M = M =

2 2 2 2
19. Solve the equations 3M > = 1 , 4M + > = 6 using

using method of reduction
Solution:- reduction method
The given equations are Solution:-
2M + > = 5 , 3M + 5> = 3 The given equations are
2 1 M 5 3M > = 1 , 4M + > = 6
O PO P = O P
3 5 > 3
3 1 M 1
O PO P = O P
==,> 2 3 4 1 > 6
6 10 6 ==,> 3 4
6 315
0 7 21 12 3 18
12 44
2 1 M 5 0 7 14
O PO P = O P
0 7 > 21
3 1 M 1
2M + > O PO P = O P
Q R=O
5
P 0 7 > 14
7> 21
3M > 1
Q R=O P
2M + > = 5 , 7> = 21 > = 3 7> 14
8 3M > = 1 , 7> = 14 > = 2

2M 3 = 5 2M = 8 M = M=4
2
3M 2 = 1 3M = 3 M = 1
18. Solve the equations M + 3> = 2 , 3M + 5> = 4 using
reduction method 20. Solve the equations 5M + 2> = 4 , 7M + 3> = 5
Using reduction method
18
reduction M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,

Solution:- 22. Solve the following equations by the method of
The given equations are and M + 3> + 4T = 13

5M + 2> = 4 , 7M + 3> = 5
5 2 M 4
Solution:-
O PO P = O P
7 3 > 5
The given equations are
==,> 5 7 M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,
35 15 25 M + 3> + 4T = 13
35 1428
0 1 3 1 3 3 M 12
>
1 4 4 U V = 15
5 2 M 4 1 3 4 T 13
O PO P = O P
0 1 > 3
==,>

5M + 2> 4
Q R=O P
> 3 1 3 3 M 12
0 1 1 U>V = 3
5M + 2> = 4 , > = 3 0 0 1 T 1
5M + 23 = 4 5M 6 = 4 5M = 10 M M + 3> + 3T 12
=2 >+T =3
T 1
21. Solve the equations 2M + 3> = 9 , > M = 2
M + 3> + 3T = 12
> + T = 3 , T=1
using reduction method
>+1=3> =31> =2
Solution:-
M + 3 2 + 3 1 = 12
The given equations
2M + 3> = 9 , > M = 2
M = 12 9 M = 3
2M + 3> = 9 , M > = 2
Required values are M = 3 , > = 2 , T = 1
2 3 M 9
O PO P = O P
1 1 > 2
M > T = 1 , 2M > = 1 and 3M 3> 4T = 2
23. Solve the following equation by method of reduction
==,> 2
2 2 4
2 39
Solution:-
0 55 The given equations are
2 3 M 9 M > T = 1 , 2M > + 0T = 1 , 3M 3> 4T = 2

O PO P = O P
0 5 > 5
1 1 1 M 1
2M + 3> 9 >
2 1 0 U V = 1
Q R=O P
5> 5 3 3 4 T 2
2M + 3> = 9 , 5> = 5 > = 1 ==,> 2
3
2M + 31 = 9 2M = 9 3 2M = 6 M = 3 2 1 0 1
2 2 22
0 1 21
19
3 3 4 2 1 2 3 M 8
3 3 3 3 0 5 5 U>V = 15
0 0 11 0 5 13 T 23
1 1 1 M 1
0 1 2 U>V = 1
0 0 1 T 1 0 5 1323
0 5 5 15
M>T 1 0 0 8 8
U > + 2T V = 1
T 1 1 2 3 M 8
0 5 5 U>V = 15
M>T =1 0 0 8 T 8
> + 2T = 1 , T = 1 T = 1 M + 2> + 3T 8
5> 5T = 15
> 2 = 1 > = 2 1 > = 1 8T 8
M11=1 M + 2> + 3T = 8 1
M =2+1M =3 5> 5T = 15 > + T = 3 2
Required values are M = 3 , > = 1 , T = 1 8T = 8 T = 1
24. Solve the equations 2M > + T = 1 , =X. H -YX.HG 2 > + 1 = 3 > = 2

M + 2> + 3T = 8 , 3M + > 4T = 1using reduction
Put in equation 1M + 2 2 + 3 1 = 8
M+4+3= 8M = 87 M = 1
method
25. Solve the equations M + > + T = 6 ,

Solution:-
3M > 3T = 10 , 5M 5> 4T = 3by method of

2M > + T = 1 , reduction
M + 2> + 3T = 8 , 3M + > 4T = 1 Solution:-
2 1 1 M 1
1 2 3 U>V = 8
3 1 4 T 1 M + > + T = 6 ,
Apply 3M > + 3T = 10 , 5M + 5> 4T = 3
1 2 3 M 8 1 1 1 M 6
2 1 1 U>V = 1 3 1 3 U>V = 10
3 1 4 T 1 5 5 4 T 3
==,> 2
3 ==,> 3
5
2 1 1 1 3 1 3 10
2 4 616 3 3 318
0 5 515 0 4 0 8
3 1 4 1 5 5 4 3
3 6 9 24 5 5 530
0 5 1323 0 0 927

20
1 1 1 M 6 M + 2> + T = 8 1
0 4 0 U>V = 8
0 0 9 T 27 > 3T = 5.........................2
M+>+T 6 16T = 16 T = 1
4> = 8
9T 27 =X. T = 1 > 3 1 = 5
M + > + T = 6 . .1
> 3 = 5 > = 3 5
4> = 8 > = 2
> = 2 > = 2
9T = 27 T = 3
M+22+1= 8M = 85 M = 3
M+2+3= 6M = 65 M = 1
27. Solve the equation M + 3> + 2T = 6
26. Solve the equations M + 2> + T = 8 , 3M 2> + 5T = 5 , 2M 3> + 6T = 7
2M + 3> T = 11 , 3M > 2T = 5by reduction Solution:-

method
M + 3> + 2T = 6
Solution:-
3M 2> + 5T = 5 , 2M 3> + 6T = 7
1 3 2 M 6
M + 2> + T = 8 , 3 2 5 U>V = 5
2 3 6 T 7
2M + 3> T = 11 , 3M > 2T = 5
==,> 3
2
1 2 1 M 8
2 3 1 U>V = 11 3 2 5 5
3 9 618
3 1 2 T 5
0 11 113
==,> 2
3
2 3 6 7
2 3 1 11 2 6 412
2 4 216 0 9 2 5
0 1 3 5 1 3 2 M 6
0 11 1 U>V = 13
3 1 2 5 0 9 2 T 5
3 6 324
0 7 519 ==,> 11 9
1 2 1 M 8 0 99 2255
>
0 1 3 U V = 5 0 99 9 117
0 7 5 T 19 0 0 31 62
==,> 7 1 3 2 M 6
0 11 1 U>V = 13
0 7 519 0 0 31 T 62
0 7 21 35 M + 3> + 2T 6
0 0 16 16 11> T = 13
31T 62
1 2 1 M 8
M + 3> + 2T = 6 . .1
0 1 3 U>V = 5
0 0 16 T 16 11> T = 13 .2

21
62 M+2+3= 6M = 65 M = 1
31T = 62 T = T=2
31 The three numbers are 1, 2, 3
Put T = 2 H -YX.HG 2
29. If three numbers are added the sum is 15. If the
11> 2 = 13 11> = 11
second number is subtracted from the sum of first
and third number then we get 5 and if twice the first
>=1
number is added to the second and the third
number is subtracted from the sum we get 4. Use
Put > = 1 , T = 2 H -YX.HG 2 matrices to find the numbers.
M+31+22=6M =67 Let M , >

T be the three numbers
Solution:-
M=1
M + > + T = 15 , M + T > = 5 , 2M + > T = 4
From the given condition
M + > + T = 15 , M > + T = 5 ,
2M + > T = 4
28. The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third
1 1 1 M 15
number by 3 and add it to the second number we
1 1 1 U>V = 5
get 11. By adding first and the third numbers we get
a number which is double the second number. Use 2 1 1 T 4
==,>
2
this information and find a system of linear
equations. Find the three numbers using matrices
1 1 1 5
Let M , >
T be the three numbers 1 1 115
Solution:-
0 2 0 10
M + > + T = 6 , > + 3T = 11 , M + T = 2>
2 1 1 4
M + > + T = 6 , 0M + > + 3T = 11 , 2 2 230
M 2> + T = 0 0 1 326
1 1 1 M 6
0 1 3 U>V = 11 1 1 1 M 15
1 2 1 T 0 0 2 0 U>V = 10
Apply 0 1 3 T 26
Apply

1 1 1 M 6
0 1 3 U>V = 11 0 1 326
0 3 0 T 6 0 1 0 5
Apply + 3 0 0 321
0 3 06 1 1 1 M 15
0 3 9 33 0 2 0 U>V = 10
0 0 9 27 0 0 3 T 21
1 1 1 M 6 M+>+T 6
0 1 3 U>V = 11 2> = 10
0 0 9 T 27 3T 21
M+>+T 6 M + > + T = 6 . .1
> + 3T = 11 2> = 10 > = 5
9T 27 3T = 21 T = 7
M + > + T = 6 . .1
Put > = 5 , T = 7 H -YX.HG 1
> + 3T = 11 .2
M + 5 + 7 = 15 M = 15 12 M = 3
27
9T = 27 T = T=3
9
The three numbers are 3, 5, 7
=X. H -YX.HG 2 > + 3 3 = 11
> = 11 9 > = 2
30. If three numbers are added their sum is 2. If two
Put > = 2 , T = 3 H -YX.HG 1

times the second number is subtracted from the sum
of first and third number we get 8 and if three times
the first number is added to the sum of second and
22
third number we get 4. Find the number using Cost of one dozen erasers = [. T
matrices.
Let M , >
T be the three numbers 4M + 3> + 2T = 60 , 2M + 4> + 6T = 90
Solution:-
6M + 2> + 3T = 70
M + > + T = 2 , M + T 2> = 8 , 3M + > + T = 4 4M + 3> + 2T = 60 , M + 2> + 3T = 45
M + > + T = 2 , M 2> + T = 8 , 6M + 2> + 3T = 70

3M + > + T = 4 4 3 2 M 60
1 1 1 M 2 >
1 2 3 U V = 45
>
1 2 1 U V = 8 6 2 3 T 70
3 1 1 T 4 ==,>
1 2 3 M 45
==,>
3 >
4 3 2 U V = 60
6 2 3 T 70
1 2 1 8
1 1 12 ==,> 4
6
0 3 0 6
4 3 2 60
3 1 1 4 4 8 12180
3 3 36 0 5 10120
0 2 22
6 2 3 70
1 1 1 M 2 6 12 18270
0 3 0 U>V = 6 0 10 15200
0 2 2 T 2
Apply 3 2 1 2 3 M 45
0 6 6 6 0 5 10 U>V = 120
0 6 0 12 0 10 15 T 200
0 0 618 Apply 2
1 1 1 M 2 0 10 15200
0 3 0 U>V = 6 0 10 20 240
0 0 6 T 18 0 0 5 40
M+>+T 2 1 2 3 M 45
3> = 6 0 5 10 U>V = 180
6T 18 0 0 5 T 40
M + > + T = 2 . .1 M + 2> + 3T 45
3> = 6 > = 2 5> 10T = 120
6T = 18 T = 3 5T 40
M + 2> + 3T = 45 . .1
Put > = 2 , T = 3 H -YX.HG 1
5> 10T = 120 > + 2T = 24 . .2
M2+3= 2M = 21 M = 1
5T = 40 T = 8
The three numbers are 1, 2 , 3
=X. T = 8 H -YX.HG 1 > + 2 8 = 24
> = 24 16 > = 8
31. The cost of 4 dozen pencils, 3 dozen pens and 2
=X. > = 8 , T = 8 H -YX.HG 1
dozen erasers is Rs. 60. The cost of 2 dozen pencils. 4
M + 2 8 + 3 8 = 45
dozen pens and 6 dozen erasers is Rs. 90 where as
the cost of 6 dozen pencils. 2 dozen pens and 3 M + 16 + 24 = 45 M + 40 = 45
dozen erasers is Rs. 70 find the cost of each item per M = 45 40 M = 5
dozen using matrices. Cost of one dozen pencils = [. 5
Solution:- Cost of one dozen pens = [. 8
Cost of one dozen erasers = [. 8
Cost of one dozen pencils = [. M
Let
Cost of one dozen pens = [. >

32. The total cost of 3 televisions and 2 V.C. R.s is Rs.
35000. The shop-keeper wants profit of Rs. 1000 per
23
Price of one pen = [. M

Price of one book = [. >
television and Rs. 500 per V. C. R. He can sell 2
televisions and 1 V. C. R. and he gets the total
2M + 5> = 110
6M + 8> = 190
revenue Rs. 21,500. Find the selling price of a From given conditions
2M + 5> = 110
3M + 4> = 95
television and a V. C. R.
2 5 M 110
O PO P = O P
Solution:-
Cost of one television = [. M 3 4 > 95

Let
==,> 2 3

Cost of one V. C. R. = [. > 6 8 190
6 15330
3M + 2> = 35000 0 7 140
From given condition
Selling price of one television = [. M + 1000 2 5 M 110

O PO P = O P
0 7 > 140
Selling price of one V. C. R.= [. > + 500
2M + 5> 110
Q R=O P
7> 140
2M + 1000 + > + 500 = 21500 2M + 5> = 110 . .1
From given condition
2M + 2000 + > + 500 = 21500 7> = 140 > = 20

2M + > = 21500 2500 =X. > = 35 H -YX.HG 1
2M + > = 19000 2M + 5 20 = 110
3 2 M 35000 2M + 100 = 110 2M = 10 M = 5
O PO P = O P
2 1 > 19000
Price of one pen = [. 5
==,> 3 2
6 3 57000 Price of one book = [. 20
6 4 70000
0 113000
34. The cost of 2 books and 6 note books is Rs. 34 and
3 2 M 35000
O PO P = O P
the cost of 3 books and 4 note books is Rs. 31. Using
0 1 > 13000
matrices, find the cost of one book and one note
3M + 2> 35000
Q R=O P
> 13000
book.
3M + 2> = 35000
Solution:-
> = 13000 > = 13000
3M + 2 13000 = 35000
Let
3M = 35000 26000 Cost of one book = [. M

9000 Cost of one note book = [. >
3M = 9000 M = M = 3000
3
2M + 6> = 34
3M + 4> = 31
From given conditions
= [. 3000 + 1000

Selling price of one television
M + 3> = 17
3M + 4> = 31
Selling price of one television= [. 4000 1 3 M 17
O PO P = O P
Selling price of one V.C.R.= [. 13000 + 500 3 4 > 31
Selling price of one V.C.R.= [. 13500 ==,> 3
3 4 31
3 951
33. Nina and Mina want to buy pens and books. Nina
0 520
1 3 M 17
wants 2 pens and 5 books while Mina wants 6 pens
O PO P = O P
0 5 > 20
and 8 books. They both go to shop and buy them.
M + 3> 17
Q R=O P
When the shop-keeper gives them the pens and the
5> 20
books Nina pays him Rs. 110 and Mina pays him Rs.
M + 3> = 17 . .1
190. Find the prices of one pen and one book using
5> = 20 > = 4
matrices
=X. > = 4 H -YX.HG 1
Solution:-
Let M + 3 4 = 17 M = 17 12

24
M=5 M 6 + 6
O>P = O P
Cost of one book = [. 5 43
Cost of one note book = [. 4 M 0
O>P = O P
1
35. Solve the equations M + 2> = 2
Method of inversion
M = 0 , > = 1
2M + 3> = 3by method of inversion
36. Solve the equations 2M + 5> = 1
3M + 2> = 7by method of inversion

Solution:-

Solution:-
M + 2> = 2
2M + 3> = 3
1 2 M 2
O PO P = O P 2M + 5> = 1
3M + 2> = 7
2 3 > 3
\ = ] .1 2 5 M 1
O P O> P = O P
3 2 7
1 2 2 M
Where = O P , ] = O P , \ = O>P \ = ] .1
2 3 3
2 5 1 M
Multiply equation 1 both sides from left by Where = O P , ] = O P , \ = O>P
3 2 7
\ = ]
Multiply equation 1 both sides from left by
\ = ]
\ = ]
\ = ] \ = ]
\ = ]
To find
\ = ] \ = ]
1 2
=O P To find
2 3
|| = 3 4 = 1 0 2 5
=O P
3 2
|| = 4 15 = 11 0
exists
E = 1K 3=3

exists
E = 1K 2 = 2
E = 1K 2 = 2
E = 1K 2 = 2
E = 1K 3 = 3
E = 1K 1 = 1
E = 1K 5 = 5
1 3 2 3 2
= O P = O P E = 1K 2 = 2
1 2 1 2 1
M 3 2 2 1 2 5
O>P = O PO P = O P
2 1 3 11 3 2

25
M 1 2 5 1 E = 1K 1 = 1
O>P = O PO P
11 3 2 7
1 1 1
M 1 2 35 = O P
O>P = O P 3 2 1
11 3 + 14
M 1 1 1 4
M 1 33 O>P = O PO P
O>P = O P 3 2 1 5
11 11
M 1 4 5
M 3 O>P = O P
O>P = O P 3 8 + 5
1
M 1 9
M = 3 , > = 1 O>P = O P
3 3
37. Solve the equations M + > = 4
M 3
O>P = O P
2M > = 5by method of inversion 1
Solution:- M = 3 , > = 1
38. Solve the equations 2M + 6> = 8
M + 3> = 5by method of inversion

M + > = 4
2M > = 5
1 1 M 4
O P O>P = O P
Solution:-
2 1 5 The given equations are
\ = ] .1 2M + 6> = 8
M + 3> = 5
1 1 4 M 2 6 M 8
Where = O P , ] = O P , \ = O>P O PO P = O P
2 1 5 1 3 > 5
Multiply equation 1 both sides from left by \ = ] .1
\ = ] 2 6 8 M

Where = O P , ] = O P , \ = O>P
1 3 5
\ = ]
\ = ] \ = ]

\ = ]

To find
\ = ]
1 1
=O P
2 1 \ = ] \ = ]
|| = 1 2 = 3 0 To find
2 6
=O P
1 3
exists
|| = 6 6 = 0
E = 1K 1 = 1
E = 1K 2 = 2
A is singular matrix
does not exists

E = 1K 1 = 1
The values of x and y does not exist

26
39. Solve the equations M + > + T = 1 , 1 1

E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 2
M > + T = 2
1 1
M + > T = 3by method of inversion 1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 0
1 1
1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 + 1 = 2
Solution:-
1 1
1 1
M + > + T = 1 , M > + T = 2
E = 1K L L = 1 1 = 0
1 1
M + > T = 3 1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 2
1 1
1 1 1 M 1
1 1 1 U>V = 2 E E E
1 1 1 T 3 Co-factor matrix= E E E
E E E
\ = ] .1
0 2 2
1 1 1 1 M Co-factor matrix= 2 2 0
Where = 1 1 1 , ] = 2 , \ = U>V 2 0 2
1 1 1 3 T
0 2 2 J

FGH . GI = 2 2 0
2 0 2
\ = ]
0 2 2
\ = ]

FGH . GI = 2 2 0
2 0 2
\ = ] \ = ]
1
=
FGH . GI
To find ||
1 1 1 1 0 2 2
|| = 1 1 1 = 2 2 0
4
1 1 1 2 0 2
|| = 11 1 11 1 + 11 + 1 M 1 0 2 2 1

U>V = 2 2 0 2
T 4
|| = 2 + 2 = 4 0 2 0 2 3
M 1 0+4+6
U>V = 2 4 + 0
T 4
2 + 0 6
exists
10
1 1 ' *
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 0 M M & 4 )
1 1 1 10 6
U>V = 2 U>V = & )
1 1 T 4 T & 4)
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 2 8
1 1 & 8)
% 4(
1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 + 1 = 2
1 1 5
M ' *
1 1 & 2 ) 5 3
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 2 U>V = & 3) M = , > = , T = 2
1 1 2 2
T & 2)
% 2 (

27
40. Solve the equations 5M > + 4T = 5 5 4

E = 1K L L = 130 20 = 10
2M + 3> + 5T = 2
5 6
5M 2> + 6T = 1by method of inversion 5 1
E = 1K L L = 110 + 5 = 5
5 2
1 4
E = 1K L L = 15 12 = 17
Solution:-
The given equations are 3 5
5M > + 4T = 5 5 4
E = 1K L L = 25 8 = 17
2 5
2M + 3> + 5T = 2
5 1
5M 2> + 6T = 1 E = 1K L L = 115 + 2 = 17
2 3
5 1 4 M 5 E E E
2 3 5 U > V = 2 E
Co-factor matrix= E E
5 2 6 T 1 E E E
\ = ] .1 28 13 19
Co-factor matrix= 2 10 5
5 1 4 5 M 17 17 17
Where = 2 3 5 , ] = 2 , \ = U>V
5 2 6 1 T 28 13 19 J

FGH . GI = 2 10 5
Multiply equation 1 both sides from left by 17 17 17
\ = ] 28 13 17

FGH . GI = 2 10 17
\ = ] 19 5 17
1
\ = ] \ = ] =
FGH . GI
||
To find
1 28 2 17
5 1 4 = 13 10 17
51
|| = 2 3 5 19 5 17
5 2 6 M 1 28 2 17 5
U>V = 13 10 17 2
|| = 518 + 10 + 112 25 + 44 15 51
T 19 5 17 1
|| = 140 13 76 = 140 89 = 51 0 M 1 140 4 + 17
U>V = 65 + 20 + 17
T 51
A is nonsingular matrix 95 + 10 17
exists M 1 153 M 3
U>V = 102 U>V = 2
3 5 T 51 T
E = 1K L L = 118 + 10 = 28 102 2
2 6
M = 3 , > = 2 , T = 2
1K 2 5
E = L L = 112 25 = 13
5 6 41. Find the matrix X such that \ = ] where
2 3 1 2 0 1
E = 1K L L = 14 15 = 19 =O P
] = O P
5 2 1 3 2 4
1 4
E = 1K L L = 16 + 8 = 2
2 6
Solution:-

28
\ = ] 1 2 3 1
0 3 5 \ = 3
1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2
O P\ = O P
1 3 2 4

Apply +
Apply
1 2 3
1 2 0 1 5 1
O P\ = O P
0 5 2 5 "0 1 # \ = 1
3 2
0 0 1

$
Apply 2
Apply
0 1
1 2
O P \ = 2 1 2 3
0 1 1 ^ 1
5 0 2 2
Apply 2 1 0 1

0 1 1
1 2 A '1 0 *

0 2 $ 2 3) 1
&
1 0 A 1 &0 5 )\ = 1
& 1 2
$
3 )
%0 0 1 (
4
1
1 0
O P\ = " 5 # Apply +

$
0 1 2
1
5
1 0 1

4
1 0 0

\ = " 5 0

#

2 1 0
1
5 1
0 1
$

^
4
1 0 0
$
\=" 5
_
# 0 1 0
2
1
5 1
1 0 0 ' *
1 2 3 & 3)
42. Find X if \ = ] where = 1 1 2 and 0 1 0 \ = & 7 )
1 2 4 0 0 1 & 3)
1 % 2 (
] = 2
1
3 ' *
& 3)
\ = & 7)
& 3)
Solution:-
\ = ] % 2 (
1 2 3 1 1
' *
1 1 2 \ = 2 & 3)
1 2 4 3 \ = & 7)
& 3)
Apply +
% 2 (

29
4 5
43. If = O P then show that = B 5

2 1
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
Logical Connectives:-
Solution:-
4 5
=O P
Sr. Connectives symbol
2 1

No.
|| = L4 5L
1 And
2 1 ~
2 Or
3 Not
|| = 4 10 = 6 0
4 If .then
5 iff
A is nonsingular matrix Truth table for conjunction:-
exists = Y =Y
E = 1K 1 = 1

T T T
T F F
E = 1K 2 = 2
F T F
F F F
E = 1K 5 = 5
Truth table for disjunction:-
= Y =Y
E = 1K 4 = 4 T T T
1 1 5
= O P
T F T
6 2 4
F T T
1 1 5
F F F
<. `. a. = = O P1
6 2 4
Truth table for conditional:-
= Y =Y
1
. `. a. = 5
6
T T T
T F F
1 4 5 1 0
. `. a. = bO P 5O Pc
F T T
6 2 1 0 1
F F T
1 4 5 5 0
Truth table for Biconditional:-
. `. a. = bO PO Pc = Y =Y
6 2 1 0 5
1 1 5
T T T
. `. a. = O P . .2
6 2 4
T F F
F T F
F F T
From equation 1 and 2 Truth table for negation:-
<. `. a. = . `. a. = ~=
1
= 5
T F
6
F T
patternsg= Y Yh =
44. Prepare the truth table for the statement
Solution:-

30
= Y i ~Y = ~Y i=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= Y = Y = Y Y g= Y Yh =
56
T T T F T T T
T T T T T T T F F T F F
T F F F T T F T T T T T
F T T T F T F F T T F F
F F T F T F T T F F F T
patterns= Y ~=
45. Prepare the truth table for the statement F T F F F F T
F F T T T F F
F F F T T F F
Solution:-
= Y =Y ~= = Y ~=
= Y ~= ~Y
49. Using truth table prove that the logical equivalence
T T T F F
T F F F T
F T F T T Solution:-
F F F T T
patterns= Y ~= Y = Y =Y ~Y = ~Y ~= ~Y

46. Prepare the truth table for the statement 1 2 3 4 5 6
T T T F F T
Solution:- T F F T T F
F T F F T F
= Y =Y ~= ~= Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 F F F T T F
35 From the above truth table it is clear that all the
T T T F T T corresponding entries in columns 3 and 6 are
T F F F F T
identical
= Y ~= ~Y
F T T T T T
F F T T T T
patterns= i Y =
= Y = Y ~= ~Y
Solution:-
Solution:-
= Y i =i Y=
1 2 3 4 5 6
= Y = Y = Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y 47
45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T T T T T T
T T F F F F T T T T F F F T
T F T T F F T F F F F T F F
T F F F T F F T F F T F F F
F T T F T F F F T F T T T T
F T F T F F From the above truth table it is clear that all the
F F T F F F corresponding entries in columns 3 and 8 are
F F F T T T identical
= ~Y i = = Y = Y ~= ~Y

~= Y ~= ~Y
Solution:- 51. Using truth table prove that the logical equivalence
Solution:-

31
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y = Y =Y =Y Y=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6
45
T T T F F F F T T T T T T
T F F T F T T T F F F T F
F T F T T F T F T F T F F
F F F T T T T F F T T T T
From the above truth table it is clear that all the From the above truth table it is clear that all the
corresponding entries in columns 4 and 7are corresponding entries in columns 3 and 6 are
identical identical
~= Y ~= ~Y = Y = Y Y =
= Y ~= ~Y ~Y ~=

55. Using truth table prove the logical equivalence
~= Y ~= ~Y
Solution:-
= Y 12 ~= ~Y 1 5 ~6 2 4 ~8
Solution:- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
79
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T T T F F F T F T T
T F F F T T F F T F
T T T F F F F F T F T F F T T F F
T F T F F T F F F T T T F T F T T
F T T F T F F From the above truth table it is clear that all the
F F F T T T T corresponding entries in columns 3 and 10 are
From the above truth table it is clear that all the identical
= Y ~= ~Y ~Y ~=

corresponding entries in columns 4 and 7are
identical
~= Y ~= ~Y
~= Y ~= Y ~=
= Y ~= Y ~Y ~=
53. Prove the following result
Solution:-
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y 52
Solution:- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
47
= Y = Y ~= ~Y ~= Y ~Y ~=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T T T F F F F F
T F T F F T F F
T T T F F T T F T T F T F T T
T F F F T F F F F F T T T F T
F T T T F T T From the above truth table it is clear that all the
F F T T T T T corresponding entries in columns 5 and 8 are
From the above truth table it is clear that all the identical
~= Y ~= Y ~=
corresponding entries in columns 3, 6 and 7are
identical
= Y ~= Y ~Y ~=
~= Y = Y ~=
= Y = Y Y =
54. Prove the following result
Solution:-
Solution:-

32
All the entries in the last column of the truth table of

given statement pattern are T. the given statement
= Y ~= ~= Y = Y = Y Y = is tautology
1 2 3 4 5 6
53
T T F F T F
g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology

T F F F T F 60. Using truth table show that the statement pattern
F T T T T T
F F T F F F
From the above truth table it is clear that all the Solution:-
corresponding entries in columns 4 and 6 are
= Y i Y i = Y 14 53 67
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
identical
~= Y = Y ~= T T T T T T T T
T T F F T F F T
TAUTOLOGY:- All the entries in the last column of T F T T F T T T
the statement pattern are T it is called as tautology T F F T F T T T
CONTRADICTION:- All the entries in the last column F T T T F T T T
F T F F F T T T
of the statement pattern are F it is called as
F F T T F T T T
contradiction
F F F T F T T T
CONTANGENCY:- The entries in the last column of All the entries in the last column of the truth table of
statement pattern are T as well as F is called as given statement pattern are T. the given statement
g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology

contingency
g= Y ~Yh ~= is tautology

58. Using truth table show that the statement pattern
Using truth table examine whether the following

Solution:- statement pattern are tautology, contradiction or
contingency.
= Y = Y ~= ~Y 35 61. = ~Y = Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
64
T T T F F F T Solution:-
T F F F T F T
= Y = Y ~Y = ~Y 53
F T T T F F T 1 2 3 4 5 6
F F T T T T T
All the entries in the last column of the truth table of T T T F F F
given statement pattern are T. the given statement T F F T T F
g= Y ~Yh ~=is tautology

F T T F F F
F F T T F F
= Y Y = is tautology
59. Using truth table show that the statement pattern given statement pattern are F. the given statement
= ~Y = Y is contradiction
62. ~= Y Y =
Solution:-
= Y =Y Y=
1 2 3 4 5
34 Solution:-
T T T T T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T

33
= Y Y= ~= ~= Y = Y i =Y =i
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
35 45
T T T F F F T T T T T T
T F T F F F T T F T T T
F T F T T F T F T T T T
F F T T F F T F F T T T
All the entries in the last column of the truth table of F T T T T T
given statement pattern are F. the given statement F T F T F F
~= Y Y = is contradiction
F F T F T F
F F F F F F
63. = Y = i
From the above truth table it is clear that the entries in
the last column are neither all T nor all F
Solution:- = Y = i is contingency
66. g= = Yh Y
= Y i =Y =i
1 2 3 4 5 6
45
T T T T T T Solution:-
T T F T F T
= Y =Y
T F T F T T 1 2 3 4 5
T F F F F F 13 42
F T T F F F T T T T T
F T F F F F T F F F T
F F T F F F F T T F T
F F F F F F F F T F T
From the above truth table it is clear that the entries in All the entries in the last column of the truth table of
the last column are neither all T nor all F given statement pattern are T. the given statement
= Y = iis contingency g= = Yh Y is tautology
64. g= Y ih g= Y ih 67. ~Y = Y
= Y i = Y 43 Y i 16 57
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Solution:-
= Y ~Y ~Y =
T T T T T T T T 1 2 3 4 5
T T F T T T T T 42
T F T T T T T T T T F F F
T F F T T F T T T F T T F
F T T T T T T T F T F F F
F T F T T T T T F F T F F
F F T F T T T T All the entries in the last column of the truth table of
F F F F F F F T given statement pattern are F. the given statement
~Y = Y is contradiction
g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology 68. = Y ~=

65. = Y = i Solution:-
Solution:-

34
= Y =Y ~= = Y = ~= ~Y ~= = ~=
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Y Y ~Y ~Y
34 3678
T T T F F
T F T F F T T T F F F F F T
F T T T T T F F F T F T F T
F F F T F F T F T F T F F T
From the above truth table it is clear that the entries in F F F T T F F T T
the last column are neither all T nor all F All the entries in the last column of the truth table of
= Y ~= is contingency
= Y ~= Y = ~Y ~= ~Yis

69. = Y i tautology
= Y i = Y = i
72. Using truth table verify that
= Y i =Y
1 2 3 4 5
43
T T T T T Solution:-
T T F T F
= Y i Y i 14 = Y = i 67
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T F T F T
T F F F T
T T T T T T T T
F T T F T
T T F T T T F T
F T F F T
T F T T T F T T
F F T F T
T F F F F F F F
F F F F T
F T T T F F F F
From the above truth table it is clear that the entries in
F T F T F F F F
the last column are neither all T nor all F F F T T F F F F
= Y i is contingency
The entries in column number 5 and 8 are identical
F F F F F F F F
70. = Y = ~Y
= Y i = Y = i is verified
Solution:-
= Y i = Y = i
73. Using truth table verified that
= Y =Y ~Y = ~Y
1 2 3 4 5 6
35
Solution:-
T T T F F F
T F F T T F
= Y i Y i 14 = Y = i 67
F T T F F F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F F T T F F
All the entries in the last column of the truth table of T T T T T T T T
given statement pattern are F. the given statement T T F F T T T T
= Y = ~Y is contradiction
T F T F T T T T
T F F F T T T T
71. = Y ~= Y = ~Y ~= ~Y

F T T T T T T T
F T F F F T F F
F F T F F F T F
The entries in column number 5 and 8 are identical

Solution:- F F F F F F F F
= Y i = Y = iis verified
NEGATION OF COMPOUND STATEMENT

35
~= Y = Y =Y ~= Y ~Y = ~Y
Negation of conjunction:- The negation of conjunction is 1 2 3 4 5 6
T T T F F F
~= Y ~= ~Y
Using truth table prove that T F F T T T
F T T F F F
Solution:- F F T F T F
The entries in column 4 and 6 are identical
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y ~= Y = ~Yis verified

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T T T F F F F
is ~= Y
Negation of Biconditional:- The negation of biconditional
T F F T F T T
F T F T T F T
F F F T T T T
Using truth table prove that
~= Y = ~Y Y ~=

From the above truth table it is clear that all the
corresponding entries in columns 4 and 7are
identical
~= Y ~= ~Y = Y =Y ~3 ~= ~Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
16 25 78
T T T F F F F F F
~= Y
Negation of disjunction:- The negation of disjunction is T F F T F T T F T
F T F T T F F T T
Using truth table verify that F F T F T T F F F
~= Y ~= ~Y
The entries in column 4 and 9 are identical
~= Y = ~Y Y ~=

Solution:-
~~=
Negation of negation:- The negation of negation is
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T T T F F F F Using truth table prove that ~~= =

T F T F F T F
= ~= ~~=
F T T F T F F 1 2 3
F F F T T T T
From the above truth table it is clear that all the T F T
corresponding entries in columns 4 and 7are F T F
identical The entries in column 1 and 3 are identical
~= Y ~= ~Y ~~= =
Y ~i = Y giving justification

74. From the negation of the statement pattern
~= Y
Negation of implication:- The negation of implication is
Using truth table prove that ~= Y = ~Y Solution:-
Solution:- The negation of given statement pattern is
~gY ~i = Yh
= ~Y ~i ~= YNegation of conjunction

36
= g~Y ~~ih ~= ~Y Negation of disjunction Solution:-
= ~Y i ~= ~Y Negation of negation The negation given statement pattern is
~g= Y ih
= Y ~= igiving justification
= ~= ~Y i Negation of conjunction
= ~= g~Y ~ih Negation of disjunction

Solution:-
The negation given statement pattern is
~g= Y ~= ih = Y i giving justification

= = Y ~~= i Negation of implication Solution:-
= = Y g~~= ~ih Negation of disjunction The negation given statement pattern is
= = Y = ~i Negation of negation ~g= Y ih
= ~= Y ~i Negation of conjunction

= Y Y ~i giving justification
= = ~Y ~i Negation of implication

Solution:-
If p, q, r are statements with truth values T, F, T
The negation given statement pattern is respectively, determine the truth values of the
~g= Y Y ~ih
following
80. Y = ~i
= ~= Y ~Y ~i Negation of conjunction
= ~= ~Y g~Y ~~ih Negation of

Solution:-
disjunction p q r ~i = ~i Y = ~i
= ~= ~Y ~Y i Negation of negation

The truth value of Y = ~i is T
T F T F T T
~= Y = ~Y giving justification 81. ~i = ~Y

Solution:- Solution:-
The negation given statement pattern is p q r ~Y ~i ~i = ~i = ~Y
~g~= Y = ~Yh
The truth value of ~i = ~Y is T
T F T T F F T
= ~~= Y ~= ~Y Negation of disjunction 82. = Y i

= g~~= ~Yh g~= ~~Yh Negation of
Solution:-
conjunction p q r =Y = Y i
= = ~Y ~= Y Negation of negation The truth value of = Y i is T

T F T F T
83. i Y ~=
= Y i giving justification

37
Solution:- DUALITY
p q r ~= i Y i Y ~= Principle of duality:-
The truth values of i Y ~= is T

T F T F F T
Consider
84. = Y Y i ~= Y = ~= ~Y
Solution:- ~= Y = ~= ~Y
=Y Yi = Y Y i In the above statement pattern replace by or

by which are called as dual statement
p q r
The truth values of = Y Y i is T

T F T T T T
Let t is tautology, c is contradiction then t replace
by c and c replace by t
If p and q are true r and s are false statements, find
the truth values of the following statements. Write the dual of the following statement pattern
85. = Y i 89. = Y i
p q r =Y = Y i The dual of = Y i is = Y i
90. = Y i [
The statement = Y i is T
T T F T T
86. = i [
Solution:-
The dual of = Y i [ H[ = Y i [
91. = Y i = Y i
Solution:-
p r s rs = i [
Solution:-
The truth values of = i [ is T

T F F T T
The dual of the given statement pattern
= Y i = Y iis= Y i =
87. = [ Y i
Y i
92. = Y i = Y = i
Solution:-
p q r [ =[ Yi = [ Y i
Solution:-
The truth values = [ Y i is F

T T F F T F F
The dual of given statement pattern
= Y i = Y = iis
88. ~= ~i ~Y [
= Y i = Y = i
93. = Y E
Solution:-
p q r s ~Y ~i = ~i ~7 ~Y [
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
89 Solution:-
The truth values of ~= ~i ~Y [ is F

T T F F F T T F F F

38
The dual of given statement pattern = Y E is The symbol is called as existential quantifiers
=Y.
94. ~= Y E
Use quantifier to convert each of the following
open sentence defined on N into a true
statement
M+5=7
Solution:-
The dual of given statement pattern ~= Y E is

100.
~= Y .
solution:-
95. = . E ~Y M z such that M + 5 = 7
Solution:- This is a true M = 2 z satisfied M + 5 = 7
The dual of the given statement pattern 101. M = 25
= . E ~Yis= E . ~Y Solution:-
96. Vijay and Vinay cannot speak Hindi M z such that M = 25
Solution:- This is a true M = 5 z satisfied M = 25
The dual of the given statement pattern is 102. 2M + 3 < 15
Vijay or Vinay cannot speak Hindi Solution:-
M z Such that 2M + 3 < 15

97. Ravi or Avinash went to Chennnai
This is a true M = 1 Gi 2 Gi 3 Gi 4 Gi 5 z
Solution:-
The dual of the given statement pattern is satisfied
Ravi and Avinash went to Chennnai 2M + 3 < 15
M 3 = 11
98. Madhuri has curly hair and brown eyes
103.
Solution:-
Solution:-
M z such that M 3 = 11
The dual of the given statement pattern is
This is a true M = 14 z satisfied

Madhuri has curly hair or brown eyes
99. Shweta is a doctor or Sheela is a teacher
Solution:- M 3 = 11
104. M + 1 5
The dual of the given statement pattern is
Solution:-
Shweta is a doctor and Sheela is a teacher
M z Such that M + 1 5
Universal quantifier:-
This is a true M = 1 Gi 2 z satisfied
The symbol is called as universal quantifier
M + 1 5
Existential quantifier:-
105. M 3M + 2 = 0

39
Solution:- M = 3 is an odd number
M z Such that M 3M + 2 = 0 The given sentence has truth values T
This is a true M = 2 z satisfied 112. M such that M 3
M 3M + 2 = 0 Solution:-
106. M+3<7 M = 4
6
8 satisfiesM 3
Solution:- The given sentence has truth values T
M z Such that M + 3 < 7 If = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 determine the truth values
This is a true M = 1 Gi 2 Gi 3 z satisfies

M [XE .. M + 3 = 10
of following statement
M+3<7
113.
M > 0
Solution:-
107.
M + 3 = 10
No number belongs to A satisfies equation
Solution:-
M z Such that M > 0

The given sentence has truth value F
M , M + 2 < 9
This is a true because the square is non- negative
If = 3, 4, 6, 8 determine the truth value of

114.
Solution:-
each of the following
M , [XE .. M + 4 = 7 M+2<9

All the number in set A satisfies the equation
108.
Solution:- The given sentence has truth values T

M = 3 , satisfiesM + 4 = 7 115. M such that M + 2 < 5
M , M + 4 < 10
The given open sentence has truth value T
109. Solution:-
Solution:- M = 2 satisfies equation M + 2 < 5
M = 6
8 do not satisfies the equation
M + 4 < 10
The given equation has truth value T
116. M , M + 6 9
The given sentence has truth value F
M , M + 5 13
Solution:-
M = 2 do not satisfies M + 6 9

110.
Solution:-
M = 3
4
6 do not satisfies M + 5 13
The given sentence has truth values F
If = 4, 5, 7, 9 determine the truth values of

The given sentence has truth value F each of the following quantified statement
111. M such that M is odd number 117. M [XE .. M + 2 = 7
40
M = 5 satisfiesM 2 7 Two switches are in parallel:-

parallel:
The given sentence has truth values T Two switches a

aa are connected in parallel in
M , M 3 | 10
the following circuit
118.
Solution:-
M = 7
9 do
do not satisfies the given
sentence
119. M [XE .. M 5 9
Solution:-
M = 4 satisfiesM 5 9
Represent the following circuit symbolically and
The given sentence has truth values T write the input-output
output of switching table
120. M such that M is an even number 122.
Solution:-
M = 4 is an even number
The given sentence has truth values T
121. M , 2M } 17
Solution:-
M = 9 do not satisfies 2M } 17
APPLICATION OF LOGIC
Solution:-
Let = = switch a is closed

Two switches in series:-
Two switches a
a are connected in series in
the following circuit Y = switcha is closed
~= switcha is closed
~Y switcha is closed
The symbolic form of the given circuit diagram is
= Y ~= ~Y
The switching table for the given circuit is as

follows

41
~= ~Y P q ~= ~Y
Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 124.
p q 56
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
123.
Solution:-
Let
= =switcha is closed
Y = switcha is closed
i = switch a is closed
closed
Solution:-
Let
= =switcha is closed
Y = switcha is closed
The symbolic form of the given circuit diagram is
= Y Y i ~=
i = switch a is closed
The switching table for the given circuit is as follows
~Y switcha is closed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p q r ~p 12 52 34 67
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
The symbolic form of the given circuit diagram is 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
g= Y ~= ~Yh i
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
The switching table for the given circuit is as 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
follows
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
p q r ~p ~q 12 45 67 83
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

42
cos sin 2n + , n Z

TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION

cos 0 for 2n + = 4n + 1
2 2
An equation which contain trigonometric function is
called as trigonometric equation
or = 2n + = 4n + 3 where n Z

Principal solution:
cos 0
unknown angle x, where 0 x < 2, are called
The solution of trigonometric equation of an
5 9
for , , , ,
2 2 2
as principal solution.
Or = , ,, ,
_
Theorem: The general solution of

sin 0 is n, n Z
cos 0
3 5 7 9
Proof:
= , , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2

We know that
sin 0 = 0 and sin 0 , 2n + 1

2
By periodicity of sin x
cos 0 is 2n + 1 , n Z
2
sin 0 = sin2n + 0 and
sin sin2n + , n Z
Theorem: The general solution of
tan = 0 is n, n Z
sin 0 for 2n
or = 2n + = 2n + 1 where n Z
Proof:
sin
tan = where cos 0
sin 0 cos
for 0, 2, 4, , 6, tan = 0 implies sin 0
Or = , 3, , 5, We know that
sin 0 is n, n Z sin 0 = 0 and sin 0
Theorem: The general solution of By periodicity of sin x
sin 0 = sin2n + 0 and

cos 0 is 2n + 1 , n Z
2
sin sin2n + , n Z
sin 0 for 2n
Proof:
or = 2n + = 2n + 1 where n Z
We know that
3
cos = 0 and cos =0 sin 0
2 2
By periodicity of sin x for 0, 2, 4, , 6,
Or = , 3, , 5,
cos = sin 2n + and
2 2
43
sin 0 is n, n Z cos cos 0
tan = 0 is n, n Z Apply
Theorem: The general of sin sin is cos C cos D
n 1: , n Z CD CD
2 sin sin
2 2
sin sin

2 sin sin =0
Proof:
sin sin 0 2 2

sin . sin =0
2 2
Apply
CD CD
sin C sin D 2 cos . sin
2 2 sin = 0 or sin =0
2 2

2 cos . sin =0 Apply
2 2
sin 0 is n , n Z

cos . sin =0
2 2 +
= n or = n , n Z
2 2

cos = 0 or sin =0
2 2 + = 2n or n, n Z
Apply = 2n or 2n + , n Z
= 2n , n Z
cos 0 is 2n + 1
2
Hence the general solution of cos cos is
sin 0 is n , n Z
2n , n Z
+
= 2n + 1 or = n , n Z
2 2 2 Theorem: If and are not multiple of then the

+ = 2n + 1 or 2n , n Z general solution of tan = tan is
= 2n + 1 or 2n + , n Z = n +
= n + 1: where n is odd integer Proof:
tan = tan
n 1: where n is even integer
or
sin sin

Hence the general solution of sin sin is cos cos
n 1: , n Z sin . cos cos . sin
Theorem: The general of cos cos is sin . cos cos . sin 0
2n , n Z sin 0
cos cos Apply

sin 0 is n , n Z
Proof:

44
= n , n Z 1 cos 2 = 2 sin
= n + , n Z 1 cos 2
sin
2
Theorem: The general of cos cos is

n , n Z 1 cos 2
Similarly
sin
2
cos cos
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
Proof:
=
We know that 2 2
cos 2 = 2 cos 1 1 cos 2 = 1 cos 2
1 + cos 2 = 2 cos cos 2 = cos 2
1 + cos 2 We know that the general of cos cos is

cos
2
2n , n Z

1 + cos 2 The general of cos2 = cos 2 is
Similarly
cos
2
2 = 2n 2 , n Z
1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2
= 2 = 2n , n Z
2 2
1 + cos 2 = 1 + cos 2 The general of sin sin is
cos 2 = cos 2 n , n Z
We know that the general of cos cos is Theorem: The general of tan = tan is
2n , n Z = n , n Z
The general of cos2 = cos 2 is Proof:
2 = 2n 2 , n Z tan = tan
2 = 2n , n Z We know that
The general of cos cos is 1 + tan = sec
n , n Z tan sec 1
Theorem: The general of sin sin is

tan = sec 1

Similarly
n , n Z
sec 1 = sec 1
sec sec
Proof:
sin sin

1 1

We know that cos cos

cos 2 = 1 2 sin cos cos

45
a b c
cos sin
a b a b a b
We know that
cos 2 = 2 cos 1
cos . cos sin . sin cos
1 + cos 2 = 2 cos
cos cos
1 + cos 2
cos
2 We know that the general of cos cos is
2n , n Z
1 + cos 2
Similarly
cos = 2n , n Z
2
1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2 = 2n + , n Z
=
2 2
Find the principal solution of cos x =

1 + cos 2 = 1 + cos 2
1.
cos 2 = cos 2
Solution: -
1
we know that
We know that the general of cos cos is EG[ =

3 2
EG[2 M = EG[ M
2n , n Z
=X. M =
3
The general of cos2 = cos 2 is
EG[ 2 = EG[
3 3
2 = 2n 2 , n Z 6
EG[ = EG[
3 3
2 = 2n , n Z 5 1
EG[ = EG[ =
The general of cos cos is 3 3 2
Where 0 < < 2
0 < < 2
$
n , n Z 5 1
cos = cos = = cos x
3 3 2
Theorem: The general of sin sin is
5
The required principle solution is
n , n Z M =
M =
3 3
cos x =

Theorem: The general solution of 2. Problem : Find the principal solution of
a cos b sin cis
2n + , n Z wherea, b, c R, 1
Solution: - we know that
EG[ =
3 2
a EG[ M = EG[ M
a 0, b 0, c 0, cos
a b EG[ + M = EG[ M

b c =X. M =
sin , cos 3
a b a b
EG[ = EG[
3 3
a cos b sin c
EG[ + = EG[
3 3
Proof:
Divided both sides by a b 3 1

EG[ =
3 2

46
3 + 1 Where 0 <
$
< 2
EG[ =
3 2
B
2 1 11
EG[ =
0< < 2
3 2 6
4 1
EG[ =
3 2 5 11
2 4 1 M=
M =
EG[ = EG[ = 6 6
3 3 2
4. Find the principal solution of sin x =

Where 0 < < 2

4
0< < 2 1
3 [H =
5 1 4 2
EG[ = EG[ = = EG[ M [H M = [H M
3 3 2

=X. M =
2 4 4
M=
M =
3 3 [H = [H
4 4
3. Find the principal solution of cot x = 3 4
[H = [H
4 4
EG. M = 3 3 1
Solution: - the given equation is
[H = [H =
1 4 4 2
. M =
Where 0 < A < 2

3
3
0< < 2
4
We know that
1
. =
6 3 3
M =
M =
. M = . M
4 4
Find the principal solution of sin x =

. 2 M = . M
5.
3
=X. M = [H =
6 3 2
[H M = [H M
. = .
6 6
=X. M =
3
. 2 = .
6 6 [H = [H
3 3
6 1 3
. =
[H = [H
6 3 3
3
2 3
12 1 [H = [H =
3 3 2
. =
6 3 Where 0 < < 2

5 1 0 < < 2
. =
3
6 3
11 1 2
. = M=
M =
6 3 3
3
6. Find the principal solution of sec x =

5 11 1
. = . =
6 6 3

47
2 3 EG. M = 3
[-E M = EG[ M = 1
3 2
. M =
3
3
we know that
EG[ =
6 2
We know that
1
EG[2 M = EG[ M . =
6 3
=X. M =
6
. + M = . M
EG[ 2 = EG[
6 6
12 =X. M =
EG[ = EG[ 6
6 6
11 3 . + = .
6 6
EG[ = EG[ = 6 + 1
6 6 2
. =
Where 0 < B < 2

6 3
7 1
0 < < 2 . =
6 6 3
11 3 7 1
EG[ = EG[ = . = . =
6 6 2 6 6 3
Where 0 < < 2

11
M=
M =
B
6 6
7. Find the principal solution of cosec x = 2 7
0< < 2
6
1
Solution: - The given equation is
EG[-E M = 2 =2 7
[H M M =
M =
1 6 6
[H M = 9. Find the principal solution of . M = 3
2
1 . M = 3
We know that Solution: - the given equation is
[H =
6 2
[H M = [H M
We know that

=X. M = . = 3
6 3

[H = [H . + M = . M
6 6
6
[H = [H
6 6 =X. M =
5 1 3
[H = [H =
6 6 2 . + = .
3 3
Where 0 < B < 2
3 +
$
. = 3
3
0 < < 2 4
6 . = 3
3
5 4
M=
M = . = . = 3
6 6 3 3
8. Find the principal solution of cot x = 3
Where 0 < < 2

Solution: -
Thegiven equation is

48
4
0< < 2 tan = tan and
3 3 3

tan 2 = tan
4 3 3
M =
M = 3
3 3 tan = 3 and
3
6
[H M =
tan = 3
10. Problem : Find the principal solution of
3
2
tan = 3 and
1 3
[H M = 5
2 tan = 3
3
1 2 5
tan = tan = 3
We know that
[H = 3 3
6 2
[H + M = [H M
Where 0 < < 2

[H 2 M = [H M

=X. M = 5
6 0< < 2
3
[H + = [H
6 6
2 5
[H 2 = [H x= and x =
6 6 3 3
6 + 12. Find the principal solution of tan x = 1
[H = [H
6 6
12
[H = [H tan x = 1
6 6
7
[H = [H
We know that
6 6
11 tan =1
[H = [H 4
6 6
7 11 1 tan x = tan x and
[H = [H =
6 6 2
Where 0 < B < 2
_ tan2 x = tan x
11
0< < 2 put x =
6 4

tan = tan and
7 11 4 4
M=
M =
6 6 tan 2 = tan
4 4
11. Find the principal solution of . M = 3 4
tan = 1 and
4
. M = 3 8
tan = 1
4
3
tan = 1 and
We know that
4
. = 3
3 7
tan = 1
4
. M = . M
3 7
tan = tan = 1
. 2 M = . M 4 4
Where 0 < < 2

=X. M = A
3
49
7 1
0< < 2 EG[ M =
4 2
3 7 1
The required principle solution is We know that
M=
M = EG[ =
4 4 4 2
13. Problem : Find the principal solution of 3EG[-E M + EG[ M = EG[ M
2=0 EG[ + M = EG[ M

=X. M =
3EG[-E M + 2 = 0 4

3EG[-E M = 2 EG[ = EG[
4 4
2
EG[-E M = EG[ + = EG[
3 4 4
1 2 4 1
= EG[ =
[H M 3 4 2
3 4 + 1
[H M = EG[ =
2 4 2
3 1
EG[ =
3 4 2
We know that
[H = 5 1
3 2 EG[ =
[H + M = [H M
4 2
[H 2 M = [H M 3 5 1
EG[ = EG[ =
4 4 2
=X. M =
3 Where 0 <

< 2
A
[H + = [H
5
3 3 0< < 2
4
[H 2 = [H
3 3
3 + 3 5
[H = [H
M=
M =
3 3 4 4
6 15. Find the principal solution of 3[-E M + 2 = 0
[H = [H
3 3
4
[H = [H
Solution:
3 3
3[-E M + 2 = 0
-The given equation is
5
[H = [H
3 3 3[-E M = 2
4 5 3 2
[H = [H = [-E M =
3 3 2 3
Where 0 < < 2
A 1 2
=
5 EG[ M 3
0< < 2 3
3 EG[ M =
2
4 5
M=
M = 3
We know that
3 3
EG[ =
14. Find the principal solution of 2EG[ M + 1 = 0 6 2
EG[ M = EG[ M
EG[ + M = EG[ M
2EG[ M + 1 = 0
Solution: -The given equation is

2EG[ M = 1 =X. M =
6

50
M = 2 ,
EG[ = EG[
6 6

EG[ + = EG[ 18. Find the general solution of sec x = 2
6 6
6 3 1
EG[ =
6 2 [-E M = 2 = 2
EG[ M
6 + 3 1
EG[ = EG[ M = EG[ M = EG[
6 2 2 4
5 3
EG[ =
6 2
We know that
7 3 The general of cos = cos is

EG[ =
6 2
= 2n , n Z
5 7 3
EG[ = EG[ =
6 6 2 The general of cos x = cos is

Where 0 < B < 2
$ A
7
0< < 2 M = 2 ,
6 4
.- - -i, [G,X.HG H[
5 7
x= and x =
6 6
M = 2 ,
16. Find the general solution of sin x =
4

3 EG[-E M = 2
Solution: -The given equation is 19. Find the general solution of
[H M = [H M = [H
2 3
Where 0 < < 2

Solution: -
1
The given equation is
EG[-E M = 2 = 2
[H M
We know that
The general of sin = sin is 1

[H M = [H M = [H
2 4
= n + 1: , n Z [H + M = [H M

The general of sin x = sin is
=X. M =
4

[H + = [H
M = + 1 , 4 4
3 4 +
[H = [H
4 4
17. Find the general solution of cos x = 1 5
[H = [H
4 4
EG[ M = 1 EG[ M = EG[ 0 5
[H M = [H
We know that 4
The general of cos = cos is

We know that
The general of sin = sin is

= 2n , n Z
2 = + 1 ,
The general of cos x = cos 0 is
The general of sin x = sin A
$
M = 2 0 ,

51
5
M = + 1 , . = .
4 6 6
5
20. Find the general solution of EG[ M =

. = .
6 6
1 5
EG[ M = EG[ M = EG[ . M = .

2 4 6
The general solution of . 2 = . is

We know that
The general of EG[ 2 = EG[ is

2 = + ,
2 = 2 ,
The general solution of . M = . B is
$
The general of EG[ M = EG[ is

A
5
M = + ,
6
M = 2 ,
4
23. Find the general solution of [H M =

. M = 3
21. Find the general solution of
3
[H M = [H M = [H
2 3
Solution: -
[H + M = [H M
. M = 3
=X. M =
3
. M = .
3 [H + = [H
3 3
4
The general solution of . 2 = . is [H = [H
3 3
4
2 = + , [H M = [H
3
The general solution of . M = . is
We know that
The general of [H 2 = [H is
M = + ,
3
2 = + 1 ,
The general of [H M = [H
A
EG. M = 3

is
4
M = + 1 ,
Solution: -
3
EG. M = 3
1 24. Find the general solution of EG[ M =

. M =
3

Solution: -
. M = . 1
6
EG[ M = EG[ M = EG[

2 3
. M = . M EG[ M = EG[ M

=X. M =
=X. M = 3
6
EG[ = EG[
3 3
52
2
EG[ = EG[
3 3
We know that
2 The general of sin = sin is

cos x = cos
3
We know that = n + 1: , n Z
The general of sin2 x = sin is

The general of cos = cos is B
= 2n , n Z
2M = + 1 ,
6
The general of cos x = cos

M= + 1 ,

is
2 12
2
M = 2 ,
3
2M
. = 3
3
. M = 1
Solution: -
2M
. M = 1 . = 3
3
2M
. M = . . = .
4 3 3
. M = . M The general solution of tan = tan is

=X. M = 2 = + ,
4
The general solution of. = . is

. = .
4 4
2M
3 = + ,
. = . 3 3
4 4

3 2M = 3 + ,
. M = . 3
4
2M = 3 + ,
The general solution of tan = tan is
3
M= + ,
2 = + , 2 2
28. Find the general solution of cos 3x =

The general solution of . M = .

A
is
3 1
M = + ,
4 EG[3 M = EG[ 3M = EG[

2 4
26. Find the general solution of sin2 x =
We know that
Solution: - The general of cos = cos is
1 2 = 2 ,
[H 2M = [H 2M = [H
2 6
The general of EG[3 M = EG[ A is

Where 0 < B < 2


53

3M = 2 , =X. M =
4 3

2 EG[ = EG[
M= , 3 3
3 12 2
EG[ = EG[
3 3
2
cot4 x = 1 EG[ 3M = EG[
3
Solution: - We know that
cot 4x = 1 The general of cos = cos is

. 4 M = 1
2 = 2 ,

. 4M = . The general of EG[3 M = EG[

4
is
. M = . M 2
3M = 2 ,
3
=X. M =
4 2 2
M= ,
3 9
. = .
4 4
31. Find the general solution of EG[-E3 M =

3

. = .
4 4 2 1 2
EG[-E3 M = =
3 3 [H 3M 3
. 4M = .
4 3
[H 3M =
2
The general solution of tan = tan is
[H 3M = [H
3
2 = + , [H + M = [H M

The general solution of =X. M =
3

. 4 M = .
[H + = [H
A 3 3
4
is
3 [H = [H
3 3
4M = + , 4
4
[H 3M = [H
3
3
M = + ,
4 16
We know that

30. Find the general solution of sec3 x = 2
Solution: - 2 = + 1 ,
1 The general of [H 3 M = [H
A
[-E3 M = 2 = 2
EG[ 3M
is
1 4
EG[ 3M = 3M = + 1 ,
2 3

EG[ 3M = EG[ 4
3 M= + 1 ,
EG[ M = EG[ M 3 9

54
32. Find the general solution of [H M + $ = 0

The general solution of
5M
EG[ = 0 H[
2
[H M + = 0
5
5M
= 2 + 1 ,
2 2
We know that
2
M = 2 + 1 ,
[H 2 = 0 H[ 2 = , 5 2

M = 2 + 1 ,
5

[H M + = 0 = 0 H[ 35. Find the general solution of EG[2M = 0
5

M+ = ,
Solution: -
5
EG[2M = 0

M = ,
5
We know that
33. Find the general solution of [H = 0


EG[ 2 = 0 H[ 2 = 2 + 1 ,
2
3M
[H = 0
2 The general solution of
EG[2M = 0 H[
We know that

2M = 2 + 1 ,
[H 2 = 0 H[ 2 = , 2

M = 2 + 1 ,
4
3M
[H = 0 = 0 H[ 36. Find the general solution of sin 3x = 0
2
3M
Solution: -
= ,
2 [H 3M = 0
2
M= ,
We know that
34. Find the general solution of EG[ = 0

$
[H 2 = 0 H[ 2 = ,
5M
EG[ = 0
2 [H 3M = 0 H[
3M = ,
We know that

M= ,
cos = 0 is = 2n + 1 , n Z 3
2

55
37. Find the general solution of EG[ M + ^ = 0

. 3 M = 1
. 3M = 1
EG[ M + = 0
10
. 3M = .
We know that 4
The general solution of . M = . M

EG[ 2 = 0 H[ 2 = 2 + 1 , =X. M =
2 4

. = .
4 4

EG[ M + = 0 H[ 3
10
. = .
4 4

M+ = 2 + 1 ,
10 2 3
. 3M = .
4
M = 2 + 1 ,
2 10 The general solution of . 2 = . is
38. Find the general solution of cos2 x =

2 = + ,
The general solution of . 3 M = .

Solution: -
A
1
The given equation is is
EG[2 M = EG[ 2M = EG[ 3

2 3 3M = + ,
EG[ M = EG[ M 4

=X. M =
3 M= + ,
3 4
EG[ = EG[
3 3
40. Find the general solution of [H 4 M =

2
EG[ = EG[
3 3
2
3
EG[ 2M = EG[
3 [H 4M = [H 4 M = [H
2 3
Where 0 < < 2
We know that

The general of cos = cos is We know that
2 = 2 , The general of sin = sin is
The general of EG[2 M = EG[

2 = + 1 ,

is
The general of sin4 x = sin is

2
2M = 2 ,
3

4M = + 1 ,
2M = 2 , 3
3

M= + 1 ,
M = , 4 12
3
41. Find the general solution of the equation
56
4EG[ M = 1
tan x = 1
Solution: -
4EG[ M = 1
The given equation is Solution: -
1 . M = 1
EG[ M =
4 . M = 1
1 . M = 1
EG[ M =

2
. M = .
EG[ M = EG[
4
3
. M = .

EG[ M = EG[ 4
3 We know that
The general of . 2 = . is
We know that
The general solution of EG[ 2 = EG[ is

2 = ,
2 = ,
The general of . M = . A is

EG[ M = EG[ H[ M = ,
3 4

M = ,
3
EG[ 3M = EG[ 2M
4[H M 3 = 0
42. Find the general solution of the equation Solution: -
EG[ 3M = EG[ 2M
EG[ 3M EG[ 2M = 0
Solution: -
4[H M 3 = 0 3M + 2M 3M 2M
2 [H [H =0
4[H M = 3 2 2
3 5M M
[H M = 2 [H [H = 0
4 2 2
5M M
[H [H = 0

3
[H M =
2 2
2 5M M
[H = 0 Gi [H = 0
EG[ M = [H 2 2
3

[H M = [H
We know that

[H 2 = 0 H[ 2 = ,
We know that
2 = ,
5M M
[H = 0 Gi [H = 0
The general of [H M = [H is

2 2
5M M
is = Gi = ,
M = , 2 2
3 5M = 2 Gi M = 2 ,
2
M= Gi M = 2 ,
5
57
45. Find the general solution of the equation . M . M 3 = 0
4 [H M EG[ M + 2 [H M + 2 EG[ M + 1 = 0 . M = 0 Gi . M 3 = 0
Solution: -The given equation is . M = 0 Gi . M = 3
4 [H M EG[ M + 2 [H M + 2 EG[ M + 1 = 0 . M = 0 Gi . M = 3

2 [H M 2 EG[ M + 1 + 2 EG[ M + 1 = 0
. M = 0 Gi . M = .
2 EG[ M + 12 [H M + 1 = 0 3

2 EG[ M + 1 = 0 Gi 2 [H M + 1 = 0 . M = 0 Gi . M = .
3
2 EG[ M = 1 Gi 2 [H M = 1 The general solution is
1 1
EG[ M = Gi [H M = M = Gi M = , ,
2 2 3

EG[ M = EG[ Gi [H M = [H
3 6
[-E M = 1 . 2M
EG[ M = EG[ Gi [H M = [H
3 6

Solution: -
EG[ M = EG[ Gi
3
[-E 2M = 1 . 2M

[H M = [H +
6 1 + . 2M = 1 . 2M
2 7
EG[ M = EG[ Gi [H M = [H . 2M = . 2M
3 6
. 2M + . 2M = 0
. 2M . 2M + 1 = 0
EG[ 2 = EG[ Gi [H 2 = [H H[
. 2M = 0 Gi . 2M + 1 = 0
2 = 2 , Gi
. 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = 1
2 = + 1 ,
2
M = 2 , Gi . 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = .
3 4
7
M = + 1 , . 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = .
6 4
4
. 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = .
4
. M 3 . M = 0
3
. 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = .
Solution: - 4
The given equation is The general solution is
. M 3 . M = 0 3
2M = Gi 2M = + , ,
4
58
n m 3
x= or x = + , n, m Z
2 2 8
Solution: -
[H 2M + [H 4M + [H 6M = 0 [H M + [H 3M + [H 5M = 0
Solution: - [H M + [H 5M + [H 3M = 0
M + 5M M 5M
2 [H EG[ + [H 3M = 0
2 2
[H 2M + [H 4M + [H 6M = 0
[H 3M + 2 [H 3M EG[2M = 0
[H 4M + [H 2M + [H 6M = 0
[H 3M + 2 [H 3M EG[ 2M = 0
2M + 6M 2M 6M
[H 4M + 2 [H EG[ =0 [H 3M 1 + 2 EG[ 2M = 0
2 2
[H 4M + 2 [H 4M EG[2M = 0 [H 3M = 0 Gi 1 + 2 EG[ 2M = 0
[H 4M + 2 [H 4M EG[ 2M = 0 [H 3M = 0 Gi 2 EG[ 2M = 1
[H 4M 1 + 2 EG[ 2M = 0 1
[H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M =
2
[H 4M = 0 Gi 1 + 2 EG[ 2M = 0

[H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
[H 4M = 0 Gi 2 EG[ 2M = 1 3

1 [H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = 3
2
3
[H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[ 3
3
2
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[ [H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
3 3
3
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
3
2
3M = Gi 2M = 2 , ,
2 3
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
3
M= Gi 2M = 2 , ,
3 3

2 M= Gi M = , ,
4M = Gi 2M = 2 , , 3 3
3

M= Gi 2M = 2 , , [H M . M = . M [H M + 1
4 3

M= Gi M = , ,
4 3
Solution: -
[H M + [H 3M + [H 5M = 0 [H M . M = . M [H M + 1
[H M . M + [H M = . M + 1

59
[H M. M + 1 = . M + 1
[H M. M + 1 . M + 1 = 0
The general solution is

. M + 1[H M 1 = 0 M = Gi M = 2 + 1 , ,
2
. M + 1 = 0 Gi [H M 1 = 0
. M = 1 Gi [H M = 1

. M = . Gi [H M = [H
OR
4 2

. M = . Gi
4 cos x + sin x = 1

[H M = [H
2
4
. M = . Gi
4

[H M = [H
2 2
3
. M = . Gi
1
4

[H M = [H
2
1
The general solution of is
2 = + Gi 2 = + 1
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2
, 1 1 1
EG[ M + [H M =
2 2 2
3 1
M = + Gi M = + 1 EG[ EG[ M + [H [H M =
4 2 4 4 2

, EG[ M = EG[
4 4
The general of cos = cos is

EG[ M + [H M = 1
2 = 2 ,
The general of EG[ M A = EG[ A is

Solution: -

EG[ M + [H M = 1 M = 2 ,
4 4
[YXiH G. [H
-[
M = 2 + ,
4 4
EG[ M + [H M = 1

M = 2 + + Gi M = 2 +
[H M + EG[ M + 2 [H M EG[ M = 1
4 4 4 4
1 + 2 [H M EG[ M = 1 2
M = 2 + Gi M = 2
4
2 [H M EG[ M = 0
M = 2 + Gi M = 2 ,
2
[H M EG[ M = 0
EG[ M [H M = 1
[H M = 0 Gi EG[ M = 0
Solution: -

60
EG[ M [H M = 1
3 2
1 2
1
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2 3 1 1
EG[ M [H M =
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
EG[ M [H M = EG[ EG[ M [H [H M =
2 2 2 6 6 2
1
EG[ EG[ M [H [H M = EG[ M + = EG[
4 4 2 6 3

EG[ M + = EG[ The general of EG[ 2 = EG[ is
4 4
The general of EG[ 2 = EG[ is 2 = 2 ,
2 = 2 , The general of EG[ M + B = EG[ is

The general of EG[ M + A = EG[ A is

M+ = 2 ,
6 3

M+ = 2 ,
4 4 M = 2 ,
3 6

M = 2 , 2
4 4 M = 2 ,
6 6

M = 2 + Gi M = 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 M = 2 + Gi M = 2
6 6 6 6
2
M = 2 Gi M = 2
4 x = 2n + or x = 2n , n Z
6 2
M = 2 Gi M = 2 ,
2
2 . M EG. M + 1 = 0
3EG[ M [H M = 1
Solution: -
Solution: -The given equation is The given equation is
3cos x sin x = 1 2 . M EG. M + 1 = 0

1
2 . M +1=0
. M
2. M 1 + . M = 0

61
2. M 2 . M . M 1 0
2. M. M 1 . M 1 0 EG[ 5M [H 3M
. M 12 . M 1 0
. M + 1 0 Gi 2 . M 1 0
Solution: -
. M 1 Gi 2 . M 1 EG[ 5M [H 3M
1
. M . Gi . M EG[ 5M EG[ 3M
4 2 2

. M . Gi The general of cos cos is
4
1
. M . .
2 2 ,
2
3
. M . Gi The general of
4
1 EG[ 5M EG[ 3M H[
. M . . 2
2

5M 2 3M ,
2
The general solution of is
3 1
M = + Gi M . 5M 2 3M Gi 5M
4 2 2

, 2 3M
2

5M 2 3M Gi 5M
3 2 3M
2 2
. M + EG. M = 2 EG[-E M
5M 3M 2 Gi 5M 3M 2
2 2

Solution:-
. M + EG. M = 2 EG[-E M 8M 2 Gi
Gi 2M 2
2 2
[H M EG[ M 1
+ =2 M Gi M ,
EG[ M [H M [H M 4 18 4
[H M EG[ M 1
2
[H M EG[ M [H M
SINE RULE
Theorem:- In ABC , with usual notation prove that

1 a b c
2 =

EG[ M sin A sin B sin C
1
EG[ M In ABC B is acute then we use the following three
Proof:-
2

EG[ M EG[ C is acute
cases for the proof of the sine rule
3
i.
The general of EG[ 2 = EG[ is
2 = 2 ,

M 2 ,
3

62
ADBis a right angle triangle sin A sin B

5
AD a b
sin B
AB
AD a b c
From equation 4 and 5
sin B
c sin A sin B sin C
AD c sin B . .1 Theorem:- In any ABC prove that
C is obtuse a b c 2bc cos A
b c a 2ca cos B
ii. I.
c a b 2ab cos C
II.
III.
Proof:-
a b + c 2bc cos A
I. To prove that
ADCis a right angle triangle

C = C
AD
sin C
AC
AD
sin C
b
AD b sin C . .2
iii. C is right angle
AD = AC
AD
=1
AC
AD
= sin
Draw triangle ABC by taking vertex A in standard position
AC 2

C C
From figure
2 2 lBC a , lAC b , lAB c

AD
sin C
b A 0,0 , B
0 c, 0
AD b sin C . .3
By definition of trigonometry
c sin B b sin C
From equation 1, 2 and 3 we get
C b cos A , b sin A
sin B sin C
.4
b c In ABC
1) A is acute
Similarly

63
2) A is obtuse Draw triangle ABC by taking vertex B in standard

position
L. H. S. = a
From figure
L. H. S. glBCh lBC a , lAC b , lAB c
Using distance formula B 0,0 , C

a, 0

L. H. S. Ob cos A c b sin A 0 P
A c cos B , c sin B
b cos A c b sin A 0
In ABC
b cos A 2bc cos A c b sin A
3) B is acute
b cos A sin A 2bc cos A c
4) B is obtuse
a b c 2bc cos A L. H. S. = b
L. H. S. glACh
h
Also
2bc cos A b c a

Using distance formula

cos B a c sin B 0 P
L. H. S. Oc
b c a

cos A
2bc c cos B a c sin B 0
c cos B 2ac
ac cos B a c sin B
II. To prove that
b c a 2ca
ca cos B
c cos B sin B 2ac cos B a
b a c 2ac
ac cos B
Also
2ac cos B a c b
a c b
cos B
2ac
III. To prove that
c a b 2ab cos C

64
a cos C sin C 2ab cos C b
c a b 2ab
ab cos C
Also
2ab cos C a b c
a b c
cos C
2ab
Projection Rule
Theorem:- In ABC prove that
a c cos B b cos C
b a cos C c cos A
i.
c a cos B b cos A
ii.
iii.
Proof:-
To prove that
i. a c cos B b cos C
R. H. S. c cos B b cos C
Draw triangle ABC by taking vertex B in standard
position We know that
a c b
cos B
From figure
2ac
lBC a , lAC b , lAB c
a b c
C 0,0 , A b, 0 cos C
2ab
a c b a b c
R. H. S. c b
B a cos C , a sin C 2ac 2ab
In ABC a c b a b c

2a 2a
1) C is acute
a c b a b c
2) C is obtuse
2a
L. H. S. = c
L. H. S. = glABh 2a

2a
R. H. S. a
Using distance formula

L. H. S. = Oa cos C b a sin C 0 P
R. H. S. L. H. S.
a cos C b a sin C 0 a c cos B b cos C
a cos C 2ab cos C b a sin c To prove that

65
ii. b = a cos C c cos A R. H. S. = L. H. S.
R. H. S. = a cos C c cos A c = a cos B + b cos A

57. In ABC prove that
BC bc A
sin = cos
We know that
2 a 2
b + c a
cos A =
2bc Solution:-
a b c bc A
cos C R. H. S. = cos
2ab a 2
a + b c b + c a
R. H. S. = a +c
2ab 2bc
Using sine rule
a b c
= = = k say
a +b c

b +c a

sin A sin B sin C
= + a b c
2b 2b = k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
a + b c + b + c a a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
=
2b
k sinB k sin C A
2b R. H. S. = cos
= k sin A 2
2b
sinB sin C A
R. H. S. = b R. H. S. = cos
sin A 2
R. H. S. = L. H. S B+C BC
2 cos 2 sin 2 A
= cos
b = a cos C c cos A A A
2 sin 2 cos 2 2
c = a cos B + b cos A
B+C BC
iii.
R. H. S. = a cos B + b cos A cos 2 sin 2

=
A
We know that sin 2
b + c a In ABC
cos A =
2bc
A+B+C=
a +c b

cos B =
2ac
Divided both sides by 2
a + c b b + c a A+B+C
R. H. S. = a +b =
2ac 2bc 2 2
A B+C
a + c b b + c a + =
= + 2 2 2
2c 2c
B+C A
a + c b + b + c a =
= 2 2 2
2c
A BC
cos 2 2 sin 2
2c R. H. S. =
= A
2c sin 2
R. H. S = c
66
A BC C AB
sin sin sin cos
R. H. S. = 2 2 R. H. S. = 2 2 2
A C
sin 2 cos 2
BC C AB
R. H. S. = sin = L. H. S. cos 2 cos 2
2 R. H. S. =
C
cos
58. ABC prove that 2
AB a+b C AB
cos = sin R. H. S. = cos = L. H. S.
2 c 2 2
59. In any ABC. If a , b , c are in A.P. then prove

that cotA , cotB , cotC are in A.P.
Solution:-
a+b C
R. H. S. = sin
c 2 Solution:-
Using sine rule To prove that
a b c cotA , cotB , cotCare in A.P.

= = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
It has common difference
a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C That is to prove that
k sinA + k sin B C cotB cotA = cotC cotB

R. H. S. = sin
k sin C 2
sinA + sin B C
That to prove that
R. H. S. = sin
sin C 2 2 cot B = cot A + cot C
A+B AB It is given that a , b , c are in A.P. then

2 sin 2 cos 2 C
= sin
C C 2 b a = c b
2 sin 2 cos 2
A+B AB b = a + c b
sin 2 cos 2
= Divided both sides by 2ac
C
cos
2
b a + c b
In ABC =
2ac 2ac
A+B+C= By using cosine rule for angle B
a + c b
cos B =
A+B+C 2ac
=
2 2 Using sine rule
A+B C a b c
+ = = = = k say
2 2 2 sin A sin B sin C
A+B C a b c
= = k , = k , =k
2 2 2 sin A sin B sin C
a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C

67
k sin B k sin B 3
= cos B =
2k sin Ak sin C ksin C 2
k sin B sin B 3
= cos B = .1
2 k sin A sin C sin C 2
sin B
= cos B
2 sin A sin C
The angles A, B, C are in A.P. then
BA=CB
Divided both sides by sin B
2B = A + C
sin B cos B
=
2 sin A sin C sin B In ABC
In ABC
A+B+C=
A+B+C= A+C=B
B = A + C 2B = B
sing A + Ch
= cot B 3B = B =
2 sin A sin C 3
sin = sin 180^
B = B = 60^
3
sinA + C
= 2 cot B
sin A sin C Put in equation 1
sin A cos C + cos A sin C
= 2 cot B sin 60 3
sin A sin C =
sin C 2
sin A cos C cos A sin C
+ = 2 cot B 3
sin A sin C sin A sin C
2 = 3
cot C + cot A = 2 cot B sin C 2
cotA , cotB , cotCare in A.P. 1 1

=
2 sin C 2
1 2
b: c = 3: 2 then find A, B, C
60. The angles of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and
=
sin C 2

1 2 1
Solution:-
= = 2
b: c = 3: 2 sin C 2 sin C
b 3 1
= sin C =
c 2 2
a b c sin C = sin 45^

= = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
a b c C = 45^
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C A + B + C = 180^

68
A + 60^ + 45^ = 180^ To find B
A = 180^ 105^ Using sine rule
A = 75^ a b
=
sin A sin B
61. In ABC , if A = 30^ and b: c = 2: 3 find B a 2a
=
sin 30^ sin B
1 2
=
1 sin B
Solution:-
We know that cosine rule for A 2

2 = 2 sin B
b + c a sin B = 1
cos A = 1
2bc sin B = sin 90^ B = 90^
B = 90^
b: c = 2: 3
62. In ABC , if A = 45^ , B = 60^ then find the
b: c = 2: 3 ratio of its sides
b 2
= = k say
c 3
Solution:-
b c Let a, b, c are the sides of ABC

= = k
2 3 To find a: b: c
b c
= k and = k In ABC
2 3
A + B + C = 180^
b = 2k and c = 3k
45^ + 60^ + C = 180^
A = 30^
C = 180^ 105^
C = 75^
Put in equation 1

2k + 3k a
cos 30^ =
22k3k
Using sine rule
a b c
3 4k + 3k a = =
= sin A sin B sin C
2 43k
a b b c
= and =
7k a sin A sin B sin B sin C
3 =
23k a sin A b sinB
= and =
6k = 7k a b sinB c sinC
k = a k = a a: b: c = sin A : sin B : sin C
k = a as a > 0 a: b: c = sin 45^ : sin 60^ : sin 75^
k=a 1 3
a: b: c = : : sin 75^
2 2
b = 2a and c = 3 a
To find sin 75^

69
sin 75^ = sin30^ + 45^ L. H. S. = a + c

a + b c
sin 75 = sin 30 cos 45 + cos 30 sin 45
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
2b
1 1 3 1 b + c a

+
sin 75^ = + 2b
2 2 2 2
1 + 3 a + b c + b + c a
sin 75 = L. H. S. = a + c
2b
^
22
2b
L. H. S. = a + c
2b
The required ratio of sides is
1 3 1 + 3 L. H. S. = a + c b
a: b: c = : :
2 2 22
L. H. S. = R. H. S.
C A 64. In ABCprove that

63. With the usual notation prove that
2 a sin + c sin = a + c b
2 2 ab cos C c cos B = b c
C A L. H. S. = ab cos C c cos B

L. H. S. = 2 a sin + c sin
2 2
Using cosine rule for angle B and C
a + b c
Use half angle formula
1 cos cos C =
cos = 1 2 sin sin = 2ab
2 2 2
a + c b
C 1 cos C cos B =
sin = 2ac
2 2
a + b c
A 1 cos A L. H. S. = a b
sin = 2ab
2 2
a + c b
1 cos C 1 cos A c
L. H. S. = 2 a + c 2ac
2 2
a + b c a + c b
L. H. S. = a a cos C + c c cos A L. H. S. = a U V
2a 2a
b + c a
cos A = a + b c a c + b
2bc L. H. S. = a
a + b c 2a
cos C =
2ab
2b 2c
L. H. S. =
a + b c 2
L. H. S. = a a +c
2ab
2b c
b + c a L. H. S =
c 2
2bc
L. H. S = b c
a +b c

b +c a

L. H. S. = a +c L. H. S. = R. H. S
2b 2b

70
65. In ABC, if cos A = sin B cos C then Solution:-
cos A cos B
=
a b
It is a right angle triangle
Solution:-
To show that ABC is a right angle triangle

We know that
a b
= = k say
i.e. To show that sin A sin B
A or B or C = 90^ a b
= k and = k
sin A sin B
cos A = sin B cos C
a = k sin A and b = k sin B
cos A + cos C = sin B
cos A cos B cos A cos B
= =
A+C AC B B k sin A k sin B sin A sin B
2 cos cos = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
cos A sin B = sin A cos B
A+B+C=A+B=C
sin A cos B cos A sin B = 0
sinA B = sin 0
A+B+C A+C B
= + = A B = 0 A = B
2 2 2 2 2
A+C B ABC is an isosceles triangle
=
2 2 2
67. In ABC if sin A + sin B = sin C
B AC B B
2 cos cos = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 Then show that it is right angle triangle
B AC B B
sin cos = sin cos
2 2 2 2
Solution:-
sin A + sin B = sin C

AC B
cos = cos a b c
2 2
= = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
AC B a b c
= A C = B A = B + C1 = k , = k , =k
2 2 sin A sin B sin C
sin A 1 sin B 1 sin C 1
In ABC = , = , =
a k b k c k
a b c
A + B + C = 180^ sin A = , sin B = , sin C =
k k k
Using equation 1
A + A = 180^ 2A = 180^ a b c a + b c
+ = =
k k k k k
180^ a + b = c 1
A= A = 90^
2 a, b, c are the sides of the triangle ABC
ABC is a right angle triangle

theorem is satisfied in ABC
From equation 1 it is clear that the Pythagoras
ABC is a right angle triangle

66. In ABC if
567 567
=

then show that it is an
68. With usual notation , show that
isosceles triangle

71
2bc cos A + ac cos B + ab cos C C C

c = a + b 2ab cos sin
= a + b + c 2 2
C C
c = a + b 1 2ab cos + 2ab sin
2 2
Solution:-
L. H. S. = 2bc cos A + ac cos B + ab cos C

Using first fundamental identities
C C
We know that the cosine rule
cos + sin = 1
b +c a
2 2
cos A =
2bc C C
c = a + b cos + sin
a + c b 2 2
cos B = C C
2ac 2ab cos + 2ab sin
2 2
a + b c C C
cos C = c = a cos + sin
2ab 2 2
C C
b + c a + b cos + sin
L. H. S. = 2 Ubc 2 2
2bc C C
a + c b 2ab cos + 2ab sin

+ ac 2 2
2ac
C C C
a + b c c = a cos + a sin +b cos
+ ab V 2 2 2
2ab C
+ b sin

2
b + c a a + c b C C
L. H. S. = 2 U + 2ab cos + 2ab sin
2 2 2 2
a + b c
+ R C C C
2 c = a cos 2ab cos + b cos
2 2 2
b + c a + a + c b + a + b c
= 2 C C C
2 + a sin + 2ab sin + b sin
2 2 2
L. H. S. = a + b + c C
c = a 2ab + b cos
2
L. H. S. = R. H. S.
C
69. In ABC prove that +a + 2ab + b sin
2
C C C C
a b cos + a + b sin = c c = a b cos + a + b sin
2 2 2 2
Solution:- 70. In ABC prove that
cos A cos B cos C a + b + c

+ + =
We know that the cosine rule for angle C
a b c 2abc
a + b c
cos C =
2ab Solution:-
2abcos C = a + b c cos A cos B cos C

L. H. S. = + +
a b c
c = a + b 2ab cos C

72
a + c b b c + a
L. H. S. =
2
b + c a
cos A = 2a 2b
2bc L. H. S. =
2
a + c b
cos B = 2a b
2ac L. H. S. =
2
a + b c
cos C = L. H. S. = a b
2ab
b + c a a + c b L. H. S. = R. H. S.
L. H. S. = 2bc + 2ac
a b 72. In ABC prove that
a + b c
2ab AB
+ a b tan 2
c =
a + b tan A + B
b + c a a + c b a + b c 2
= + +
2abc 2abc 2abc
Solution:-
b +c a +a +c b +a +b c

= ab
2abc L. H. S. =
a+b
a + b + c
L. H. S. = a b c
2abc = = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
L. H. S. = R. H. S. a b c
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
71. In ABC prove that a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
ac cos B bc cos A = a b k sin A ksin B

L. H. S. =
k sin A + ksin B
ksin A sin B
Solution:-
L. H. S. =
L. H. S. = ac cos B bc cos A ksin A sin B
sin A sin B
L. H. S. =
sin A + sin B
b + c a
cos A = A+B AB
2bc 2 cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. =
A+B AB
a + c b 2 sin 2 cos 2
cos B =
2ac
A+B AB
a + c b cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. = ac L. H. S. =
2ac A+B AB
sin 2 cos 2
b + c a
bc
2bc
a + c b b + c a
L. H. S. =
2 2

73
AB cos B
sin
2 L. H. S. =
cos C
AB
cos
L. H. S. = 2 L. H. S. = R. H. S.
A+B
sin 2
A+B 74. In ABC prove that
cos
2
a sin A b sin B = c sinA B
AB
tan
L. H. S. = 2
A+B
Solution:-
tan
2 R. H. S. = a sin A b sin B
L. H. S. = R. H. S. a b c
= = = k say
73. In ABC prove that sin A sin B sin C
a b c
= k , = k , =k
c b cos A cos B sin A sin B sin C
= a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
b c cos A cos C
Solution:- L. H. S. = k sin A sin A k sin B sin B
c b cos A L. H. S. = ksin A sin B

L. H. S. =
b c cos A
R. H. S. = ksin A sin Bsin A + sin B
A+B AB A+B AB
= k Q2 cos sin R Q2 sin cos R
b + c a 2 2 2 2
cos A =
2bc AB AB A+B A+B
= k Q2 sin cos R Q2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
b + c a
cb
2bc AB A+B
L. H. S. = = k sin 2 sin2
b + c a 2 2
b c
2bc
= k sinA B sinA + B
b + c a
c 2c
L. H. S. = In ABC
b + c a
b
2b A+B+C=A+B=
2c b c + a = k sinA B sin
L. H. S. = 2c
2b b c + a = k sin C sinA B
2b
= c sinA B = R. H. S.
a + c b
L. H. S. = 2c 75. In ABC prove that
a + b c
2b cos 2A cos 2B 1 1
=
Divided numerator and denominator by a a b a b
a + c b Solution:-
L. H. S. = 2ac cos 2A cos 2B
a + b c L. H. S. =
2ab a b

74
1 2 sin A 1 2 sin B b c a
L. H. S. = cos A
a b 2bc
1 sin A 1 sin B a c b
L. H. S. = 2 2 1 cos B
a a b b 2ac
a a c b b b c a
L. H. S.
c 2ac
2 c 2bc
We know that
a b sin A sin B
= =
sin A sin B a b a c b b c a
L. H. S.
2c 2c
a c b b c a
Squaring both sides
sin A sin B L. H. S.
= 2c
a b
2a 2b 2a b
L. H. S.
2c 2c
Put in equation 1
1 sin B 1 sin B Since ABC is a right angle triangle

L. H. S. = 2 2
a b b b
1 1
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
a b
76. In ABC , if C prove that

a b
sinA B
a b
a b
Solution:-
L. H. S. sinA B L. H. S. from ig c a b
a b
L. H. S. sin A cos B cos A sin B 77. In ABC , prove that
B C
b c tan 2 tan 2

We know that the sine rule
a b c a B C
tan 2 tan 2
sin A sin B sin C

C bc
2
Solution:-
L. H. S.
a
a b c

sin A sin B sin
2
We know that the sine rule
a b sin A sin B 1 a b c
c k say
sin A sin B a b c sin A sin B sin C
a b a b c
sin A , sin B k , k , k
c c sin A sin B sin C
a k sin A , b ksin B , c k sin C
a b k sin B k sin C
L. H. S. cos B cos A
c c L. H. S.
k sin A
75
ksin B sin C sin B sin C a b c

L. H. S. = = = k say
k sin A sin A sin A sin B sin C
BC BC a b c
2 cos 2 sin 2 = k , = k , =k
L. H. S. sin A sin B sin C
sin A a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
A B C A B C
BC BC R. H. S. = k sin B k sin C sin A
2 cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. =
sing B + Ch R. H. S. = k sin B sin C sin A
BC BC
2 cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. = R. H. S. = k sin B + sin Csin B sin C sin A
sinB C
BC BC B+C BC
2 cos sin
L. H. S. 2 2 = k Q2 sin
2
cos
2
R
BC BC
2 sin
2 cos 2 B+C BC
BC B C Q2 cos sin R sin A
sin 2 sin 2 2 2 2
L. H. S.
BC B C
sin sin 2 B+C B+C
2 2 = k Q2 sin cos R
B C B C 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. BC BC
B C B C
sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 Q2 sin
2
cos
2
R sin A
B C = k sinB + C sinB C sin A

Divided numerator and denominator by
cos cos
2 2 A+B+C= B+C=A
B C B C
B C = k sin A sinB C sin A
cos 2 cos 2
L. H. S.
B C B C = k sin A sin A sinB C
B C
cos 2 cos 2 = k sin A sinB C
B C B C
sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 R. H. S. = a sinB C = L. H. S.
B C B C
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
L. H. S.
B C B C
79. With the usual notation show that
sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 c a b tan A = a b + c tan B
B C B C
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
= b c + a tan C
B C
tan 2 tan 2
L. H. S. R. H. S.
B C
tan 2 tan 2
Solution:-
78. In ABC , prove that We know that
a b c
a sinB C = b c sin A = = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
Solution:-
R. H. S. = b c sin A a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
We know that the sine rule Consider

76
sin A b c + a tan C

c a + b tan A = c a + b
cos A 2abck
= b c + a
b c + a
b c + a tan C = 2abck . .3

But
b + c a
cos A = and sin A = ak
2bc From equation 1, 2 and 3
c a + b tan A c a + b tan A = a b + c tan B

ak
= c a + b = b c + a tan C
b + c a
2bc
80. In ABC Prove that
c a + b tan A
2abck A
= c a + b acos C cos B = 2b c cos
c a + b 2
c a + b tan A = 2abck . .1 Solution:-
Consider We know that the projection theorem
sin B b = a cos C + c cos A 1

a b + c tan B = a b + c
cos B c = a cos B + b cos A . .2
b c = a cos C + c cos A
Equation 1 Equation 2
We know that
a + c b a cos B + b cos A
cos B = b c = a cos C + c cos A acos B b cos A
2ac
b c = acos C cos B b c cos A
a b + c tan B b c + b c cos A = acos C cos B
bk b c1 + cos A = acos C cos B
= a b + c
a + c b A
2ac 1 + cos A = 2 cos
2
A
a b + c tan B 2b c cos = acos C cos B
2abck 2
= a b + c A
a b + c acos C cos B = 2b c cos
2
a b + c tan B = 2abck .2 APPLICATION OF SINE RULE, COSINE RULE, AND
PROJUCTION RULE
Consider
Theorem:- In any ABC , if a + b + c = 2s then we
HALF ANGLE FORMULAE
sin C
b c + a tan C = b c + a
cos C
have
sin =
775
5
i.
We know that
sin =
757
a + b c 5
cos C =
ii.
2ab
sin =
77

b c + a tan C
iii.
kc
= b c + a
a + b c
Proof :-
2ab We know that the half angle formula

77
A A
cos A = 1 2 sin sin >0
2 2
A
2 sin = 1 cos A A s bs c
2 sin =
2 bc
Using cosine rule
b + c a
To prove that
cos A =
2bc B s cs a
sin =
A b + c a 2 ac
2 sin =1
2 2bc
A 2bc b + c a
We know that the half angle formula
2 sin = B
2 2bc cos B = 1 2 sin
2
A 2bc b c + a
2 sin = B
2 2bc 2 sin = 1 cos B
2
A a b 2bc + c
2 sin =
2 2bc
Using cosine rule
A a b c a c b
2 sin
= cos B =
2 2bc 2ac
A a b + ca + b c B a c b
2 sin
= 2 sin =1
2 2bc 2 2ac
A a + b 2b + ca + b + c 2c B 2ac a c b

2 sin = 2 sin =
2 2bc 2 2ac
A a + b + c 2ba + b + c 2c B 2ac a c b

2 sin = 2 sin =
2 2bc 2 2ac
a + b + c = 2s B b a 2ac c
2 sin =
2 2ac
A 2s 2b2s 2c
2 sin =
2 2bc B b a c
2 sin =
2 2ac
A 2s b2s c
2 sin =
2 2bc B b a cb a c
2 sin =
2 2ac
A s bs c
sin =
2 bc B a b c 2aa b c 2c
2 sin =
2 2ac
a b c = 2s
Taking square root of both sides
A s bs c
sin = B 2s 2a2s 2c
2 bc 2 sin =
2 2ac
is an acute angle
B 2s a2s c
2 sin =
2 2ac

78
B s as c C a b c 2aa b c 2b

sin = 2 sin =
2 ac 2 2ab
Taking square root of both sides a b c = 2s
C 2s 2a2s 2b

B s as c 2 sin =
sin = 2 2ab
2 ac
C 2s a2s b
2 sin =

2 2ab

C s as b
is an acute angle
B sin =
sin >0 2 ab
2
B s as c
sin =
Taking square root of both sides
2 ac C s as b
sin =
2 ab
To prove that
is an acute angle

C s as b
sin =
2 ab C
sin > 0
2
C s as b
C sin =
cos C 1 2 sin
2 ab
2
C Theorem:- In any ABC , if a + b + c = 2s then we
2 sin = 1 cos C
2 have
cos =
77
5
Using cosine rule i.
a b c cos =
77
cos C
2ab 5
ii.
cos =
775
C a b c
2 sin = 1

iii.
2 2ab
C 2ab a b c
Proof:-
2 sin =
2 2ab We know that the half angle formula
C 2ab a b c A
2 sin = cos A = 2 cos 1
2 2ab 2
C c a 2ab b A
2 sin = 2 cos = 1 cos A
2 2ab 2
C c a b
2 sin =
2 2ab
Using cosine rule
b c a
cos A =
C c a bc a b 2bc
2 sin =
2 2ab

79
A b c a a c b
2 cos
=1 cos B =
2 2bc 2ac
A 2bc b c a B a c b
2 cos = 2 cos =1
2 2bc 2 2ac
A b c a B 2ac a c b
2 cos = 2 cos =
2 2bc 2 2ac
A b c ab c a B a c b
2 cos = 2 cos =
2 2bc 2 2ac
A a b c 2aa b c B a c ba c b
2 cos = 2 cos =
2 2bc 2 2ac
a b c = 2s B a b c 2ba b c
2 cos =
2 2ac
A 2s 2a2s
2 cos =
2 2bc a b c = 2s
A 2s a2s B 2s 2b2s

2 cos = 2 cos =
2 2bc 2 2bc
A s as B 2s b2s
cos = 2 cos =
2 bc 2 2ac
B s bs
A ss a cos =
cos = 2 ac
2 bc
B ss b
is an acute angle cos =

2 ac
A
cos >0 is an acute angle

2
B
A ss a cos >0
cos = 2
2 bc
B ss b
cos =
2 ac
To prove that
B ss b
cos =
2 ac
To prove that
C ss c
cos =
2 ab
B
cos B = 2 cos 1
2 We know that the half angle formula
B C
2 cos = 1 cos B cos C 2 cos 1
2 2
Using cosine rule

80
C
2 cos = 1 cos C
77
tan =
2 775
iii.
Using cosine rule Proof:-
a b c A
cos C A sin
2ab L. H. S. = tan = 2
2 A
cos
C a b c 2
2 cos =1
2 2ab
C 2ab a b c
We know that
2 cos =
2 2ab A s bs c
sin =
2 bc
C a b c
2 cos =
2 2ab
A ss a
C a b ca b c cos =
2 cos = 2 bc
2 2ab
C a b c 2ca b c s bs c
2 cos = bc
2 2ab L. H. S. =
ss a
a b c = 2s bc
C 2s 2c2s
2 cos = s bs c bc
2 2ab L. H. S. =
bc ss a
C 2s c2s
2 cos =
2 2ab s bs c
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
C s cs ss a
cos =
2 ab
C ss c
To prove that
cos =
2 ab tan
B
=
s as c
2 ss b
is an acute angle

B
B sin 2
L. H. S. = tan =
C 2 B
cos 2
cos > 0
2
B s as c
C ss c sin =
cos = 2 ac
2 ab
Theorem:- In any ABC , if a + b + c = 2s then we B ss b

cos =
have 2 ac
775
tan =
s as c
77
i.
ac

tan =
775 L. H. S. =
ss b
77
ii.
ac
81
s as c ac
L. H. S. =
ac s b
ss
s as c
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
ss b
To prove that
C s as b
tan = ADCis
2 ss c
is a right angle triangle
let C C
C
C sin
L. H. S. = tan = 2 AD AD
2 C sin C sin C
cos AC b
2
AD b sin C .1
C s as b
sin =
2 ab ii. C is obtuse
C ss c
cos =
2 ab
s as b
ab
L. H. S. =
ss c
ab
s as b ab
L. H. S. =
is a right angle triangle
In above fig.ADCis
ab ss
s c let C = C
AD AD
s as b sin C sin C
L. H. S. = = R.. H. S. AC b
ss c AD b sin C . .2
iii. C is right angle
Area of triangle
area of a ABC is given by

Theorem:- Prove that with the usual notations, the
AABC )= ab sin C = bc sin A =

ac sin B

Proof:-
cases of C
For the proof of this theorem we consider three
From above fig.
i. C is acute CD
AC = AD AD
= AC 1

82

AD AC sin C = ss as bs c
2 2 AABC = ab
a b
AD = b sin C
1 ss as bs c

AABC = lBC lAD AABC = ab
2 ab
1 AABC = ss as bs c

AABC = a b sin C
2
81. In ABC if a = 18 , b = 24 and c = 30 then find
Similarly
A A A
the values of
1 1 cos A , sin , cos , tan , AABC , sin A ,
AABC = bc sin A = ac sin B 2 2 2
2 2 tan A
Heros Formula
Solution:-
b + c a
Theorem:- if a, b, c are the length of the sides BC, CA
and AB of ABC and a + b + c = 2s then cos A =
2bc
AABC = ss as bs c a = 18 , b = 24 and c = 30
24 + 30 18

cos A =
Proof :-
2 24 30
576 + 900 324
We know that
1 cos A =
AABC = a b sin C 2 24 30
2
1152 576
cos A = =
Use half angle formula 2 24 30 24 30
C C 576
sin C = 2 sin cos logcos A = log
2 2 24 30
1 C C logcos A = log 576 log 24 + log 30
AABC = a b 2 sin cos
2 2 2
logcos A = 2.7604 1.3802 + 1.4771
C C
AABC = ab sin cos
2 2 logcos A = 2.7604 2.8573
C s as b logcos A = 1. 9031

sin =
2 ab cos A = antilog 1. 9031
C ss c cos A = 0.8

cos =
2 ab
To find sin
s as b ss c
AABC = ab A s bs c
ab ab sin =
2 bc
Where 2s = a + b + c

83
a+b+c 18 + 24 + 30
s= s= A 12 6 A 1
2 2 tan = tan =
2 36 18 2 3
72
s= = 36
2 To find AABC
A 36 2436 30

sin =
Formula for finding area of triangle is
2 24 30
AABC = ss as bs c
A 12 6 A 1 Where 2s = a + b + c
sin = sin =
2 24 30 2 10
a+b+c 18 + 24 + 30
s= s=
2 2
To find cos

72
s= = 36
2
A ss a
cos =
2 bc AABC = 3636 1836 2436 30
Where 2s = a + b + c AABC = 618 12 6
a+b+c 18 + 24 + 30 AABC = 61296 = 6 36 = 216 sq. units

s= s=
2 2
To find sin A
72
s= = 36
2 A A
sin A = 2 sin cos
2 2
A 3636 18 A 36 18
cos = cos =
2 24 30 2 24 30 s bs c ss a
sin A = 2
bc bc
A 9 A 3
cos = cos =
2 10 2 10 36 2436 30 3636 18
sin A = 2
24 30 24 30

To find tan
12 6 36 18
sin A = 2
A s bs c 24 30 24 30
tan =
2 ss a
1 3 23
sin A = 2 =
Where 2s = a + b + c 10 10 10
a+b+c 18 + 24 + 30 3
s= s= sin A =
2 2 5
72 To find tan A
s= = 36 3
2
sin A
tan A = tan A = 5
cos A 4
A 36 2436 30 5
tan =
2 3636 18
3
tan A =
4
84
1 3b
ga + c + a cos C + c cos Bh =
2 2
82. Show that
A B C gAABCh
sin sin sin =
2 2 2 abcs Using projection theorem
Solution:- a cos C + c cos B = b
A B C a + b + c = 3b a + c = 3b b
L. H. S. = sin sin sin
2 2 2
a + c = 2b
s bs c s as c a, b, c are in A.P
L. H. S. =
bc ac
84. Show that in ABC
s as b
A B a+bc
ab tan tan =
2 2 a+b+c
s a s b s c

L. H. S. =
a b c
Solution:-
A B
L. H. S. = tan tan
s as bs c 2 2
L. H. S. =
abc We know that
ss as bs c
L. H. S. = A s bs c
abcs
tan =

2 ss a
ss as bs c
L. H. S. = B s as c
abcs tan =
2 ss b
AABC = ss as bs c

But
s bs c s as c
L. H. S. =
ss a ss b
gAABCh
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
abc
s bs c s as c
83. If in ABC , L. H. S. =
ss a

ss b

a cos + c cos =

s c
Show that a, b, c are in A.P.
L. H. S. =
Solution:- To show that a, b, c are in A.P. s
sc
L. H. S. =
s
To show that
b a = c b 2b = a + c
2s = a + b + c

a cos + c cos =
a+b+c
s=
K567 K567 2
a + c =

a+b+c
c
1 3b L. H. S. = 2
a + a cos C + c + c cos B = a+b+c
2 2
2
85
a + b + c 2c k sin B k sin C A
2 R. H. S. = cot
L. H. S. = k sin B + k sin C 2
a+b+c
2 sin B sin C A
R. H. S. = cot
a+bc sin B + sin C 2
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
a+b+c B+C BC
2 cos sin
R. H. S. = 2 2 cot A
85. Show that in ABC B+C BC 2
2 sin 2 cos 2
C B
b cos + c cos = s B+C BC
2 2 cos sin
R. H. S. = 2 2 cot A
B+C BC 2
sin cos
2 2
Solution:-
C B
L. H. S. = b cos + c cos In ABC
2 2
1 + cosC 1 + cos B A+B+C
L. H. S. = b + c A+B+C= =
2 2 2 2
B+C A
b + b cos C + c + c cos B =
L. H. S. = 2 2 2
2
A
b + c + b cos C + c cos B cos 2 2 BC A
L. H. S. = R. H. S. = tan cot
2 A 2 2
sin 2 2
A A
Use projection theorem
sin 2 B C cos 2
b cos C + c cos B = a R. H. S. = tan
A 2 A
cos 2 sin 2
a+b+c
L. H. S. =
2 BC
R. H. S. = tan = L. H. S.
a + b + c = 2s 2
2s
L. H. S. = = s = R. H. S.
INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION
2
86. In any ABC , Prove that

Principal value branch of inverse trigonometric
function
BC bc A a) The principle value branch of sin x is O , P

tan = cot
2 b+c 2
b) The principle value branch of cos x is g0, h

Solution:- c) The principle value branch of tan x is ,
bc A d) The principle value branch of cot x is 0,

R. H. S. = cot e) The principle value branch of sec x is g0, h
b+c 2

bc
Using sine rule
a b c
f) The principle value branch of
cosec x is O , P 0

= = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
87. Find the principle value of sin

a b c
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C Solution:-
86
We know that The principle value branch of
1 1
sin = = sin EG[-E M H[ O , P 0
6 2 6 2 2 2

The principle value branch of sin x is O , P

EG[-E 2 =
< <
6 2 6 2
1 The principle value of EG[-E 2 H[ B

sin = and < <
2 6 2 6 2
90. Find the principle value of . 1
The principle value of sin is B
88. Find the principle value of [H

Solution:-
We know that

. = 1
4
Solution:-
Multiply both sides by 1

We know that
1
[H =
6 2 . = 1 . = 1
4 4
Multiply both sides by 1

= . 1 . 1 =
1 1 4 4
[H = [H =
6 2 6 2
The principle value branch of . M H[ ,

1
= [H

6 2
. 1 =
< <
4 2 4 2
The principle value branch of [H M H[ O , P

The principle value branch of . M H[ A

1
[H =
< <
2 6 2 6 2 91. Find the principle value of . 3
The principle value of [H H[ B

Solution:-
89. Find the principle value of EG[E 2 We know that

. = 3
3
Solution:-
We know that Multiply both sides by 1

1
[H = . = 3 . = 3
6 2 3 3

= . 3 . 3 =
3 3
Taking reciprocal of both sides
1 1
= 1/2 EG[-E 6 = 2 The principle value branch of . M H[ ,

[H 6

= EG[-E 2 EG[-E 2 = . 3 =
< <
6 6 3 2 3 2

87
The principle value branch of . 3 H[

Solution:-
92. Find the principle value of [H

We know that

3 3
EG[ = EG[ =
6 2 2 6
Solution:-
The principle value branch of EG[ M H[ g0, h

We know that
1 1
[H = = [H 3
4 2 4 2 EG[ =
0 < <
2 6 6
1
[H =
2 4 The principle value of EG[ H[ B

The principle value branch of [H M H[ O , P

95. Find the principle values of EG.

1
[H =
< <
2 4 2 4 2
Solution:-
The principle value of [H H[ A

We know that

. = 3
3
93. Find the principle value of EG[

1 1 1
=
Solution:-
EG. =
We know that . 3 3 3 3
1
EG[ =
3 2
We know that
EG. M = EG. M

We know that the formula
EG[ M = EG[ M =X. M = EG. = EG.

3 3 3

=X. M = EG[ = EG[ 2 1 1 2
3 3 3 EG. = EG. =
3 3 3 3
3 1 2 1
EG[ = EG[ = The principle value branch of EG. M H[ 0,
3 2 3 2
2 1 1 2 1 2 2
= EG[ EG[ = EG. =
0 < <
3 2 2 3 3 3 3
The principle value branch of EG[ M H[ g0, h The principle value branch of EG.

H[

1 2 2
EG[ =
0 < <
2 3 3
96. Find the values of
1 1
The principle value of EG[ H[ . 1 EG[ [H

2 2
94. Find the principle value of EG[

Solution:-

88
Consider . 1 1 1
. 1 + EG[ + [H
2 2
42 + 12
=
72
We know that

. = 1
4 1 1 54
. 1 + EG[ + [H =
2 2 72
. 1 = 3
4 =
4

97. Find the values of
. 1 =
< < 1 1
4 2 4 2 EG[ 2 [H
2 2

A Solution:-
Consider EG[ Consider EG[

We know that We know that
1 1 1 1
EG[ = EG[ = EG[ = EG[ =
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
The principle value branch of EG[ M H[ g0, h The principle value branch of EG[ M H[ g0, h
1 1
EG[ =
0 < < EG[ =
0 < <
2 3 3 2 3 3
The principle value of EG[ H[ The principle value of EG[ H[

Consider [H Consider [H

We know that We know that
1 1 1 1
[H = = [H [H = = [H
6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2
The principle value branch of [H M H[ O , P The principle value branch of [H M H[ O , P

1 1
[H =
< < [H =
< <
2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2
The principle value of [H H[ B The principle value of [H H[ B

1 1 1 1
. 1 + EG[ + [H EG[ + 2 [H = + 2
2 2 2 2 3 6

= + + 1 1 2
4 3 6 EG[ + 2 [H = + =
2 2 3 3 3
1 1 7
. 1 + EG[ + [H = +
2 2 12 6 98. Find the value of

89
. 3 [-E 2 99. Find the values of
Solution:- EG[-E 2 EG. 3
Consider . 3 Solution:-
We know that Consider EG[-E 2

. = 3
3
We know that
1
[H =
.
3 = 4 2
3


1 1
= 1/2 EG[-E 4 = 2
.
3 =
< < [H 4
3 2 3 2

Multiply both sides by -1

Consider [-E 2 EG[-E = 2 EG[-E = 2
4 4

= EG[-E 2 EG[-E 2 =
4 4
We know that
1
EG[ =
3 2 The principle value branch of

EG[-E M H[ O , P 0
2 2
1
= 2 [-E 3 = 2
EG[-E 2 =
< <
EG[ 3
4 2 4 2
The principle value of EG[-E 2 H[ A

We know that
[-E M = [-E M
Consider EG. 3

=X. M = [-E = [-E
3 3 3 We know that
2 2 2 1
[-E = 2 = [-E 2 = . =
3 3 3 6 3
The principle value branch of [-E M H[ g0, h b c

1
2 2
[-E 2
=
0 < < = 3 EG. 6 = 3
3 3 . 6
The principle value of [-E 2 H[

EG. 3 =
6
2
. 3 [-E 2 = = The principle value branch of EG. M H[ 0,
3 3 3

90
1
EG. 3 =
0 < < . = EG. M IGi M > 0
6 6 M
The principle value branch ofEG. 3H[

B
Proof:-
,-. EG. M = >

EG[-E 2 EG. 3 =
4 6
EG[ >
M = EG. > M =
6 + 4 [H >
cosec 2 + cot 3 = =
24 12
1 [H > 1
PROPERRTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION
= = . >
100. Prove that M EG[ > M
1 1 1
[H = EG[-E M IGi M 1 Gi M 1 . = > . = EG. M
M M M
Proof:- 103. Prove that
,-. EG[-E M = > [H M = [H M IGi M g1, 1h

1
M = EG[-E > M =
[H >
Proof:-
,-. [H M = >
M = [H > M = [H >
1 1
= [H > [H = >
M M M = [H > > = [H M
1 > = [H M [H M = [H M
[H = EG[-E M
M
104. Prove that
. M = . M IGi M
101. Prove that
1
EG[ = [-E M IGi M 1 Gi M 1
M Proof:-
Solution:- Let . M = >
Let [-E M = > M = . > M = . >

1 M = . > > = . M
M = [-E> M =
EG[ >
> = . M . M = . M
1 1
= EG[ > EG[ = >
105. Prove that
M M EG[E M = EG[E M IGi |M| 1

1
EG[ = [-E M
M
Proof:-
,-. EG[-E M = >
M = EG[-E > M = EG[-E>

102. Prove that

91
M = EG[-E > EG[-E M = > ,-. [H M = >
> = EG[-E M EG[-E M = EG[-E M

M = [H > M = EG[ >
2

> = EG[ M
> g0, h
106. Prove that
EG[ M = EG[ M IGi M g1, 1h 2 2

= > + EG[ M
Proof:- 2
Let EG[ M = >
[H M + EG[ M =
2
M = EG[ > M = EG[ >
M = EG[ > EG[

M =>
110. Prove that

. M EG. M = IGi M
EG[ M = EG[ M 2
EG[ M = EG[ M Proof:-
,-. . M = >

107. Prove that
[-E M = [-E M IGi |M| 1 M = . > M = EG. >

2

EG. M = >
> 0 ,
2 2
Proof :-
,-. [-E M = >

> + EG. M =
M = [-E > M = [-E> 2

M = [-E > [-E M = > . M + EG. M =
2
> = [-E M [-E M = [-E M
111. Prove that

EG[-E M [-E M = IGi |M| 1 , M
2
108. Prove that
EG. M = EG. M IGi M

Proof:-
,-. EG[-E M = >

Solution:-
,-. EG. M = >

M = EG. > M = EG. > M = EG[-E> M = [-E >
2
M = EG. > EG. M = >
[-E M = >
> O , P
2 2 2 2
> = EG. M EG. M = EG. M

> + [-E M = EG[-E M + [-E M =
109. Prove that 2 2

[H M EG[ M = IGi M g1, 1h
2
112. Prove that
M>
. M . > = .
Proof:- 1 M>

92
HI M, > > 0
M> < 1 113. Prove that
M>
. M . > = .
1 M>
Proof:-
-i- M > 0, > > 0

We know that
. . ]
. ] = . .1
1 . . ] Proof:-
,-. . M =
. > = ] We know that
M = .
> = . ] . . ]
. ] = . .1
1 . . ]
M, > > 0 M = . > 0
>
= . ] > 0 ,-. . M =
. > = ]
A and B are acute angle that is they lie in the first M = .

> = . ]
M, > > 0 M = . > 0

>
quadrant
0<<

. .2
0 <]<
= . ] > 0

..3
A and B are acute angle that is they lie in the first
To show that + ] lie in the first quadrant
quadrant

0 < < . .2
0 < ] < ..3
Equation 1+ Equation 2

0+0< +] < +
2 2 ] H[ EX.- HI > ]
0<+] < ] H[ EX.- HI ] >
M, > > 0
M> < 1 0 < 1 M>
<] <
1 M> > 0 2 2
1 . . ] > 0 This is the principle branch of . M
The denominator of equation 1 is positive Equation 1 becomes

M>
. + ] > 0 . ] = ]
1 + M>
+ ]is an acute angle M>
= .
1 + M>

0<+] < M>
2 . M . > = .
1 + M>
Equation 1 becomes
M+>
114. Prove that
. + ] = +]
1 M> M>
. M . > = .
M+> 1 M>
= .
1 M>
HI M, > > 0
M> > 1
M+>
. M + . > = .
1 M> Proof:-

93
M+>
. M + . > = + .
1 M>
We know that
. . ]
. ] = . .1
1 . . ] 115. Prove that
,-. . M =
. > = ] 2M
2 . M = [H IGi |M| 1
1 M
M = .
> = . ]
M, > > 0 M = . > 0

>
Proof:-
= . ] > 0 2M
. `. a. = [H
1 M
A and B are acute angle that is they lie in the first
quadrant ,-. . M = > M = . >
2 . >
. `. a. = [H

0 < < . .2
0 < ] < ..3
1 + . >
M+>
. + ] = . .4 2 . >
1 M> . `. a. = [H
[-E >
M> > 1 0 > 1 M> 1 M> < 0 [H >
2 EG[ >
. + ] < 0 . `. a. = [H

1
EG[ >
+ ]lie in the second quadrant
. `. a. = [H 2 [H > EG[ >
<+] <
2
. `. a. = [H [H 2>
. `. a. = 2> . `. a. = 2 . M
Subtract from both sides

< + ] < . `. a. = <. `. a.
2

< + ] < 0
2
116. Prove that
1 M
Now . g + ] h = . + ] 2 . M = EG[ IGi M 0
1 M
. g + ] h = . g + ]h Proof:-
. g + ] h = g . + ]h 1 M
. `. a. = EG[
. g + ] h = . + ] 1 M
M+> ,-. . M = > M = . >

. g + ] h = > -Y. 4
1 M>
1 . >
. `. a. = EG[
M+> 1 + . >
+ ] = .
1 M>
[H >
1
M+> EG[ >
+ ] = + . . `. a. = EG[
1 M> [-E >

94
EG[ > [H > M>

. M . > = .
EG[ > 1 M>
. `. a. = EG[
1
EG[ >

Put M =
> =

. `. a. = EG[ EG[ 2> 1 1

1 1
. `. a. = 2> = 2 . M = <. `. a. . . = . 2 3
2 3 1 1
123
5
1 1
117. Prove that
2M . . = . 6
2 . M = . IGi 1 < M < 1 2 3 1
1 M 16
5
1 1
. . = . 6
Proof:-
2M 2 3 5
. `. a. = .
1 M 6
,-. . M = > M = . > 1 1

. . = . 1
2 3
2 . >
. `. a. = . 1 1
1 . > . . =
2 3 4
[H >
2 EG[ >
. `. a. = .
[H >
119. Show that
1
EG[ > 1 2 3
. . = .
2 11 4
[H >
2 EG[ >
. `. a. = .
EG[ > [H >
Solution:-
EG[ > Using property
2 [H > EG[ > M>

. `. a. = . . M . > = .
EG[ > [H > 1 M>
[H 2> Put M =
> =

. `. a. = .

EG[ 2>
1 2
. .
. `. a = . . 2> 2 11
1 2

. `. a = 2> = 2 . M = .
2 11
1 2
1 2 11
. `. a = <. `. a.
11 4
1 2
.
. = . 22

2 11 1
118. Prove that
1 1 1 11
. . =
2 3 4
15
1 2 22
.
. = .

2 11 10
Solution:-
Using property 11

95
1 2 15 11 [H M
. . = . EG[ M 1
2 11 22 10 <. `. a. = .
EG[ M
[H M
EG[ M 1 EG[ M
1 2 3
. . = .
2 11 4 1 . M
<. `. a. = .
1 . M
1 . M
120. Show that
2M 3M M <. `. a. = .
.
M .
= .
1 1 . M
1 M 1 3M

1 . . M
<. `. a. = . 4
IGi |M|

3 1 . 4 . M
Solution:-
Using property
M>
. = . M . >
1 M>
Using property
X
. X . = .
1 X
<. `. a. = . . . . M
2M 4
=X. X = M , =
1 M
<. `. a. = M = . `. a.
4
2M
. M .
1 M
2M
M
122. Prove that
= . 1 M
1 EG[ M M

2M . =
1M
1 M 1 EG[ M 2
M1 M 2M
= . " 1 M #
1 M 2M
Solution:-
1 M 1 EG[ M
<. `. a. = .
2M 1 EG[ M
. M .
1 M
M M 2M M
= . 2 [H 2
1 3M
<. `. a. = .
M
2 EG[ 2
2M 3M M
. M . = .

1 M 1 3M
M
<. `. a. = . .
2
M
121. Prove that
EG[ M [H M <. `. a. = . .
.
= M 2
EG[ M [H M 4
M
<. `. a. = = . `. a.
2
Solution:-
EG[ M [H M
<. `. a. = .
EG[ M [H M
123. Express

96
. K , For 0 < M < in the simplest

2
1
2 .
= . 3

3 1
19
form
2
1 3
Solution:-
EG[ M [H M 2 .
= .
. 3 8
EG[ M [H M 9
[H M 1 2 9
EG[ M 1 2 . = .
= . EG[ M
[H M 3 3 8
EG[ M 1
EG[ M 1 3
2 . = .
1 . M 3 4
= .
1 . M
1 . M
125. Prove that
= . 1 1 31
1 1 . M 2 . . = .
2 7 17

. 4 . M
= .

1 . 4 . M
Solution:-
1 1
<. `. a. = 2 . .
2 7
Consider 2 .

Using property
M>
. = . M . >
1 M>

= . . . . M
Using property
4 2M
2 . M = .
1 M
EG[ M [H M
. = M 1
EG[ M [H M 4 =X. M =
2
2
124. Prove that
1 3 1 2
2 . = . 2 .
= .
3 4 2 1
1 2
1 1
Solution:-
2 . = .
2 1
14
Using property
2M
2 . M = .
1 M
1 1
1 2 . = .
2 3
=X. M = 4
3
1 4
2 2 . = .
1 3 2 3
2 . = .
3 1
1 3 1 4
2 . = .
2 3

97
4 1 1M 1
<. `. a. = . . . = . M
3 7 1M 2
1M
2. = . M
1M
Using property
M>
. M . > = .
1 M> Use the property
4 1 2M
2 . M = .
<. `. a. = .
3 7 1 M
4 1
1
3 7 1M
2 1 M
31 .
" # = . M
1M
<. `. a. = . 21
1
1 M
4
1 21
1M
2 1 M
31 =M
1M
<. `. a. = .
21 1 1 M
17
21
2 2M
31 1M
<. `. a. = . =M
17 1 M 1 M
1 M
2 2M1 M
=M
126. Solve the equation
EG[ 2 EG[-E M
2 . M = . 1 2M M 1 2M M
2 2M 2M 2M
=M
4M
Solution:-
1
2 2M = 4M 2 = 6M M =
Using property
2M 3
2 . M = .
1 M
1
M=
2 EG[ M 3
. = . 2 EG[-E M
1 EG[ M
1
2 EG[ M IGi M > 0 M =
= 2 EG[-E M 3
1 EG[ M
EG[ M 1
= EG. M = 1
128. Prove that
[H M [H M 1 1M
. M = EG[ IGi M g0 , 1h
2 1M
M = EG. 1 M =
4 Solution:-
1 1M
. `. a. = EG[
127. Solve the equation
1M 1 2 1M
. = . M IGi M > 0
1M 2
,-. . M = > M = . >
Solution:-
Squaring both sides
M = . >
98
1 1 . >
. `. a. = EG[

2 1 . >
Using property

[H M + EG[ M =
[H > 2
1 1
EG[ >
. `. a. = EG[ <. `. a. = = . `. a.
2 [-E > 2
EG[ > [H >

130. Prove that
1 EG[ > 1 3 3
. `. a. = EG[ [H 3 [H =
2 1 2 4
EG[ > 2
1
. `. a. = EG[ EG[ 2>
Solution:-
2
1 3
<. `. a. = [H 3 [H
1 2 2
. `. a. = 2> = > = . M
2
. `. a. = <. `. a.
We know that
1 3
[H =
[H =
4 2 3 2
129. Prove that
3 4
EG[ EG[ = <. `. a. = [H [H 3 [H [H
5 5 2 4 3

<. `. a. = 3 <. `. a. =
4 3 4
Solution:-
3 4
<. `. a. = EG[ EG[ 3
5 5 <. `. a. = = . `. a.
4
3
,-. EG[ = M .1
5 131. Prove that
3 3 3 12 56
= EG[ M EG[ M = [H EG[ = [H
5 5 5 13 65
Using first fundamental identities Solution:-
[H M = 1 EG[ M 3 3
,-. [H = M [H M =
5 5
9 16
[H M = 1 [H M =
25 25
9
EG[ M = 1 [H M EG[ M = 1
4 4 25
[H M = [H M = [H M > 0
5 5
4 16 4
M = [H EG[ M = EG[ M =
5 25 5
3 4 12 12
EG[ = [H > -Y . 1 ,-. EG[ = > EG[ > =
5 5 13 13
4 4
<. `. a. = [H + EG[
5 5

99
144 1 1
[H > = 1 EG[ > [H > = 1 [H > = [H > =
169 4 2
169 144 25
[H > = [H > =
We know that
169 169 EG[M + > = EG[ M EG[ > [H M [H >
5 3 3 1 1
[H > = EG[M + > = +
13 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 1
EG[M + > = + = =
We know that
4 4 4 2
[H M + > = [H M EG[ > + EG[ M [H >
1
3 12 4 5 EG[M + > =
[H M + > = + 2
5 13 5 13
1
36 + 20 56 M + > = EG[
[H M + > = [H M + > = 2
65 65
1 3 1
56 [H + EG[ = EG[
M + > = [H
2 2 2
65
3 12 56
[H + EG[ = [H
5 13 65
133. Prove that
4 12 33
EG[ EG[ = EG[
132. Prove that 5 13 65
1 3 1
[H
EG[ = EG[
2 2 2
Solution:-
4 4
,-. EG[ = M EG[ M =
5 5
Solution:-
1 1 16
,-. [H = M [H M = [H M = 1 EG[ M [H M = 1
2 2 25
1 9 3
EG[ M = 1 [H M EG[ M = 1 [H M = [H M =
4 25 5
3 12 12
EG[ M = ,-. EG[ = > EG[ > =
4 13 13
3 3 144
,-. EG[
= > EG[ > = [H > = 1 EG[ > [H > = 1
2 2 169
3 169 144 25
[H > = 1 EG[ > [H > = 1 [H > = [H > =
4 169 169
5
[H > =
13

100
45 + 32 77
[H M + > = [H M + > =
85 85
We know that
EG[M > = EG[M EG[ > [H M [H >

77
4 12 3 5 M + > = [H
85
EG[M > =
5 13 5 13
3 12 77
48 15 33 [H + EG[ = [H
5 13 85
EG[M > = EG[M + > =
65 65
135. If . 2M . 3M =

33 A
M + > = EG[ of M
then find the value
65
4 12 33
EG[ + EG[ = EG[
Solution:-
5 13 65
. 2M . 3M =
134. Prove that 4
3 18 77
[H
[H = [H
Use property
5 17 85 M>
. M . > = .
1 M>
2M 3M
Solution:-
3 3 . =
,-. [H
= M [H M = 1 2M 3M 4
5 5
5M
. = . 1
9 1 6M
EG[ M = 1 [H M EG[ M = 1
25
5M
=1
1 6M
16 4
EG[ M = EG[ M = 5M = 1 6M
25 5
6M 5M 1 = 0
8 8
,-. [H = > [H > =
17 17 5 5 4 61
M=
26
64
EG[ > = 1 [H > EG[ > = 1
289 5 25 24
M=
12
289 64 225 5 49
EG[ > = EG[ > = M=
289 289 12
15 5 7
EG[ > = M=
17 12
5 7 5 7
M = Gi M =
12 12
We know that
[H M + > = [H M EG[ > + EG[ M [H >

1
M = Gi M = 1
3 15 4 8 6
[H M + > = +
5 17 5 17 1
M > 0 M =
6
101
136. If . . K =
K
A
Use property
value of M M>
then find the
. M . > = .
1 M>
1 1
Solution:-
M1 M1
.
. = <. `. a. = .
5 7
M2 M2 4 1 1
1
5 7
1 1

. 3 8
Use property
M> 1 1
. M . > = . 1
1 M> 3 8
12 11
M1 M1 35
<. `. a. = . . 24
. M 2 M 2 =

1 1
M1 M1 4 1 1 24
1 M 2 M 2 35
12 11
M 2M 1 M 1M 2 35 24
M 2 <. `. a. = .
.
. "

# 34 23
M 2 M 1M 1

35 24
M 2
= . 1 12 11
<. `. a. = . .
34 23
M M 2 M M 2
. = . 1
M 4 M 1
Again Use property
M>
2M 4 . M . > = .
.
= . 1 1 M>
3
12 11

2M 4 <. `. a. = . 34 23
=1

3 12 11
1 34 23
2M 4 = 3 2M 3 + 4
325
1 1 <. `. a. = .
391
2M = 1 M = M= 66
2 1 391
2
1 325
M > 0 M =
2 <. `. a. = .
391
325
391

137. Show that
1 1 1 <. `. a. = . 1 = = . `. a.
. . . 4
5 7 3
1
. =
8 4
********************************************
Solution:-
1 1 1
<. `. a. = . . .
5 7 3
1
.
8
102
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINE M + > > = 0
Theorem:- M + > + > = 0
Show that every homogeneous equation of M + > = 0

secondary in x and y represent a pair of lines
passing through the origin M + + > = 0
Proof:-
These are liner equation of straight lines and do not
Let the homogeneous equation of second degree in x contain constant term
The lines represent by these equation do not

and y is
M + 2M> + > = 0
passing through the origin
, ,
i- EG [. . G. ,, T-iG By case I and II
Case I:- Let = 0 0 , 0 Every homogeneous equation of secondary in x and y

represent a pair of line passing through the
=X. H -YX.HG origin.
2M> + > = 0 138. Find the separate equations of the lines
M 4M> > = 0
>2M + > = 0 represented by
> =0, 2M + > = 0

Solution:-
These are the liner equation of straight. These
equations do not contain the constant term. The given homogeneous equation is
The lines represent by these equations passing M 4M> + > = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
through the origin.
4M> >
Case II: let 0 0 , 0
1 + =0
M M
> >
Multiply equation I both sides by a
H. -. 4 1 = 0
M M
M + 2M> + > = 0
>
.H[ H[ . .
M + 2M> + > = 0
M

.
[X.iE. >
> 4 4 4 1 1
=
M 21
M + 2M> + > > + > = 0
> 4 16 4
M + > > = 0
=
M 2
M + > O> P = 0
> 4 12
=
M + > > M + > M 2
+ > = 0

103
> 4 23 M 3> = 0 ; 2M + 3> = 0

=
M 2
> 22 3
These are the separate equation of the lines
=
M 2
140. Find the separate equations of the lines
>
= 2 3 M 2M>EG[-E > = 0
represented by
> = M2 3
Solution: -
2 + 3M + > = 0 ; 2 3M + > = 0
The given homogeneous equation is
M + 2M>EG[-E + > = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
2EG[-EM> >
139. Find the separate equations of the lines
1+ + =0
2M 3M> 9> = 0 M M
represented by
> >
Solution:- H. -. 2EG[-E 1 = 0
M M
>
.H[ H[ . .
M
2M 3M> 9> = 0
> 2EG[-E 2EG[-E 4 1 1

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M =
M 21
3M> >
2 9 =0 > 2EG[-E 4EG[-E 4
M M =
M 2
> >
H. -. 9 3 2 = 0 > 2EG[-E 2EG[-E 1
M M =
M 2
>
.H[ H[ . .
M > 2EG[-E 2EG.
=
M 2
> 3 3 4 9 2
=
M 29 > 2EG[-E EG.
=
M 2
> 3 9 + 72
= > >
M 18 = EG[-E + EG. ; = EG[-E EG.
M M
> 3 81 > >
= = EG[-E EG. ;
M 18 M M
> 3 9 = EG[-E + EG.
=
M 18 > = EG[-E EG. M ; >
> 3 + 9 > 3 9 = EG[-E + EG.M
= ; =
M 18 M 18
> + EG[-E EG. M = 0
1 2
>= M ; >= M > + EG[-E + EG.M = 0
3 3

104
EG[-E EG. M > = 0 These are the separate equation of the lines
EG[-E EG.M > = 0 142. Find the separate equation of the lines
3M 10M> 8> = 0
represented by
141. Find the separate equations of the line Solution:-
11 M 8M> > = 0
represented by
3M 10M> 8> = 0
Divided both sides byM

Solution:-
M> >
3 10 8 = 0
11M 8M> > = 0

M M

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M > >
H. -. 8 + 10 3 = 0
M M
8M> >
11 = 0 >
M M .H[ H[ . .
M
> >
H. -. 8 11 = 0 > 10 10 4 8 3
M M =
M 28
>
.H[ H[ . .
M > 10 100 + 96
=
M 16
> 8 8 4 1 11
=
M 21 > 10 196
=
M 16
> 8 64 44
= > 10 14
M 2 =
M 16
> 8 20
= > 25 7
M 2 =
M 16
> 8 25
= > 5 7
M 2 =
M 8
> 24 5
= 8> = M5 7
M 2
> 8> = M5 + 7 ; 8> = M5 7
= 4 5
M 8> = 2M ; 8> = 12M
> = M4 5 M 4> = 0 ; 3M + 2> = 0
> = M4 5 ; > = M4 5 143. Find the separate equation of the lines
> = 4 5M ; > = 4 5M
3M 23M> 3> = 0
represented by
4 5M > = 0 ; 4 5M > = 0 Solution:-

105
The given homogeneous equation is M> >

1 2 . = 0
3M 23M> 3> = 0
M M
> >
H. -. + 2 . 1 = 0
M M
>
M> > .H[ H[ . .
3 23 3 = 0 M
M M
> > > 2 . 2 . 4 1 1
H. -. 3 + 23 3 = 0 =
M M M 21
> > 2 . 4 . + 4
.H[ H[ . . =
M M 2
> 2 . 21 + .
> 23 23 4 3 3 =
= M 2
M 23
> 2 . 2 [-E
> 23 12 + 36 =
= M 2
M 23
> 2 . [-E
> 23 48 =
= M 2
M 23
>
= . [-E
> 23 43 M
=
M 23 > = M . [-E
> 23 23
= > = M . + [-E ; >
M 23 = M . [-E
> 3 23
= > = M . [-E ; >
M 3 = M. + [-E
3> = M3 23 . [-E M + > = 0 ;
3> = M3 + 23 ; 3> = M3 23 . + [-E M + > = 0

3 > = 3M ; 3> = 33M 145. Find the separate equation of the lines
3M 7M> 4> = 0
represented by
M 3> = 0 ; 3M + > = 0
144. Find the separate equation of the lines Solution:-
M 2M> . > = 0
represented by
Solution:- 3M 7M> + 4> = 0
The given homogeneous equation is Divided both sides byM
M + 2M> . > = 0
M> >
37 + 4 =0
M M
106
> >
H. -. 4 7 3 = 0
> 21 2
M M M
=
2
>
.H[ H[ . .
M
> = M1 2
> 7 7 4 4 3 > = M1 + 2 ; > = M1 2

=
M 24
1 + 2M > = 0 ; 1 2M > = 0
> 7 49 48
= 147. Find the separate equation of the lines
M 8
> 71 M 4> = 0
represented by
=
M 8
8> = M7 1
Solution:-
8> = M7 + 1 ; 8> = M7 1

M 4> = 0 M 2> = 0
8> = 8M ; 8> = 6M
M + 2>M 2> = 0
M > = 0 ; 3M 4> = 0 M + 2> = 0 ; M 2> = 0
146. Find the separate equation of the lines

5M 3> = 0
represented by
M + 2M> > = 0
represented by
Solution:-
Solution:-
5M 3> = 0 5M 3> = 0

M + 2M> > = 0

5M + 3>5M 3> = 0
Divided both sides byM 5M + 3> = 0 ; 5M 3> = 0
M> >
1+2 =0
3M 7M> = 0
represented by
M M
> >
H. -. 2 1 = 0
M M Solution:-
>
.H[ H[ . .
3M 7M> = 0 M3M + 7> = 0

M
> 2 2 4 1 1 M = 0 ; 3M + 7> = 0

=
M 21 150. Find the separate equation of the lines
5M 3> = 0
represented by
> 2 4 + 4
=
M 2
> 2 8 > 2 22
Solution:-
= =
M 2 M 2 The given homogeneous equation is

107
5M 3> = 0 5M 3> = 0
M> >
2+2 =0
5M 3>5M 3> = 0
M M
5M 3> = 0 ; 5M 3> = 0 > >

H. -. 2 2 = 0
151. Find the separate equation of the lines M M
>
6M 5M> 6> = 0
represented by
.H[ H[ . .
M
Solution:- > 2 2 4 1 2

=
M 21
6M 5M> 6> = 0
> 2 12 > 2 23
= =
M 2 M 2
Divided both sides byM >
= 1 3
M
M> >
65 6 =0
M M > = M1 3
> > > = M1 + 3 ; > = M1 3

H. -. 6 + 5 6 = 0
M M
> 1 + 3M > = 0 ; 1 3M > = 0
.H[ H[ . .
M
Theorem:-
> 5 5 4 6 6
=
M 26
Show that the acute angle between the pair of lines
represented by M + 2M> + > = 0 is given by
> 5 25 + 144 ;
= . 2 = . Obtain the condition that the
M 26 K
lines are
> 5 13
=
M 12 i. Perpendicular to each other
ii. Coincident.
12> = M5 13
12> = M5 + 13 ; 12> = M5 13

Proof:-
12> = 8M ; 12> = 18M

M 2M> > = 0 1
2M 3> = 0 ; 3M + 2> = 0
Let > = M be the equation of one of the line
represented by equation I
2M 2M> > = 0 M 2MM M = 0
represented by
Solution:- M 2M M = 0
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
2M 2M> > = 0 2 = 0
Divided both sides byM 2 = 0

108
This is a quadratic equation in m it has two roots say m1 H. -. = 0

and m2 153. Find the measure of the acute angle between
2
[X GI iGG.[ = = 3M 43M> 3> = 0
the lines represented by

=iG
XE. GI iGG.[ = . =

Solution:-
2 - .- EX.- ,- -.-- .- ,H -[represented

by the equation 1 3M 43M> 3> = 0
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0

. 2 =
1 .
= 3 , 2 = 43 , = 3
= 4 .
= 3 , = 23 , = 3
2

= 4 2

. 2 =

4 4
=

223 3 3

4 . 2 =
= 33

2 212 9
= . 2 =
6
2
3
. 2 = . 2 =
1 3

1
. 2 =
2 3
. 2 =
1
2 = . =
3 6
2
. 2 =

154. Find the measure of the acute angle between
2M 7M> 3> = 0
the lines represented by
. = 1
(I) If the lines are perpendicular to each other then

= 1 ; =
Solution:-

=0
H. -. EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0 2M 7M> 3> = 0
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0

=
(II) If the lines are coincident or parallel
= 0 = 2 , 2 = 7 , = 3
2
=0

109
7
= 2 , = , = 3 . 2 = .
2 2

2 2 = . O. P =
. 2 = 2 2

156. Find the acute angle between the lines
7 M 4M> + > = 0
2 2 2 3
. 2 =
23 Solution:-
49
2 4 6
M 4M> > = 0
. 2 =
5
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
249 24 = 1 , 2 = 4 , = 1
. 2 = 2
5 = 1 , = 2 , = 1
2
25 . 2 =
. 2 =
5
22 1 1
. 2 = |1| . 2 =
11

2 = . 1 =
4 24 1
. 2 =
2
. 2 = 3
M + 2M>EG[-E + > = 0
represented by

2 = . 3 2 = . . =
Solution:- 3 3

3M + 2M> > = 0
M + 2M>EG[-E + > = 0

EG=iH H. M + 2M> + > = 0

Solution:-
= 1, 2 = 2EG[-E, = 1
3M 2M> > = 0
= 1 , = EG[-E , = 1
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
2EG[-E 1
. 2 = = 3 , 2 = 2 , = 1
2
= 3 , = 1 , = 1
. 2 = LEG. L
2
. 2 = |EG. | . 2 =

. 2 = EG.
110
21 3 1 = 3 , 2 = 4 , = 3
. 2 =
31
= 3 , = 2 , = 3
24 2
. 2 = . 2 =
2
. 2 = |2|
22 3 3
. 2 =
2 = . 2 33
158. Find the acute angle between the lines 213

. 2 =
2M 6M> + > = 0 0
Solution:- . 2 = ||

2 = . 2 = . .
2
2M 6M> + > = 0

2=
EG=iH H. M + 2M> + > = 0
2
= 2 , 2 = 6 , = 1
M 2M> > = 0is equal to the acute angle
160. Show that , if the acute angle between the lines
= 2 , = 3 , = 1 between the lines 4M 24M> 9> = 0
2 .- 169 = 108
. 2 =
+
23 2 1
Solution:-
. 2 =
2+1
The given homogeneous equations are
M 2M> > = 0 1
29 2
. 2 = 4M 24M> 9> = 0 2
3
,-. 2
2 i- .- angles between the lines
27
. 2 =
3
represented by 1 and 2 then
2 = 2
27
2 = .
3 . 2 = . 2
159. Find the acute angle between the lines 2 212 4 9

3M + 4M> 3> = 0 =
49

2 2144 36
=
Solution:-
The given homogeneous equation is 13
3M 4M> 3> = 0 2 2108

=
13
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
[YXiH G. [H
-[
111
4 4 108
=
169 3M M> > = 0 differ by 4
162. Find k, if the slopes of the lines given by
108
=
169
Solution:-
169 = 108

3M M> > = 0
M 2M> > = 0is equal to the acute angle EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
161. Show that , if the acute angle between the lines
between the lines 2M 5M> 3> = 0 = 3 , 2 = , = 1

.- 100 =
= 3, = , = 1
2

Solution:-
2 2
= = 2
1
The given homogeneous equations are
M 2M> > = 0 1
=
2M 5M> 3> = 0 2

= = 3
,-. 2
2 i- .- angles between the lines
represented by 1 and 2 then = 4
2 = 2 [YXiH G. [H
-[
. 2 = . 2 = 16
25 4 = 16
2 2 4 6
=
5 43 = 16
12 = 16
25 24
2 2 4
= 4 = 2
=
5
M 5M> > = 0 differ by 1

163. Find k if the slope of the line given by
1
2 22
=
5
Solution:-
M 5M> > = 0
2 1
= EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
5
= , 2 = 5 , = 1
[YXiH G. [H
-[
5
4 1 = , = , = 1
= 2
25
5
2 22
100 = = =
1
112
= 5 3M + M> + 2> = 0

= =
1
Solution:-
= 1
3M + M> + 2> = 0
[YXiH G. [H
-[
EG=iH H. M + 2M> + > = 0
= 1
= 3, 2 = , = 2
4 = 1

25 4 = 1 = 3, = , = 2
2
25 1 = 4 4 = 24 = 6 .- -YX.HG GI H- ,H - H[ 2M + > = 0
[,G=- GI ,H - = = 2
6M M> > = 0 H[ 2M > = 0
164. Find the value of k, if one of the line given by
2
+ =
=
Solution:-

22 3
+ =
=
6M M> > = 0 2 2
3
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0 + =
=
2 2
= 6, 2 = , = 1 = 2
3
= 6, = , = 1 2 + =
2 =
2 2 2
.- -YX.HG GI H- ,H - H[ 2M > = 0 3
= + 2
=
2 4
[,G=- GI ,H - = = 2
3 3 11
2 = +2 = +2, =
=
= 4 2 2 4 2 4

11
=
2

=
;

=6
=
=6
3M M> 5> = 0is perpendicular to the line
166. Find k if one of the line given by
= 2 5M 3> = 0
2 =
2 =6 Solution:-
= 2
= 3 The given homogeneous equation is
3 = 2 , = 5 3M M> 5> = 0 1
165. Find the value of k if 2M > = 0 is one of the EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
line given by

113
= 3, 2 = , = 5 We know that

= 3, = , = 5 2 2
2 = 0= 2
1
.- -YX.HG GI H- ,H - H[
=0
5 M 3> = 0 2
5 2M M> 3> = 0 is equal to their product

168. Find k if the sum of the slope of the line given by
[,G=- GI ,H - =
3
The line 2 is perpendicular to the line represented

Solution:-
by 1 having slope m1 The given homogeneous equation is
1 3 2M M> 3> = 0
= =
5/3 5
2
Comparing with
=
= M 2M> > = 0

= 2 , 2 = , = 3
3 2 2 3 3
=
=
5 5 5 5
= 2, = , = 3
2
3
=
= 1
5 5 We know that
3 2
1= =
=
5 5
8
=
5 5 =
It is given that
=8

2 22 2
= = = 2
3 3
167. Find the value of k if the sum of the slope of the
3M M> > = 0is zero

line given by
is given by 3M 4M> > = 0 is three times
169. Find the value of k If the slope of one of the lines
Solution:- the other
The given homogeneous equation is Solution:-
3M M> > = 0 The given homogeneous equation is
Comparing with 3M 4M> > = 0
M 2M> > = 0 Comparing with
= 3 , 2 = , = 1 M 2M> > = 0
= 3 , 2 = 4, =
= 3, = , = 1
2
= 3, = 2 , =

114
We know that M M> 3> = 0
2 EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0

=
=

= 1 , 2 = , = 3
= 3 H-

2 2 3 = 1, = , = 3
3 =
3 = 2

4 3 2 2
1 = = 2
4 =
3 = = 3

16 1 1 1
16 = = 1 =
=
3
=1
1
= =
3M 4M> > = 0 is 1 3
170. Find k if slope of one of the line given by
Solution:- = 2 H-
2
= = 2
3 3
3M 4M> > = 0
M 4M> > = 0 exceeds the slope of the

172. Find k if slope of one of the line given by
Comparing with
M 2M> > = 0
other by 8
= 3 , 2 = 4, =
Solution:-
M 4M> > = 0
= 3, = 2 , =
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
= , 2 = 4 , = 1
We know that
2
=
=
= , = 2 , = 1
= 1 H- = 8 H-
2 2 3 2 22
1 =
1 = 8 = =
1
4 3 8 2 = 4 2 = 4 = 2
1 =
=

3 4 4 3 1
1 = 1= 1= =

=1

8 + = 8 22 =
1
represented by M M> 3> = 0 is twice
171. Find k if sum of the slope of the lines
their product = 12 = 12
Solution:-

115
8
= 2 8 = 2 = 4
M 2M> > = 0is three times the other
5 5
173. If the slope of one of the lines given by
prove that 3 = 4 PROBLEM ON TO FIND THE JOINT EQUATION OR

Solution:- COMBINE EQUATION
Let
be the slope of the lines given by
2M > = 0
3M 5> = 0
175. Find the joint equation of the pair of lines
M 2M> > = 0 Then
2
Solution:-
=
=
The required joint equation is
= 3 2M >3M 5> = 0
2 2M3M 5> >3M 5> = 0

3 =
3 =

6M 10M> 3M> 5> = 0
2
4 =
3 = = 6M 7M> 5> = 0
3
4 4
16 = 16 =
3 M 2> 1 = 0

2M 3> 2 = 0
4
= 3 = 4
3
Solution:-
M 8M> 5> = 0 is twice there product

M 2> 12M 3> 2 = 0
174. Find a if the sum of slope of lines represented by
M2M 3> 2 2>2M 3> 2

12M 3> 2 = 0
Solution:-
Let
2M 3M> 2M 4M> 6> 4> 2M 3> 2 = 0
M 8M> 5> = 0
2M M> 6> 7> 2 = 0
passing through 2 , 3 and parallel to the co-

Comparing with 177. Find the joint equation of the pair of lines
M 2`M> ]> = 0
= , 2` = 8 , ] = 5
ordinate axes
= , ` = 4 , ] = 5
Solution:-
2`
Since the lines are parallel to the co-ordinate axes
=
=
] ]
then their equations are
> = 3
M = 2 M 2 = 0
> 3 = 0
24
=
=
5 5
8
=
= M 2> 3 = 0
5 5
M> 3M 2> + 6 = 0
= 2 H-

116
line M 3> 1 = 0 and other is perpendicular to

through the point 2 , 3 and perpendicular to the the line2M 3> 1 = 0
178. Find the joint equation of the line passing
3M 2> 1 = 0andM 3> 2 = 0

line
Solution:-
Let
be the slope of the lines one is parallel to
M 3> 1 = 0 and other is perpendicular to the
Solution:-
Let
be the slope of the two lines line 2M 3>= 0
perpendicular to 3M 2> 1 = 0 and M 3> 2 =
0 = [,G=- GI ,H - M 3> 1 = 0
1 1
= =
[,G=- GI ,H - 3M 2> 1 = 0 3
1
1 2 =
= = [,G=- GI ,H - 2M 3> 1 = 0
3 3
2
1 3
= =
1 2 2
= 3
[,G=- GI ,H - M 3> + 2 = 0
1
= = 3
Use the formula
1 > > = M M
3
the point 1 , 2 and having slope = and

Use the formula The equation of line first and second line passing through
> > = M M
= is

1 3
the point 2 , 3 and having slope = and > 2 = M + 1
> 2 = M + 1

The equation of line first and second line passing through
3 2
= 3 is
3> 6 = M 1
2> 4 = 3M 3
2
> 3 = M 2
> 3 = 3M 2 M + 3> 5 = 0
3M + 2> 1 = 0
3
3> 9 = 2M 4
> 3 = 3M + 6 The required joint equation is
2M 3> + 5 = 0
3M + > 9 = 0 M + 3> 53M + 2> 1 = 0
M3M + 2> 1 + 3>3M + 2> 1

53M + 2> 1 = 0
2M 3> + 53M + > 9 = 0

3M + 2M> M + 9M> + 6> 3> 15M 10>
6M + 2M> 18M 9M> 3> + 27> + 15M + 5>

+5=0
45 = 0
3M + 11M> + 6> 16M 13> + 5 = 0
6M 7M> 3> 3M + 32> 45 = 0

through the point 1 , 2 and parallel to the

179. Find the joint equation of the line passing
lines represented by 5M 8M> 3> = 0
through the origin which are perpendicular to the

117
8 5
M M> > = 0
3 3
Solution:-
Let
3M 8M> 5> = 0
5M 8M> 3> = 0 .1


Comparing with through the origin which are perpendicular to the
M 2M> > = 0
= 5 , 2 = 8 , = 3
Solution:-
Let
= 5 , = 4 , = 3
5M 2M> 3> = 0 .1
We know that
2
=
=
Comparing with
M 2M> > = 0
24
= = 5 , 2 = 2 , = 3
3
8 = 5 , = 1 , = 3
= 2
3
5
We know that
= 3 2
3 =
=

21
=
The slope of the lines perpendicular to equation 1 is
1 1 3

2
= 2
3
5
They passing through the origin their equations are
1 1 = 3
>= M
> = M 3

> = M
> = M
1 1
M > = 0
M > = 0

Their joint or combine equation is They passing through the origin their equations are
M >M > = 0 1 1
>= M
> = M

MM > >M > = 0
> = M
> = M
M M> M> > = 0
M > = 0
M > = 0
M M> > = 0
Their joint or combine equation is
M >M > = 0
Use equation 2 and 3

118
MM > >M > = 0 > = M

> = M
M M> M> > = 0 M > = 0

M > = 0
M M> > = 0 Their joint or combine equation is
Use equation 2 and 3 M >M > = 0
2 5 MM > >M > = 0

M M> > = 0
3 3
M M> M> > = 0
3M 2M> 5> = 0

M M> > = 0
lines represented by M 4M> 5> = 0

through the origin which are perpendicular to the Use equation 2 and 3
4 1
M M> > = 0
5 5
5M 4M> > = 0
Solution:-
Let
M 4M> 5> = 0 .1

Comparing with
M 2M> > = 0 Solution:-
= 1 , 2 = 4 , = 5 Let
= 1 , = 2 , = 5 2M 3M> 9> = 0 .1
We know that Comparing with
2 M 2M> > = 0
=
=

= 2 , 2 = 3 , = 9
22
= 3
5 = 2 , = , = 9
2
4
= 2
5 We know that
1 2
= 3 =
=
5
3
2 2
=
1 1 9

1
= 2
3
2
1 1 = 3
>= M
> = M 9


119
2
=
=

1 1

1
2
= 2
1
= 1 2
1 1
>= M
> = M
= 1 3
> = M
> = M The slope of the lines perpendicular to equation 1 is
M > = 0
M > = 0 1 1

M >M > = 0
1 1
MM > >M > = 0 >= M
> = M

M M> M> > = 0
> = M
> = M
M M> > = 0

M > = 0
M > = 0
1 2
M M> > = 0 M >M > = 0

3 9
9M 3M> 2 MM > >M > = 0

> =0
9 9 9 M M> M> > = 0
9M 3M> 2> = 0
M M> > = 0
lines represented by M M> > = 0 M M> > = 0

Solution:- 185. Find the joint equation of the pair of lines
Let
lines represented by M 2M> > = 0
M M> > = 0 .1
Solution:-
Let
Comparing with
M 2M> > = 0

M 2M> > = 0 .1
= 1 , 2 = 1 , = 1 2
=
=
1
= 1 , = , = 1
2 The slope of the lines perpendicular to equation 1 is
We know that

120
1 1

[,G=- GI ,H - ] . 30
2
They passing through the origin their equations are [,G=- GI ,H - ] EG. 30 3
1 1
>= M
> M

The equation of line OA and OB is
> 3M ; > 3M

> M
> M
3M > 0 ; 3
3M > 0
=0
M > 0
M >
The joint equation of line OA and OB is
3M >3M > 0
M >M >
> 0
3M > 0
MM > >M > 0
M M> M> > 0

with the line 3M > 6 0.

through the origin and making an angles /6
M M> > 0
2
M M> > 0

Solution:-
M 2M> > 0
Let OA and OB be two lines passing through the
origin makes an angle of /6 with the line
186. Find the joint equation of the pair of lines 3M > 6 0
[,G=- GI ,H - 3

with the line > = 3
through origin making an n equilateral triangle
Let slope OA or OB is m
Solution :-
.- -YX.HG GI Gi ] H[ >
M 1
We know that

. 2
1

2 , ,
3
6
3
.
The line OA and OB passing through the origin form
6 1 3
an equilateral triangle with line y=3
1 3

The inclination of line OA is 600
3 1 3
[,G=- GI ,H - . 60 3
[YXiH G. [H
-[
[H
-[
The inclination of the line OB is 1200
1 3
[,G=- GI ,H - ] . 120^
3 1 3

121
1 3 = 3 3 1 2 3
=
3 2 3
1 6 9 = 3 6 9
[YXiH G. [H
-[
1 6 9 = 3 18 27
1 2 3
6 24 26 = 0
=
3 2 3
>
IiG -YX.HG 1 = 2 3 = 32 3
M
4 12 9 = 34 12 9
> 24>
6 26 = 0
M M 4 12 9 = 12 36 27
6> 24M> 26M = 0
3 48 23 = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2 >
IiG -YX.HG 1 =
M
3> 12M> 13M = 0
> 48>
13M 12M> 3> = 0
3 23 = 0
M M
3> 48M> 23M = 0

through the origin and making an angles 30^
with the line 3M 2> 11 = 0. 23M 48M> 3> = 0
189. Show that the lines M 4M> > = 0 and the

line M > = 10 form an equilateral triangle find
Solution:-
Let OA and OB be two lines passing through the its area

origin makes an angle of /6 with the line
3M 2> 11 = 0
Solution:-
3
[,G=- GI ,H - =
2 M 4M> > = 0
Let slope OA or OB is m
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
.- -YX.HG GI Gi ] H[ > > >

= M 1 14 =0
M M
> >
4 1 = 0
M M
We know that

. 2 =
1 4E
M=
2
3
2 = 30^ , = , =
2 > 4 16 4 1 1
=
3 M 21
2
. 30 =
^
> 4 16 4
3
1 2 =
M 2

122
> 4 12 4 23 33 1
= = . 2 = = 3
M 2 2 3 1
>
= 2 3 . 2 = 3
M
2 = 60^
> = 2 3M ; > = 2 3M
The two angles of triangle are 600
2 3M > = 0 ; 2 3M > = 0
M 4M> > = 0and the line M > = 10 form
[,G=- GI ,H -[ = 2 3 an equilateral triangle
= 2 3 To find area of equilateral triangle
1
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = =
3
The slope of given equation of line
M > = 10is
= 1
Where p is a perpendicular distance from origin to
M > = 10
the line

Let 1 be the angle between the lines having slope
1 0 0 10
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = Q R
3 2
. 2 =
1
1 100
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- =
2 3 1 3 2
. 2 = 50
1 2 31 = [Y. X H.
3
3 3
. 2 = 190. Show that the lines M 4M> > = 0 and the
1 3
line M > = 6 form an equilateral triangle find
31 3
. 2 = = 3
its area
1 3 Solution:-
. 2 = 3 The given homogeneous equation is
2 = 60^ M 4M> > = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
and
Let 2 be the angle between the lines having slopes
> >
14 =0
. 2 = M M
1
> >
4 1 = 0
2 3 1 M M
. 2 =
1 2 31
4E
M=
3 3 2
. 2 =
1 3 > 4 16 4 1 1
=
M 21
123
> 4 16 4 3 3
= . 2 =
M 2 1 3
> 4 12 4 23 33 1
= = . 2 = = 3
M 2 2 3 1
>
= 2 3 . 2 = 3
M
> = 2 3M ; > = 2 3M 2 = 60^
The two angles of triangle are 600

2 3M > = 0 ; 2 3M > = 0
M 4M> > = 0and the line M > = 6 form
[,G=- GI ,H -[ = 2 3
= 2 3
an equilateral triangle
To find area of equilateral triangle
1
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = =
The slope of given equation of line
M > = 10is 3
= 1
Where p is a perpendicular distance from origin to
M > = 10
the line

Let 1 be the angle between the lines having slope

1
0 0 6
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = U V
. 2 = 3 2
1
1 6
2 3 1 -YXH,.-i, .iH ,- =
. 2 = 3 2
1 2 31 3
= [Y. X H.
3
3 3
. 2 =
1 3 -YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = 3 [Y. X H.
31 3
. 2 = = 3
1 3
with the line M = 3

through origin making an equilateral triangle
. 2 = 3
2 = 60 ^
Solution:-
an equilateral triangle with the line M = 3

The line OA and OB passing through the origin form
and
Let 2 be the angle between the lines having slopes
.- H E,H .HG GI ,H - H[ 30^

. 2 =
1
2 3 1
. 2 =
1 2 31

124
Since the line given by M 2M> > 0 form an

equilateral triangle with the line ,M > 1

2
3
2
.
3
1 2
[,G=- GI = . 30^ 3
3
1 [YXiH G. [H
-[
[H
-[
.-
-YX.HG GI ,H -
H[ > M
3

2
3> M ; M 3
3> 0 3

3 4

The line OB makes an angle of 1500
[,G=- GI ] = . 150^
3 2 4
4 4

[,G=- GI ] . 60^ 3 6 3 4
4 4
2
1 3 10 3 4
[,G=- GI ] EG. 60 ^
3
3 9 3
4
3
3 3 3 4
The equation of line OB is
1
> M ; 3> M 33 4
4 0
3
M 3> 0
GENERAL EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E 0

The equation
The joint equation of line OA and OB is
M 3>M 3> 0

Represented a pair of lines if
M 3> 0 I 0
I E
If the line given by M 2M>
M> > 0 form
an equilateral triangle with the line ,M > 1
192. 193. Show that the equation
then show that 3 3 4 0 3M 8M> 5> 2M 4> 1 0represent pairs of
lines . Find the angle between them
Solution:-
Solution:-
equation M 2M> > 0 then

if is the angle between the lines represented by the
2 3M 8M> 5> 2M 4> 1 0 1

. 2

Comparing with

125
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 = 2, 2 = 1, = 1, 2 = 1, 2I = 4 E = 3
= 3, 2 = 8, = 5, 2 = 2, 2I = 4 E = 1 1 1
= 2, = , = 1, = , I = 2, E = 3
2 2
= 3, = 4, = 5, = 1, I = 2, E = 1
To show that equation 1 represented pair of lines

To show that equation 1 represented pair of lines
H. -. .G [G .. I = 0
H. -. .G [G .. I = 0 I E
I E
<. `. a. = I
<. `. a. = I I E
I E 1 1
3 4 1 2
2 2
<. `. a. = 4 5 2 1
1 2 1 <. `. a. = 1 2
5 2 4 2 4 5 2
<. `. a. = 3 L L 4L L 1L L 1
2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3
2
<. `. a. = 35 4 44 2 18 5 1 1
<. `. a. = 27 24 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
<. `. a. = 27 27 = 0 <. `. a. = 2 L L
2 3 2 1 2 1
<. `. a. = . `. a. 3 2
2 2
YX.HG 1 i-=i-[- . =Hi GI ,H -[ 1 3 1 1
<. `. a. = 23 4 1 1
2 2 2 2
5 3
2 <. `. a. = 2
To find the angle
. 2 = 4 4

<. `. a. = 2 2 = 0
24 3 5 <. `. a. = . `. a.
. 2 =
35 YX.HG 1 i-=i-[- . =Hi GI ,H -[
216 15
. 2 = 2
8
To find the angle
. 2 =
1 1
. 2 = =
4 4 1
1 22 21
2 = . . 2 =
4 21
. 2 = |3|
194. Show that the equation
2M M> > M 4> 3 = 0represent pairs of 2 = . 3
12M 2M> 2> 11M 5> 2 = 0

lines . Find the angle between them 195. Find the value of k if the equation
Solution:-
aG,X.HG : The given equation is

represent pairs of lines
2M M> > M 4> 3 = 0 1 12M 2M> 2> 11M 5> 2

= 01
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

126
= 12, 2 = 2, = 2, 2 = 11, 2I = 5, = 2, 2 = 1, = 3, 2 = 4, 2I = ,
E=2 E = 6
11 5 1
= 12, = , = 2, = ,I = ,E = 2 = 2, = , = 3, = 2, I = , E = 6
2 2 2 2
the equation 1 represented pair of lines The equation 1 represented pair of lines

I = 0 I = 0
I E I E
11 1
12 2 2
2 2
5 1
2 =0 3 =0
2 2 2
11 5
2 2 6
2 2 2
5 5 1
2 2 3 1 3
12 2 2 11 11 5 2 2 1 2
5 11 2 2 2 2 2
=0
2 2 2 2 6 2 6 2
2 2 2 2
=0 1
2 18 3 2 6 = 0
25 55 11 2 4 2 4
12 4 2 11 5
3
4 4 2

2 2 36 12 = 0
=0 2 2 2 2
2 99 = 0

9 8 55 11 5
12 11 = 0 11 9 = 0
4 4 2 2
108 8 55 55 242 = 0 11 = 0 Gi 9 = 0
= 11 Gi = 9
8 110 350 = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2 1
= 23

4 55 175 = 0 2
1 25
4 20 35 175 = 0 = 6= 0
4 4
4 5 35 5 = 0 G ,H -[ i- G. =i,,-,
4 35 5 = 0
<H -[ i- H .-i[-E.H
4 35 = 0 ; 5 = 0
35
= Gi = 5 2M 4M> => 4M Y> 1 = 0represents a
197. Find p and q, if the equation
4
pair of lines perpendicular to each other
2M M> 3> 4M > 6 = 0 represents pair
196. Find the value of k if the equation
Solution:-
2M 4M> => 4M Y> 1 = 0 1

of lines. Further find whether these lines are
aG,X.HG : -
parallel or intersecting
The given equation is ,H -[ i-=i-[- .[ > -YX.HG 1 i- perpendicular
2M M> 3> 4M > 6 = 0 1

to each other
EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0
2 = = 0 ; = = 2
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

127
Comparing with = =, 2 = 8, = 3, 2 = 14, 2I = 2, E=Y
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 = 3, = 4, = 3, = 7, I = 1, E = Y
= 2, 2 = 4, = =, 2 = 4, 2I = Y, The equation 1 represented pair of lines

E=1

Y I = 0
= 2, = 2, = 2, = 2, I = , E = 1
2 I E
3 4 7
The equation 1 represented pair of lines
4 3 1 = 0
7 1 Y

3 1 4 1 4 3
I = 0 3 4 7L L=0
1 Y 7 Y 7 1
I E
33Y 1 44Y 7 74 21 = 0
2 2 2
Y 9Y 3 16Y 28 175 = 0
2 2 2 = 0 25Y 200 = 0
Y 25Y = 200
2 1
2 Y = 8
Y
2 Y 2 2
2 Y 2 2 2 2 2 2 Y = 0 2M 4M> => 4M 8> Y = 0represents a pair

1 2 1 2
2
Y
of lines perpendicular to each other
2 2 22 Y 2Y 4 = 0
4
Solution:-
Y
4 4 2Y 2Y 8 = 0 2M 4M> => 4M 8> Y = 0 1

2
Y
4Y = 0 ,H -[ i-=i-[- .[ > -YX.HG 1 i- perpendicular to
2
YY 8 = 0
each other
Y = 0 ; Y 8 = 0 EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0
Y = 0 ; Y = 8
2 = = 0 ; = = 2
=M 8M> 3> 14M 2> Y = 0represents a pair

Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

of lines perpendicular to each other
Solution:-
= 2, 2 = 4, = =, 2 = 4, 2I = 8, E=Y
=M 8M> 3> 14M 2> Y = 0 1

= 2, = 2, = 2, = 2, I = 4, E = Y
,H -[ i-=i-[- .[ > -YX.HG 1 i- perpendicular
to each other The equation 1 represented pair of lines
EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0

I = 0
= 3 = 0 ; = = 3 I E
2 2 2
2 2 4 = 0
2 4 Y
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 2 4 2 4 2 2

2 2 2L L=0
4 Y 2 Y 2 4
128
22Y 16 22Y 8 28 4 = 0

4Y 32 4Y 16 24 = 0
Solution: -
8Y 8 = 0
8Y = 8 ; Y = 1 2M 3M> 2> 5M 5> 3 = 0 1
=M 12M> 9> 16M Y> 7 = 0represents

Comparing with
a pair of lines parallel to each other M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0
= 2, 2 = 3, = 2, 2 = 5, 2I = 5,
Solution:-
E = 3
=M 12M> 9> 16M Y> 7

3 5 5
= 01 = 2, = , = 2, = , I = , E = 3
2 2 2
Theequation 1 represented pair of lines

Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

= =, 2 = 12, = 9, 2 = 16, 2I = Y, I = 0
I E
E=7

Y <. `. a. = I
= =, = 6, = 9, = 8, I = ,E = 7
2 I E
3 5
The equation 1 represented pair of parallel lines 2
3 2 2
= 0 ; 6 9= = 0 5
<. `. a. = 2
2 2
36 = 9= ; = = 4 5 5
3
2 2
5 3 5
2 3
I = 0
<. `. a. = 2 2 2 2
I E 5 2 5
3 3
4 6 8 2 2
Y 3
6 9 2 = 0 5 2 2
Y
8 7 2 5 5
2
2 2
Y 25 3 9 25
9 Y 6 9 <. `. a. = 2 6
4 Y 2 6 6 2 8 8 Y = 0 4 2 2 4
7 8 7 2 5 15
2 5
Y 2 4
4 63 642 4Y 83Y 72 1 21 25
4 <. `. a. =
2 8 8
=0 1 4 1 1
252 Y 252 24Y 24Y 576 = 0 <. `. a. = = = 0
2 8 2 2
Y 48Y 576 = 0
Y 48Y 576 = 0
Equation 1represent the pair of lines
Y 24 = 0 ; Y = 24
To show that the lines are perpendicular to each
other
2M 3M>2> 5M 5> 3 = 0represents a EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0

201. Show that the equation
pair of lines perpendicular to each other <. `. a. = EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI >

129
<. `. a. = 2 2 = 0 = 0 , 2 = , = 0 , 2 = 10, 2I = 6, E = 4
<. `. a. = . `. a.
= 0 , = , = 0 , = 5, I = 3, E = 4
2
he equation 1 represent pair of perpendicular lines.
202. Find the value of k if the equation 3M

Since equation 1 represent pair of lines if
10M> 3> 16> = 0 represent pair of

I = 0
I E
lines

0 5
Solution:-
2 =0
0 3
3M 10M> 3> 16> = 0 1 2

5 3 4
3 5

0 = 0
0 2
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 2 2

5 4 5 3
= 3 , 2 = 10 , = 3 , 2 = 0, 2I = 16, E = 3
2 15 5 0 = 0
= 3 , = 5 , = 3 , = 0, I = 8, E = 2 2
15 15
= 0 + 15 = 0
2 2
15 = 0
I = 0
I E = 0
15= 0
3 5 0 = 0
= 15
5 3 8 = 0
0 8 X. 0 = 15
3 8 5 8 5 3 204. Find the value of k if the equation M 3M>
3L L 5L L 0L L=0
8 0 0 8
2> M > = 0 represent pair of lines
33 64 55 0 0 = 0
9 192 25 = 0 16 = 192
Solution:-
192
= = 12
16 M 3M> 2> M > = 0 1
203. Find the value of k if the equation M> 10M

6> 4 = 0
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0
= 1 , 2 = 3 , = 2 , 2 = 1, 2I = 1, E =
Solution:-
3 1 1
= 1 , = , = 2 , = , I = , E =
M> 10M 6> 4 = 0 1 2 2 2
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 Since equation 1 represent pair of lines if

130
Y
2 4
I = 0 2
4 8 1 0
I E Y
1 15
3 1 2
1
2 2 4 1 Y Y4 8
3 1 8 1
2L L 4 Y 15
1 0
2 0 1 15
2 2 2
2 2
1 1
Y Y
2 2 60 4 4Y 0
2120 1 4 60
2 2
1 3 1 3
2 3 1 2 242 240 2Y 2Y
2 2Y 0
1 2 2 2 2 0
1 2 1 2 1 1
2 4Y 2Y 0 2Y 2Y 1 0
2 2 2 2
1 3 3 1 1 3 Y 2Y 1 0 Y 1 0
2 1
1 0
4 2 2 4 2 4 Y1
1 9 3 3 1
2 0 ] is formed by the lines
4 4 8 8 2
206.
12 12 M 4M> > 0and

0 6 line ABis 2M 3> 1 0. Find the equation of the
and the line AB. The equation of the
4 8 4 8
median of the triangle drawn from the origin
2M 8M> => YM 2> 15 0represents a

205. Find p and q if the equation
Solution:-
pair of parallel lines
Solution:-
2M 8M> => YM 2> 15 0 .1
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E 0 AB be the given line
2 , 2 8 , = , 2 Y, 2I 2, E 15 Let M , > and ] M , >

Y
2 , 4 , = , ,I 1
1, E 15 OP is the median of ]
]
2
Equation 1 represents pair of parallel lines then

Point P is the midpoint of line AB
16 2= = 8
By mid point formula
M M > >
,
2 2

I 0
To find the co-ordinate of point P
I E The given homogeneous equation is

131
M 4M> > = 0 . .1 M + M > + > 8 7

, ,
2 2 37 37
Given equation of line is
2M 3> 1 = 0 3> = 1 2M
The required equation of the median of triangle
drawn from the origin is
1 2M
>= .2
3
Using two point form
> > > >
=
Put in equation 1 M M M M
1 2M 1 2M 7
M 4M + =0 > 0 37 0 > 7
3 3 = =
M0 8
0 M 8
4M 8M 1 4M + 4M 37
M + =0
3 9 8> = 7M 7M 8> = 0
9M 4M 8M 1 4M + 4M
3 + =0
9 9 9
**********************************************
9M 12M + 24M + 1 4M + 4M
=0
9
37M 16M + 1 = 0
This is a quadratic equation in M it has two roots say

M
M
Sum of roots =

VECTORS
16 16
SENCTON FORMLA FOR INTERNAL DIVISION
M + M = =
37 37
vectors a and b and C divides seg. AB internally
If A and B are two points having positions
K:

in the ratio m:n, then c = where c is the
M + M 1 16 M + M 8
K:
= =
2 2 37 2 37
position vector of the point C
Mco-ordinate of point = = _
K ; @ Proof:

Point P lie on the line 2

A C B
Point P satisfies equation of line 2
M + M
> + > 1 2 2 acb
>= =
2 3
8
1 2 37 21
>= >=
3 3 37
O
7
>=
Since point C divided segment AB internally in the
37
ratio m:n then

132
, | = |]
| |
=
,]
= ]

, = ,]

]
- G==G[H.-
Hi-E.HG
| = |]
| |
E = E
= ]

E = E

]
- [-
Hi-E.HG
E E =
E = E
E =
E = E

HH
-
G. [H
-[ >
E E =
E
=
E =

HH
-
G. [H
-[ >
E =

E
= H[ H[ [-E.HG IGiX, IGi -M.-i ,
HH[HG

E =

MID-POINT FORMULA
If a and b are position vector of points A and B, then
This is section formula for internal division
the position vector of the mid-point of C is
a + b
SENCTON FORMLA FOR EXTERNAL DIVISION
c =
2
vectors a and b and C divides seg. AB externally
If A and B are two points having positions
:
Proof: Since C is mid-point of segment AB then m=n

in the ratio m:n, then c = where c is the
:
+
E =
+
position vector of the point C
Proof: =X. =

E =
A B C

E =
2

E =
O
Since point C divided segment AB externally in the 2

ratio m:n then This is mid- point formula
,
=
,]
CENTROID FORMULA
, = ,]
133
If a , b and c are position vectors of vertices of let, ], E, = , Y

i are the
ABC then the position vector of the centroid G vertices of ]
.

K5
K
of the triangle is given by g =

i- E- .iGH
[ GI ]

Proof: ]> E- .iGH
IGiX,
Aa E

1
3
= Y i
2
Gg
= 2
3
1 ]
To prove that
= 3

Bb D d Cc
]
<. `. a =

Let , ]
E are the vertices of ]
<. `. a = = Y i E
Let
be the mid-point of side BC
<. `. a = = Y i E
By mid-point formula
E
From equation 1 and 2

= Y i = 3

2
E = 3

The centroid divided segment AD internally in
the ratio 2:1 then by section formula for internal <. `. a = 3
3

<. `. a = 3

division

2
1
=
<. `. a = 3
21
E L. H. S = R. H. S.
2 2 1
=
21 208. If D,E,F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA,
E
and AB respectively of triangle ABC and if G is
=
3
= 0

the centroid of triangle ABC then prove that
let, ]
Eare the vertices of ].
This is centroid formula Solution:-
,
Eare mid-point of sides BC,CA
PROBLEM ON MID-POINT FORMULA AND
and AB of ]
CENTROID FORMULA
]> H
=GH . IGiX,

E E

, I =
207. If G1 and G2 are the centroids of the triangles
, - =
]

= 3

2 2 2
ABC and PQR then prove that
H[ .- E- .iGH
GI .iH ,- ] .-
E
Solution:-
= 1
3

134

To prove that = 0
210. Show that, If P, Q, R, S are the mid-point of the

<. `. a. =

sides of a quadrilateral ABCD. then prove that
<. `. a. =
- I
PQRS is a parallelogram by vector method.
Solution: let , ] , E

are the
<. `. a. = 3
- I vertices of YX
iH,.-i, ].
, , , a i- H
=GH . GI [H
- ], ],CD
E E
<. `. a. = 3
2 2 2
and DA.
2 2 2E
<. `. a. = 3
By using mid-point formula
2
=
= ,
2
2 E E E
<. `. a. = 3 Y = , i = , [
2 2 2

<. `. a. = 3 E =
2
IiG -YX.HG 1 E = 3
<. `. a. = 3 3 = 0
To show that PQRS is a parallelogram
<. `. a. = . `. a.
i.e. to show that the opposite side of parallelogram
are equal
, = ,a
,a = ,
the plane such that ] = 0 then

209. If A,B,C and D are four non-collinear points in
prove that the point D is the centroid of G =iG- .. , = ,a
= a
H. -. .G =iG- ..
the].
Solution:- Let , , E

i- .- position

= Y =
E

=
Vectors of the points A, B, C and D respectively
]
= 0
2 2
E E

E = 0
= =
2 2
3
E = 0 E

= 1
2
3
= E
= i [
a

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 3
E

=
a
E 2 2

=
3
E

=
a
This is the centroid formula 2
H[ E- .iGH
GI ] E
=
a 2
2

135
From equation 1 and 2 We know that points Q, P and G are collinear then

PQ = SR

point G divides QP internally in the ratio 1:2by
section formula for internal division
lPQ = lSR 1= 2Y

similarly lPS = lQR 3
3 = = 2Y
PQRS is a parallelogram
To show that
= 3

<. `. a. =
211. If ABC is a triangle whose orthocenter is P and
PA
PB
PC
2PQ <. `. a. = = Y
the circumcentre is Q then prove that
<. `. a. = 3 2Y Y
<. `. a. = 3 3Y
letAa, Bb and Ccare the vertices of ABC. let
Solution:-
<. `. a. = 3 Y
p
and q are the position vector of the points P
<. `. a. = 3
and Q <. `. a. = . `. a.
We know that points Q, P and G are collinear then 213. Using vector method Prove that, a quadrilateral
point G divides QP internally in the ratio 1:2by is a rectangle if and only if the diagonals are
section formula for internal division congruent and bisect each other.
1= + 2Y
=
3
Solution:-
3 = = 2Y
Given:- a quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle
To show that

] = 2 To prove that :- The diagonals AC and BC bisect each

<. `. a. = ] other
<. `. a. = = = E = YX
iH,.-i, ] H[ i-E. ,-
<. `. a. = E 3=
H[ E- .iGH
GI ]
E equal and parallel. Let , , E

are the
We know that the opposite sides of a rectangle are
, 3 = E
3
<. `. a. = 3 3=
position vectors of the points A, B,C and D
,] = ,
<. `. a. = = 2Y 3=
<. `. a. = 2Y 2= | = |
|] |
<. `. a. = 2Y =

<. `. a. = 2 =
]
<. `. a. = . `. a.
= E

= E
212. If P is orthocenter, Q is cicumcentre and G is

= 3
centroid of triangle ABC then prove that

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2
let, ]
Eare the vertices of ]. let
Solution:-

E
=

Y are the position vector of the points P = = - [>
2 2
and Q

136
From the above equation the diagonal AC and BD P
vector -.
have the same mid-point say E having position
r
-diagonal AC and BD bisect each other

H q
quadrilateral is a rectangle then it diagonal

Q R
bisect each other p S
Conversely: |
p = |QR
Given: The diagonals AC and BC bisect each other = i Y = 1 2 3 1 1 + 3

To prove that: a quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle

= 3 , | = 9 = 3
|
The diagonals AC and BC bisect each other |

Y = |
H. -. .-
HG ,
] - .- [- H
= = i = 1 2 1 1 2 3

=GH .
= 4 ,
| = 16 = 4
|
E
= |
i = |
2 2
E =
= Y = = 1 1 3 1 2 1

E
= = 3 4 ,
| = 9 16 = 5
|

= ] h
31 2 1k 41 1 3k 51 2 3k
are parallel

] =
345
From the above equation
The opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel 12 12 24k

h =
and equal 12
- YX
iH,i-i, ] H[ i-E. ,-. = 2
214. Using vector method, find the incentre of a EG Gi
H .- GI ` 1, 1, 2
1, 2,1, 1,1, 3

1, 2, 3.
triangle whose vertices are
PROBLEM ON SECTION FORMULA FOR
Solution: Let = , Y
i are the position vectors of
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DIVISION
2
4 2 respectively. Find the
the points P,Q and R 215. The position vectors of the points P and Q are
= = 1 2 1
position vector i and co-ordinate of the point R
Y = 1 1 3 which divides the line segment PQ internally in
i = 1 2 3
the ratio 2:1
<-. ` - .- H E- .i- GI then

Solution:-
let=
Y are the position vectors of the points P
== YY ii

=Yi
and Q respectively

137
= = 2 , Y = 4 2 Let p
, q and r are the position vectors of the points
: = 2: 1
P,Q and R
= a + 2 1k
p
q = 5 + b + 2k
By using section formula for internal division
Y =
i =
r = 3 + + ck
2 4 2 1 2
i = let Oobe the centroid of triangle PQR.
21
By centroid formula
3 6 3
i =
3 p
+ q + r
o =
3
i = 2
1,2, 1
o
a + 2 1k + 5 + b + 2k + 3 + + ck
=
216. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides
3
4, 2,5
]2,3,7 externally in the ratio
the line joining the points
a + 2 + 3 + b + 1 + ck
0 + 0 + 0k =
3
8:5
Solution: let
are the position vectors of the
0 + 0 + 0k
a+2 3+b
points A and B respectively
= +
= 4 2 5 , = 2 3 7 3 3
1+c
+ k
: = 8: 5 3
a+2 3+b 1+c
0= , 0= , 0=
3 3 3
Let point C divided segment AB externally in the ratio
8:5
a + 2 = 0 , 3 + b = 0 , 1+c=0
By using section formula for external division
a = 2 , b = 3 , c = 1
mb na
c =
mn
3,1,4
]4, 5, 3 and the centroid of
82 3 7k 54 2 5k
218. If two vertices of a triangle are
c = the triangle is at 1, 2, 1 then find the co-

85

36 34 31k
ordinate of the third vertex C of the triangle
c =
3 Solution:-
34 31 Let , ]
E are the vertices of ]
C 12 ,
3 3
To find the co-ordinate of the vertex C
,-. , , E
217. If the origin is the centroids of the triangle
Pa, 2, 1, Q5, b, 2 and R3,1, c find the

whose vertices are
= 3 + 1 + 4 , = 4 + 5 3
E = + + E , = + 2 +
values of a, b and c
Solution:-

138
H[ .- E- .iGH
GI ] 5 8 0
Y 4 2 5
=
1 1
4 =
By using centroid formula
E
= 1
3
Y 4 2 5 4 =
3 1 4 4 5 3 E 1
= 5,
1
= 8,
1
=0
=
3
Y 4 = 5 5 1
2
1 6 1 E 2 5 = 8 8 2
=
3
4 = = 0 3
2
1 6
=
From equation 3
3 3 3 1
1E 2 8 = 8 5 ; 6 = 3; = =
6 2
3
1
1 6 1E =
= 1, = 2, =1 2
3 3 3
1 = 3, 6 = 6, 1E =3
The value of k is negative therefore the point C
= 2 , = 0, E=2
divides the line AB externally in the ratio 1:2
EG Gi
H .- GI .Hi-
-i.-M 2, 0, 2
To find the value of p and q
1
=X. = H -YX.HG 1
219. If three points 4, 5, =, ]Y, 2, 4
2
5, 8, 0arecollinear then find Y 5
H The ratio in which the point C divides the line AB 4= 5
2 2
HH The values of p and q
Y 5
4=
Solution: Let , ]
E are the three 2 2
Y 5
= 4
2 2
collinear points
= 4 5 = , = Y 2 4
Y 3
E = 5 8 0 , = , Y = 3
2 2
1
=X. = H -YX.HG 3
2
Let the point C divide segment AB in the ratio k:1
1
4 = = 0 , 2 = = 0
Then by section formula
Y 2 4 14 5 = 2
E =
1
==2
5 8 0
Y 4 2 5 4 =
=
220. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides
1
3, 4, 1
]6, 2, 4
the line segment joining the points

139
H Internally in the ratio 2:3 = = 3 16 11

HH Externally in the ratio 2:3
- co-ordinate of the point P are 3, 16, 11
221. If 2 3E = 0 then prove that the points

Solution:-
let point E divides segment AB internally in the , ]

Eare collinear. Hence find the
ratio 2:3 ratio in which the point A divides the line BC
= 3 4 , = 6 2 4 Solution: -
Where
are position vectors of the points A the given vector equation is
2 3E = 0
and B respectively By section formula for internal
2 = 3E
division

E =

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2
26 2 4 33 4
E = 3E 3E 1
23 = =
2 31
21 8 5
E = point A divides line BC externally. Hence points A, B
5
21 8 5
and C are collinear
E =
5 5 5
Point A divides line BC externally in the ratio 3:1
2 8
E =
5 5
Collinear vectors: One of the vector can be
expressed as a scalar multiple of other then the
- co-ordinate of the point C are $ , $ , 1

@
vectors are collinear.
Coplanar vectors: One of the vector can be
HHlet point = divides segment AB externally in

expressed as a linear combination another two
Theorem: Two non-zero vectors

are
vectors then the three vectors are coplanar
the ratio 2:3
= 3 4 , = 6 2 4

scalar m and n such that = 0

collinear if and only if there exist a nonzero
Where
are position vectors of the points A
Proof: If part:
Given: Two non-zero vectors

are collinear.
and B respectively By section formula for
external division

= =

and n such that = 0
To prove that: if there exist a nonzero scalar m
26 2 4 33 4
= = Two non-zero vectors
are collinear.
23
12 4 8 9 12 3 G T-iG [E,i [XE .. =

= =
1
= 0 , 1 = 0
3 16 11
= = H = 1, =
1

140
= 0 We choose O as a origin
Conversely: Only if part: ,-. = ,

= . 0]
= i
that = 0
Given: if there exist a nonzero scalar m and n such We complete the parallelogram by drawing the lines
parallel to OA and OB through the point R
To prove that: Two non-zero vectors

are From fig. by using triangle law for vector addition

=

collinear
IiG IH.
=
if there exist a nonzero scalar m and n such that
= 0

=
=
and lie along the same line

0
HH
-
G. [H
-[ >

are collinear then there exist non-zero
scalar M [XE .. = M
= M
=


]

= -i- =

]
E - -M=i-[[ [ [E,i X,.H=,- GI scalar > [XE .. = >
= >]
.-
are collinear >]
= M
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF LINEAR i = M >
Thus i can be expressed as a linear combination

and
COMBINATION OF VECTORS IN PLANE
Theorem: If a and b are two non-zero non

Uniqueness: To show that the representation

i = M > is unique
any vector r coplanar with them can be uniquely
collinear vectors, lying in the same plane then
expressed as a linear combination of a and b. i.e.

there exist scalar x and y such that If possible that i = M > where M
> are
r = xa + yb scalar
Proof: We show that M = M

> = >
B M > = M >
Q R M M = > >
r M M = > >
Suppose M M , divided both sides by M M
M M > >
=
P
O A
M M M M
> >
=
M M
141
> > M, >, Tnot

not all zero simultaneously [XE ..
= -i- =
M M
M > TE 0
Vector can be expressed as a scalar multiple of
vector therefore
collinear. TE M >
Which is contradiction to the fact that

are ,-. T 0 ,
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > T
TE M >

non-zero non collinear vectors.
Our assumption that M M is wrong T T

M >
M = M [HH,i,> >
> = >
E
T T
.- EGH .HG i M >is unique M >
H ,

T T
combination of
. E
vectori can be uniquely expressed as a linear
Thus E can be expressed as a linear combination of

, , E are coplanar if and only if there exist

Theorem: Three non-zero, zero, non
non-collinear vectors
scalar M, >, T not all zero simultaneously

, , E
are coplanar
[XE .. M > TE = 0
Theorem: If , , E
are three non-zero non-
coplanar vectors then any vector i in the space

Proof: If part:
Given: vectors , , E are coplanar can be uniquely expressed as a linear
To prove that: there exist scalar M, >

>, T not all zero M > TE . whereM,
where >, T i- [E,i[.
combination
simultaneously [XE .. M > TE 0
, , Eare coplanar
Proof:
Eccan

an be express as a linear combination of
[E,-i[
[XE
[XE ..
E
E 0
Let .
= i , = E
,
0]
H M, >, 1 T
M > TE 0
Since the lines OA, OB, and OC are non-coplanar
non they
determine three planes AOB,BOC and COA.
Conversely: Only if part:
Given: there exist scalar M, >, T not all zero

Trough the point P draw the plane parallel to the
simultaneously [XE .. M > TE 0

plane BOC, COA and AOB intersect the line OA,
OB and OC in points L,M and N
To prove that: , , E are coplanar From fig.

142

= Vector can be expressed as a linear combination of

E. Therefore , , E
are coplanar
<
= <

Which is contradiction to the fact that , , E
are non-
]X. IiG IH.
< =
= <

zero non-coplanar vectors.
Our assumption that M M is wrong

H IiG IH. =
= < z
M = M [HH,i,> > = > , T = T

= <
z
.- EGH .HG i = M > TEis unique

< and lie along the same line

<
are collinear then there exist non-zero combination of ,
E .
vectori can be uniquely expressed as a linear
= M
scalar M [XE .. < = M
Show that the points 5, 5, 2, ]1, 3, 0

]
222.
1, 2 1are collinear.

and

]
= >
= >]
scalar > [XE .. Solution: let , , E
are the position vectors of the points

z

A, B and C respectively then
= 5 5 2

z
scalar T [XE .. z = TE
= T = 3 0
i = M > TE . E = 2
Uniqueness: To show that the representation

i = M > TE . is unique
To show that A, B and C are collinear

i.e. to show ] lie along the same line
If possible that i = M > T E where =
]
M , >
T are scalar
= 3 0 5 5 2
]
We show that M = M , > = >
T = T
= 3 0 5 5 2
]
M > TE = M > T E
= 4 2 2
]
M M = > > T E TE
= 22 1
]
M M = > > T TE
= E

Suppose M M , divided both sides by M M
= 2 5 5 2

M M > > T TE
=
M M M M M M = 2 5 5 2

> > T T
= E = 6 3 3

M M M M
> > T T = 32 2

= E -i- = , =
M M M M

143
From equation 1 and 2 i = M > TE
1 1 Where M, >
T i- [E,i[
=
]
2 3
3
2
=
] = M4
3
>3 3 5
can be expressed as a scalar multiple of
] T2

] are collinear. A is the common point 3 = 4M M M 3> 3> 5>
he points A, B and C are collinear 2T T T

223. If H[ 1,0,5 and ]2, 1, 4 then find AB 3

and the unit vector along the direction of ] = 4M 3> 2T
M 3> T
Solution: let , , are the position vectors of the
M 5> T
4M 3> 2T = 3 1
points A and B respectively then
= 0 5
M 3> T = 1 2
= 2 4
M 5> T = 1 3
=
]
= 2 4 0 5
]
Using Cramers solve equation 1,2 and 3
4 3 2
= 2 4 0 5
] = 1 3 1
1 5 1
= 3
]
= 43 5 31 1 25 3
| = 9 1 1 = 11
] = |]
= 32 6 4 = 30

Let be the unit vector along the direction of ] 3 3 2
= 1 3 1

] 1
= = 1 5 1
| 11 3
|]
= 33 5 31 1 25 3
224. Express the vector 3 as a linear = 24 16
combination of the vectors 4 ,
= 40
3 3 5and2
4 3 2
= 1 1 1
1 1 1
Solution:-
leti = 3
= 41 1 31 1 21 1
= 4 ,
= 6 4 = 10
= 3 3 5 ,E = 2
4 3 3
= 1 3 1
1 5 1
Consider

144
= 43 5 31 1 3 5 3 M > T = 3 2
= 32 6 6 = 20 4M 3> 2T = 4 3
40 4
M= = =
30 3
Using Cramers solve equation 1,2 and 3
2 2 3
10 1 = 1 1 1
>= = =
30 3 4 3 2
20 2 = 22 3 22 4 33 4

T= = =
30 3
= 2 4 3 = 9
4 1 2
i = E 1 2 3
3 3 3
= 3 1 1
225. Express the vector 3 4 as a linear 4 3 2
combination of the vectors 2 4 , = 12 3 26 4 39 4
2 and3 2 = 1 4 15
Solution:- = 18
leti = 3 4 2 1 3
= 1 3 1
= 2 4 4 4 2
= 2 3 ,E = 3 2 = 26 4 12 4 34 12
= 4 2 24 = 18
2 2 1
Consider
i = M > TE
= 1 1 3
Where M, >
T i- [E,i[ 4 3 4
= 24 9 24 12 1 3 4

3 4
= M2 4 = 10 16 1 = 27
>2 3
18
T3 2 M=

=
9
=2
3 4 18
>= = =2
= 2M M 4M 2> > 9
3> 27
T= = = 3
3T T 2T 9
i = 2 2 3E

3 4
= 2M 2> 3T If , , E
are the position vectors of the points A,
M > T B and C where 1, 3, 0, ]2, 5, 0,
226.
4M 3> 2T 4, 2, 0

E = M >,

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17. Solve the equations 2M + > = 5 , 3M + 5> = 3 M+ =2M =2 M = M =

19. Solve the equations 3M > = 1 , 4M + > = 6 using

Solution:- reduction method

The given equations are Solution:-

2M + > = 5 , 3M + 5> = 3 The given equations are

8 3M > = 1 , 7> = 14 > = 2

reduction M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,

The given equations are and M + 3> + 4T = 13

==,>  5 7 M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,

0 55 The given equations are

2 3 M 9 M > T = 1 , 2M > + 0T = 1 , 3M 3> 4T = 2

M =2+1M =3 5> 5T = 15 > + T = 3 2

Required values are M = 3 , > = 1 , T = 1 8T = 8 T = 1

24. Solve the equations 2M > + T = 1 , =X. H -YX.HG 2 > + 1 = 3 > = 2

25. Solve the equations M + > + T = 6 ,

3M > 3T = 10 , 5M 5> 4T = 3by method of

M + 2> + 3T = 8 , 3M + > 4T = 1 Solution:-

Apply   3M > + 3T = 10 , 5M + 5> 4T = 3

Keep 1 in the place of

Keep 1 in the place of Apply

Keep 0 in the place of

0 1 3 0 0 1 || = 12 6 0 + 10 2

Apply 5 || = 4 2 = 6 0

sin 2 cos 2 0 0 1 0 || = 24 + 6 + 34 9 + 34 6

|| = 110 0 20 0 + 30 0 2 1 1

==,> 5 7 M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,

24. Solve the equations 2M > + T = 1 , =X. H -YX.HG 2 > + 1 = 3 > = 2

Apply 3M > + 3T = 10 , 5M + 5> 4T = 3

M+31+22=6M =67 Let M , >

Put > = 2 , T = 3 H -YX.HG 1

Cost of one dozen pens = [. >

Price of one pen = [. M

Cost of one television = [. M 3 4 > 95

==,> 2 3

Selling price of one television = [. M + 1000 2 5 M 110

3M = 35000 26000 Cost of one book = [. M

= [. 3000 + 1000

E = 1K 3=3

38. Solve the equations 2M + 6> = 8

\ = ] 2 6 8 M

\ = ]

|| = 11 1 11 1 + 11 + 1 M 1 0 2 2 1

\ = ] 28 13 17

E = 1K 1 = 1

patterns= Y ~= Y = Y =Y ~Y = ~Y ~= ~Y

= ~Y i = = Y = Y ~= ~Y

= Y ~= ~Y ~Y ~=

= Y ~= ~Y ~Y ~=

g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology

g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology

g= Y ~Yh ~= is tautology

g= Y ~Yh ~=is tautology

= Y = iis contingency g= = Yh Y is tautology

64. g= Y ih g= Y ih 67. ~Y = Y

g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology 68. = Y ~=

= Y ~= Y = ~Y ~= ~Yis

71. = Y ~= Y = ~Y ~= ~Y

= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y ~= Y = ~Yis verified

~= Y = ~Y Y ~=

~= Y = ~Y Y ~=

T T T F F F F Using truth table prove that ~~= =

Y ~i = Y giving justification

Using truth table prove that ~= Y = ~Y Solution:-

~gY ~i = Yh

= ~Y ~i ~= YNegation of conjunction

= g~Y ~~ih ~= ~Y Negation of disjunction Solution:-